Description of Bering and Black Seas. The animal and vegetable world of the Bering Sea is quite rich and presented with various kinds, from microscopic inhabitants to huge mammals. Between the two continents
Bering Sea is the eastern Russian Sea, spreading between Kamchatka and America. Area - 2304 thousand square meters. km. Volume - 3683 thousand cubic meters. km. The middle depth is 1598 meters.
In the north, Beringo Sea is connected to the Chukotka Sea, it borders on the south with the Aleutian Islands and the open ocean.
Many rivers fall in Beringo Sea, the largest: Anadyr, Yukon, Science. The sea is named after Vitusna Bering, the head of the Great Northern Expedition.
The opening history and development of the Bering Sea leaves in the distant past and is associated with the names of great pioneers who left their names in history.
After conquering Siberia Ermacom, Cossack Vatagi, and with them many Russian merchants and hunters began to penetrate further to the east, until the coast of the Pacific Ocean. From them, Russian rulers and boyars learned about the irrelevant wealth of Eastern Siberia. Pushnina, red caviar, valuable fish, skins, gold and wealth of unknown China have become a reason for the rapid development of this edge. Since the delivery of these goods on the land path was associated with enormous difficulties, began to think about the opening of the sea route along the northern coast, to get to America, Japan and China by the sea.
Special attention was paid to Peter the first and in every possible way contributed. Even in the last days, he gave instructions to the Admiral General APRAKSIN in which he wrote his orders:
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. It is necessary to make one or two bots with decks on Kamchatka or in the other customer.
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. On these bots near the Earth, which goes to Nord, and by the aspirations (do not know the end of the end) it seems that the land is part of America.
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. And in order to look for where, he agreed with America; And to get to what city of European possessions, or if they see what a European ship, to spend from him, like on-one Custa call and take on the letter, and visit the shore ourselves, and take a genuine statement, and put on the map, come here.
Peter did not live before the implementation of these ideas, although in January 1725. In just three weeks before the death, he appointed the head of the first Kamchatka expedition of one of the best seating of that time - Vitus Bering, Dane, who served in the Russian fleet. Already after his death, Vitus Bering was headed by an expedition, which by land across all Siberia passed to Okhotsk. In winter on dogs, the expedition crossed himself to Kamchatka and there in Nizhnekamchatsk for a maritime campaign was built vessel. It was a package for 18 meters long, with a width of 6.1 m. With a sedimentary 2.3 m. It was made according to the drawings of the St. Petersburg Admiralty and at that time was considered one of the best warships. On June 9, 1728, during the descent of the bot on the water, the Day of St. Archangel Gabriel was celebrated and the bot was given the name "Holy Gabriel".
July 13, 1728 on the bot "St. Gabriel "Expedition moved to the north. During swimming was composed detailed map The coast and islands. The weather accompanied, and the ship of a mini strait between Chukotka and America was released in and on August 16 reached a latitude of 67 ° 19 '. Since the left at the rate of the course went to the West, and it was not visible to the right to right, besides the storm began, Bering turned back and returned to Kamchatka on September 3.
After wintering, on June 5, 1729, Bering with the team went into swim in the east of the East, which the residents of Kamchatka were rumored. They almost reached the Commander Islands, but with the deterioration of the weather was forced to go back and fulfilling the requirement of the Admiralty-Collegium was engaged in a survey and description of the eastern shore of Kamchatka. The sailing result was a detailed map and a description that Bering presented in the Admiralty-board to St. Petersburg. The materials of the expedition were highly appreciated, and Bering was awarded the title-Commander.
With the authorities of Anna Joanovna, passion about the northern and eastern seas somewhat dull. But after Vitus Bering presented his report to the Admiralty-College and a new expedition project to the shores of America and Japan and the study of the northern coast of Siberia with the promises from this profit, the interest in the new sea routes resumed. The project was expanded and the task was the study of the northern seas and the coast of Russia. It was planned to make a complete description of the North in the geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and ethnographic aspect. For this, seven independent detachments were created, the five of which they had to work on the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Pechora to Chukotka, and two in the Far East.
Bering was the commander of the squad, who had to find the way to North America and to the islands in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. In 1734, Bering went to Yakutsk, where it was necessary to harvest equipment and food for the campaign. But Petrovsky times have passed and local authorities did not really diligence in the organization, on the contrary, much intended for the expedition was rare or had poor quality. Bering was forced to spend three years in Yakutsk for three years. Only 1737 he got into the Okhotsk. The local authorities of Okhotsk also did not really help in organizing the expedition and the construction of ships. Only by the end of the summer of 1740 were built two of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul package for the expedition.
And only in September, Vitus Bering on the "Saint Pereter" and Alexei Chirikov at the "Saint Pavel" were able to get to the Avachin Bay in Kamchatka. There they were forced to stand for wintering. The commands of the ships laid the Ostrog, who became the capital of Kamchatka named after the ships Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
After difficult wintering, only on June 4, 1741, Bering on the "Holy Pereter" and Chirikov on the "Holy Paul" went hike to the shores of America. But on June 20, the ships were burned in a dense fog. After vain attempts to find each other, the ships followed separately.
Bering, moving to the east, July 16, 1741 on the breadth of 58 ° 14 'reached the shores of North America. Looking around on the island of kayak and replenishing the stocks of fresh water, the expedition moved on. The landing on the American shore was very short-lived and of course did not give anything in the research plan. Whether Bering was afraid of meeting with the local population, or did not want to stay there for wintering. But he did not advancing with anyone gave the team back.
Following the coast of Alaska and then along the Aleutian Islands, making their descriptions and applying to the map: Islands of St. John, Shumaginsky and Education Islands, St. Stephen, St. Markian and the island of Kodiak, Saint Peter almost approached the shores of Kamchatka. But on November 5, not reaching Kamchatka is only 200 km, the ship went out one of the islands to replenish water stocks. Waving a storm, sharp cooling, the snow did not allow to continue swimming and the team was forced to stay on the winter. November 28 during the storm package threw ashore.
Heavy conditions of wintering were transferred not all, out of 75 team members 19 people died from Qingi, on December 8, Vitus Bering, who at that time was 60 years old. To command the expedition became the navigator, Lieutenant Sven Vaxel. Witus Begin buried there on the island, which was named after Bering Island, and the commander-in-law archipelago.
During the summer of next year, 46 surviving crew members from the fragments of the package was built a small ship - GUKOR, who, too, called "St. Peter "and only in August 1742 they were able to get to Kamchatka.
The hike "St. Paul" also abounded by adventures. Alexei Chirikov, after they buried with Bering, continued swimming east and July 15 latitude 55 ° 21 'He approached the ground on which the mountains covered with the forest were visible. The boat sent to the banks of the appropriate place for the placement of the vessel and landing ashore did not find and they continued to move along the shore to the East. The second attempt to landing was undertaken in two days. They sent a boat to the shore, but she disappeared without a trace. On July 23, he saw the light on the shore, sent the second boat, but she did not return. So 15 members of the crew were missing, whether they were victims of the Indians, whether they could have sacrificed during the tide, the story about it is silent.
After waiting for 10 days, Chirikov gave the team to move on. After passing 230 miles along the coast, the team could not land ashore. To come close to the shore, without damaging the ship, it was impossible, and the boats no longer had. Freshwater ended, the products were on the outcome. And yet they tried to once again fall ashore on the rafts, but for two days it was not found suitable for disembarking the bay. On the convened chirikov council was a decision to go back.
On the way home, the Aleutian islands, the locals met twice on boats. Attempts to stock with water and provisions have not led to anything, Aleuts requested the weapon for water, from which the Russian sailors refused. And so without water and food they continued the path to the house. In the way, many, including Chirikov, got sick, the team of the ship was accepted by Michman Elagin, which on October 12, 1741 brought the Saint Pavel package to Kamchatka. Of the 68 crew members from the hike, 49 people returned.
For the next 1742, Chirikov tried to find the missing breech ship. On May 25, he again went to the sea, but because of the oncoming winds was able to travel only the island of Attu. At the Islace I came in the path, he did not find anyone. As it turned out later, they passed very close to the island where the Bering expedition was wintering, but the shore was Naiden in a dense fog and on July 1, Chirikov returned to Kamchatka. So on the map the route of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
In August 1742, being in Yakutsk, Chirikov sent a report on the expedition to St. Petersburg. And in 1746 he himself was called to St. Petersburg, where he personally reported on the campaign. Being in the Admiralty College, he proposed to establish the city at the mouth of the Amur, whatever there to build a ship marina and lay the fortress to which one could get from the depths of Russia in Amur. But with his opinion, no one was considered, although afterwards it was considered very far from 1856 a city-Port of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur was built there.
Subsequently, Chirikov worked for a long time in Yeniseisk, made up the cards of Russian discoveries in the East, who were considered lost for a long time and only in Soviet times were discovered and used to compile the Soviet Union cards. The brilliant officer of the Russian fleet, reached the shores of North-West America, Alexey Chirikov, in 1748, at the age of only 45 years, died in need, and his family remained forgotten and without livelihood.
Nevertheless, the labor of Russian nauticals, although many years later, gave their results. On the coast of the Far East and in Kamchatka, large seaports were built, which turned into modern cities. The Russian Pacific Fleet, despite numerous wars, became the most powerful in that region, and the Kamchatka Sea itself from 1818 at the proposal of the Russian navigator and the head of the two round-the-world expeditions by Vice Admiral V. M. Golovnna, became known as the Bering Sea.
By virtue of his geographical location, Bering Sea has its own characteristics. In the Bering Strait you are closest to each other two mainland - Asia and America. The distance between them is about 90 kilometers. In the middle of the strait lie is the islands of diomide, separated by only five-kilometer space. West Island - Ratmanov - owned by Russia, East Island - Cruisenstern - USA. There is our state border between the islands with America.
Residents of Ratmanov Island are the first to meet the coming day. Their time is 10 hours ahead of Moscow. Here, starting between the Islands of the Bering Strait and following the aisle between the Commander and Aleutian Islands, the border of the day of day, which continues further to the south of 180 ° Meridian in the Pacific Ocean and is called the line of change of date, or the demarcation line. Seaflores going to the East, to America, rearranged when crossing this line, the calendar for a day ago and the same day of the week is considered twice. Seaflores, going to the West, to Russia, add to the calendar date of the day ahead and jump in one day of the week.
Strictly speaking, this operation would have been not carried out in the Bering Strait, but the west of it, on the meridian of 180 °. But this meridian passes through the Chukotka Peninsula. Having two calendar on the same territory would be extremely uncomfortable. Therefore, it was agreed to transfer the border line to the east, in Bering Strait. And in the southern part of the Bering Sea, this line is shifted, on the contrary, west from the Meridian 180 ° to the Commander Islands. This is done in order not to change the calendar day on the Aleutian Islands.
Thus, Bering Strait plays an important role in both political relationships and a modern calendar system.
Of all the fourteen seas of Russia, Bering Sea is the deepest. The depths are larger only in the open ocean behind the Kuril and Aleutian islands and east of Kamchatka. However, the northern part of the sea on the rank of the bottom is not reminiscent of the southern. The depths in it, on a huge area about 1 million square kilometers, do not exceed several tens of meters.
The bottom of the bottom in the northern part of the sea between the Koryak coast and the tip of the Alaska peninsula is rather steep. The relief transition from the southern to the northern half of the sea can be compared with a sharp transition to a high mountainous country, on the top of which is a large plateau, rugged by a nearby hollow. This is a plateau and is the bottom of the northern part of the sea. And the luggles are reminded of the geological era, when all the plateau stood above sea level and crossed by numerous rivers. Geologists found that the raising and lowering of the sushi in the area took place several times.
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During the last glaciation, the land was standing above the current level. At the site of the northern part of the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait then widespread plain. As with the previous raising of sushi, then the Pacific Ocean had no connection with the Arctic Ocean. Asia and America were communicated to the dry cage. This explains why now in Asia and America, despite the separation of their sea, there are equal land animals and plants.
They spread to two continents at the time when there was a "land bridge" between them. On this "Bridge" passed, in particular, and mammoths. I could go from Asia to North America and people - the distant ancestors of the current North American tribes. This is reminded by the features of the similarity of the appearance and culture of some tribes of Asia and America.
Then the land was lowered, the lowland was covered with water and there was a sea between the two continents, as if no message on land had never existed. It took a long development of humanity and the growth of science to restore the history of the development of oceans and sushi.
The immersion of the "land bridge" occurred not so long ago, just a few tens of thousands of years ago. So, from the point of view of geology, the northern part of the Bering Sea should be considered young.
Bering Sea is now one of the most developed in the world, despite the harsh climatic conditions. The temperature of the water on the surface in the summer + 7-8 °, in winter + 2 °. The salinity of water from 28-33. Tides in the Bering Sea are daily and semi-dry. The average height of fluctuations in the water level of 1.5-2m, in the Bering Strait of only about 0.5m, and in Bristol Gulf sometimes 8 or more meters, the speed of tides are 1-2 m / s. In the sea water area, cyclones are quite frequent with winds up to 20-30 m / s, which cause strong and prolonged storms, the wave height is up to 14 m. For a long time in a year, most of the Bering Sea is covered with ice.
Bering Sea has long been considered one of the most fishery seas. Only underwater inhabitants are more than 400 species. The commercial is about 35 species, mostly salmon, crength and camebal. Red caviar received from salmon fish, for many years is the most expensive delicacy, which was exported and exported from here with tons, grip at the same time millions of individuals of valuable breed fish. Some orders of magnitude are subject to this, but poaching fishery flourishes.
The special article occupies crab fishing. Crab meat once was the food product only Asians: Chinese, Japanese, etc. Over time, has become popular in many countries of the world. The Bering Sea is a place where the largest population of Kamchatka Crab and a season of catching a crab in Berengovo Sea flood thousands of ships from many countries. Although the season catching the crab is just a few days, during which time they have time to get more than 30 thousand tons of crab from the water. With foreigners, allocated quotas are constantly violated. But for many it is the main income and often a family business.
Animal world of Bering Sea is very diverse. In waters, a huge number of walrles, silence, seals, sea cats live. Often they can be seen in the open sea on the ice floes.
On the Aleutian, Commander Islands, on the coast of Alaska and Chukotka, these marine animals are arranged by numerous fokers, where they bring their offspring.
In the waters of Bering Sea, quite a lot of whales live. When they were more than anywhere in the globe, but for many years they were actively hunted. Special whaling flotillas were created here, including Russian "Glory" and "Aleut", who beat whales hundreds and their population dropped sharply. Recent years, the number of whales gradually increases.
It is not rare to meet in the open sea and swimming polar bears. Sometimes they stay for a long time on the shores, where more food than in the neighboring Chukchi sea.
Very rich and diverse animal world of the coast of Berengova Sea. A large number of different animals live in the forests: bears, salts, wolves, foxes, sables, cunits, squirrels, fox, ermine, etc. On the Chukotka Peninsula, the numerous herdes of the reindeer became one of the main wealth of this edge.
Created a few years ago, Beringia National Park, located between Chukotka and Kamchatka, thanks to his security status, was now so populated by rare animals, which becomes one of the most popular tourist destinations.
The number and variety of birds in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Sea is simply incredible. They arrange huge bird bazaars on rocky shores, where they bring their chicks. The density of the village of birds in some islands exceeds 200,000 birds per 1 sq. Km.
This sea is the easternmost border of our country and therefore it is securely protected. Border cramps are serving on the eastern marine border of our homeland around the clock.
Climatic conditions in the Berengova Sea region: in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Chukotka Peninsula is quite severe. The temperature is almost 9 months a minus. Sigor snowy winter and cold winds are here usual. And still rarely, who their people living on the coast of this very eastern Sea agrees to move to the mainland.
The former inner sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Empire is now the easternmost possessions of our state. Northeastern territories are still waiting for their conquerors. One of the storeroom natural wealth of this part of the planet is the Bering Sea, the geographical position of which not only plays a significant role in the development of local regions, but also reveals the huge prospects of the expanding economic activity of Russia in Arctic latitudes.
Bering Sea. Description
The northern outskirts of the Pacific Basin is an extensive of all seas, the shores of Russia. Its area is 2 315 thousand km 2. For comparison: the surface of the Black Sea is five and a half times less. Bering Sea is the deepest among the coastal seas and one of the most deep-water in the world. The lowest mark is at a depth of 4,51 m, and the average depth is 1,640 m. Deep-sea sections are located in the southern side of the water area and are referred to as Aleuta and Commander Both. It is surprising that with such indicators about half of the seabed removed from the surface of the sea, only half a kilometer. Relative shallow water allows you to attribute the sea to the mainland ocean type. The Northern Far Eastern reservoir accommodates 3.8 million km 3 of water. Most scientists, the origin of the Bering Sea, explain to the cut-off of the rest of the ocean of the Commander-Aleutian Grocery, which arose as a result of global tectonic processes in the distant past.
History of opening and mastering
Modern hydronism comes on behalf of the first European explorer Vitus Bering. Dane organized two expeditions in the Russian service in 1723-1943. The purpose of his travel was the search for the border between Eurasia and America. Although the shed between the continents was opened by the Topographers Fedorov, nail and Mashkov, later he was named after the hired navigator. During the second expedition of Bering, the territories of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean were studied and Alaska was opened. On ancient Russian cards, the Northern Water space is called Bobrov, or Kamchatka Sea. The coast was investigated by Russian landowners from the beginning of the XVIII century. So, Timofey Potals in the 1930s made a map of some territories of Kamchatka and Chukotka. Thirty years later, D. Cook visited these places. The royal government sent an expedition here under the leadership of Sarychev, Bellenzgausen and Kotseb. The current name was proposed by the French Fliorier. In a wide use of this term, this term entered due to the Russian navigator Admiral Golovn.
Description of the geographical location of the Bering Sea
Geomorphological characteristics are determined by the natural borders of the coastline in the East and the West, the islands group in the south and the speculative border in the north. The northern border is adjacent to the waters of the strait of the same name connecting with the Chukotka sea. The distinction runs from the Cape Novosilskiy in Chukotka to Cape York on the Seward Peninsula. From east to West, the sea stretches for 2,400 km, and from north to south - 1,600 km. The southern border is indicated by the archipelagoes of the Commander and Aleutian islands. Sushi shreds in the ocean outline a kind of giant arc. Beyond the quiet ocean. The northern outskirts of the greatest reservoir on the planet is the Bering Sea. The geometric pattern of the water area is characterized by the narrowing of the water space to the polar circle. Bering Strait shares two continents: Eurasia and North America - two oceans: quiet and north-ice. The northwestern waters of the sea are washed by the banks of Chukotka and Koryak Hills, northeast - West Alaska. The flow of mainland waters is negligible. Anadyr falls from Eurasia to the sea, and on the shores of Alaska has its mouth legendary Yukon. River Couscock flows into the sea in the eponymous bay.
Coast and Islands
Numerous bays, bays and peninsula form a rugged pattern of the coast, which is characterized by the Bering Sea. Olyutor's bays, Karaginsky and Anadyr are the largest in the Siberian shores. Bristol extensive bays, Norton and Qusokoku are on the shores of Alaska. The few islands are different in their origin: the mainland islands are small areas of sushi within the boundaries of the continental plateau, the islands of volcanic origin are internal, and the folded type is the external belt of the Commander-Aleutian arc. The mud itself stretches for 2 260 km from Kamchatka to Alaska. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe islands 37 840 km 2. Commander Islands belong to Russia, all other USA: Promit, St. Larteny, St. Matthew, Karaginsky, Nynivak and, of course, Aleuts.
Climate
Significant fluctuations in the average daily temperatures, characteristic of continental sites of sushi, distinguish between the Bering Sea. The geographical location is the determining factor in the formation of the climate of the region. A subarctic zone accounts for most of the sea. The northern side refers to the Arctic zone, and southern to moderate latitudes. The western side is getting out stronger. And because of the fact that Siberian territories adjacent to the sea are weaker, this area of \u200b\u200bwater is much colder than Eastern. Over the central part of the sea in the warm season, the air is heated to +10 ° C. In winter, despite the penetration of the Arctic air masses, does not fall below - 23 ° C.
Hydrosphere
In the upper horizons, the water temperature drops to northern latitudes. Water washing the Eurasian coast, colder than the North American zone. At the coldest season at the coast of Kamchatka, the sea temperature on the surface is + 1 ... + 3 ° C. At the coast of Alaska on one or two degrees above. In summer, the upper layers are heated to +9 ° C. The considerable depth of the straits of Aleutian ridges (up to 4,500 m) promotes active water exchange with the quiet ocean at all horizons. Influence of the waters of the Chukotka Sea minimal due to the shallow depth of Bering Strait (42 m).
According to the degree of wave formation, the first place among the seas of Russia also occupies the Bering Sea. What ocean is a higher waters, it is reflected in the characteristics of the degree of turbidity of the periphery. Significant depths and storm activity are derived for strong unrest. Most of the year there is an excitement with a height of water ridges to 2 m. In winter A number of storms with a wave height of up to 8 m are taken. Over the past hundred years of observations in shipping journals, there are cases of waves with a height of up to 21 m.
Ice setting
The ice coating of origin is local: the array is formed and melts in the water area itself. Bering Sea in the northern part is covered with ice at the end of September. First of all, the ice shell shoes closed bays, bays and the coastal zone, and the greatest distribution of the area reaches in April. Melting is completed only in the middle of summer. Thus, the surface in the high latitudes zone is more than nine months a year. In the bay of St. Lawrence, off the coast of Chukotka, in some seasons of ice and does not melt at all. The south side, on the contrary, does not freeze throughout the year. Through the Aleutian sheds, warm masses from the ocean, which pressed the edge of the ice cliser towards the north. The sea strait between continents most of the year is scored by packing ice. Some ice fields reach the thickness of six meters. The coast of the Kamchatka drifting arrays occur even in August. Wiring of maritime ships coming by the Northern Sea, requires the participation of icebreakers.
Animal and vegetable world
On coastal rocks, they arrange their colonies of seagulls, kayra, deadlocks and other feathered inhabitants of the amateur latitudes. In the field shores you can meet the frying of a walrus and a silence. These real monsters of the Bering Sea reaches longer than three meters. In large quantities there are kalans. Sea flora is represented by five dozen coastal plants. In the south, vegetation is diverse. Phytovodorospi contribute to the development of zooplankton, which, in turn, attracts many marine mammals. Kita-Gorbachi, representatives of gray and toothy species of cetacean - liqueur and coughotes sailed here on fattening. Bering Sea exclusively richly fish: Underwater fauna is represented by almost three hundred species. Sharks live in the northern waters. Polar keeps at large depths, and a dangerous predator - salmon - aggression does not exhibit people. Without a doubt, the sea depths opened not all their secrets.
Between Asia and America
Small groups of browsing people began to master northeastern water from the 40s of the XVIII century. The islands of the Aleuta archipelago, as if a huge natural bridge, allowed merchants to get to the shores of Alaska. The position of the Bering Sea, namely, his non-freezing part, contributed to the establishment of lively shipping between Petropavlovsky in Kamchatka and newly built reference points on the American mainland. True, Russian expansion in America lasted long, just about eighty years.
Territorial disputes
In the era of the Board, M. S. Gorbachev concluded an agreement on concessions in favor of the United States of a significant part of the sea water area and the continental shelf with a total area of \u200b\u200bnearly 78 thousand km 2. In June 1990, the USSR Foreign Minister E. Shevardnadze, together with the Secretary of State D. Baker, signed the appropriate agreement. The domestic trawl fleet has lost opportunities to carry out fishing in the middle part of the sea. In addition, Russia has lost a significant segment of the promising oil-bearing province on the shelf. The draft law was approved by the American Congress in the same year. In Russia, the agreement is subjected to constant criticism and has not yet been ratified by Parliament. The dividing line was named Shevardnadze - Baker.
Economic activities
The economy of the region consists of two components: commercial economy and sea transport. Inexhaustible fish resources contribute to the active activities of Russian fishing companies. On the coast of Kamchatka, many processing plants are built. In an industrial scale, skills are carried out by fishing, salmon crackling and Cambalian species. On a small scale, mainly in the interests of the indigenous population, it is allowed to hunt for marine animals and cetaceans. In recent years, scientific interest in this Far Eastern region has increased. It is mainly caused by the search for hydrocarbon fields on the shelf. The coast of Chukotka has three small oil-bearing pools.
Klondike at the Ocean Day
At sea depths have not yet carried out comprehensive studies, the purpose of which would be a search for minerals or collecting geological data for further promising searches. At the borders of the water area, the deposits of minerals are unknown. And on coastal sites, the tin deposits and semi-precious stones are open. The hydrocarbon deposits were found in Anadyr. But on the opposite coast for several years they rejected the bottom in search of yellow metal. A hundred years ago, the gold, found on the shores of Yukon, was the impetus for the development of the region and the gold fever that followed. Beringovo Sea at the beginning of the XXI century gives new hopes. Thirst for harvesters generates ingenious technical devices. An ordinary excavator is installed on the old barge, the roar for sieving inert materials and an improvised room resembling a construction trailer in which the electric generator is placed. Similar technical "monsters" of the Bering Sea are increasingly distributed.
Original Discovery Channel Project
For the fifth season in a row, the scientific and popular American television channel Discovery is following the fate of the fate of the Light Prize. As soon as the water area is exempt from ice, the coast of Alaska gather outwarders from around the world, and in northern latitudes the gold fever resumes. Bering Sea offshore has a small depth. This will allow you to use undergraduate tools. The improvised fleet challenges the element. The cunning sea checks each for persistence and masculinity, and the seabed is reluctant to share its treasures. Only seeing the lucky ones enriched gold fever. The ice of the Bering Sea allows some enthusiasts to continue work in the winter. For several series of the documentary, you can monitor the three teams of gold kits that risk their lives for the cherished handusty of yellow metal.
Bering Sea - (named Mariaphel V. Bering), semi-jammed Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean between the continents of Asia in the West (Russia), North America in the East (USA) and Commander (Russia) and Aleutsk (US) islands in the south. In the north is closed by the peninsula Chukotka and Seward. Bering Strait is connected to the Chukotka Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Ocean. Area 2304 thousand km2, average depth of 1598 m (maximum 4191 m), average water volume of 3683 thousand km3, length from north to south 1632 km, from west to east 2408 km. The coast is predominantly high, rocky, strongly cut, form numerous bays and bays. The largest bays are: Anadyr and Olyutornian in the West, Bristol and Norton in the East. In the Bering Sea, a large number of rivers fall, the largest of which Anadyr, apocus in the West, Yukon, Kusokvim in the East. Islands of the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bMainland Origin. The largest of them are Karaginsky, St. Lawrence, Nynivak, Profit, St. Matvey.
In the terrain of the bottom, the continental shelf (45% of the area) is distinguished, the mainstream, underwater ridges and deep-water collar (36.5% area). The shelf occupies the northern and northeast part of the sea, is characterized by flat relief, complicated by numerous shamels, hollows, flooded valleys and superthemes of underwater canyons.
Underwater ridges Shirshov and Bauers share the deep-sea depressure of the Bering Sea Bering: Aleutskaya, or central (maximum depth of 3782 m), Bowers (4097 m) and Commander (3597 m).
The climate is formed under the influence of the adjacent sushi, the proximity of the polar basin in the north and the open ocean in the south and the correspondingly developing the centers of the atmosphere. The climate of the northern part of the sea is arctic and subarctic, with severe continental features; The southern part is moderate, marine.
In winter, under the influence of the Aleutian low air pressure over the banding sea, cyclone circulation develops, thanks to the eastern part of the sea, where air from the Pacific Ocean is brought, it turns out to be somewhat warmer in the western part under the influence of cold Arctic air (which comes with winter 
monsoon). In this season, the storms are frequent, the repeatability of which in some places reaches 47% per month. The hydrological regime is determined by climatic conditions, water exchange with the Chukchi sea and the quiet ocean, the mainland drain and the creast of the surface waters of the sea when melting ice. Surface flows form a circuit counterclockwise, on the eastern periphery of which are followed by the North Warm Waters from the Pacific Ocean - the Beringovomora branch of the system of warm currents of Kurosio. Some of these waters go through Bering Strait to the Chukotka Sea, the other part deviates to the West and then follows south along the Asian shore, taking the cold waters of the Chukotka Sea. The southern stream forms the Kamchatka flow, which the Water Bering Sea is taken out in the Pacific Ocean.
The temperature of the surface water in February only in the south and southwest reaches 2 ° C, on the rest of the sea below -1 ° C. In August, the temperature rises to 5 ° - 6 ° C on the entrance and 9 ° -10 ° C in the south.
Saltness under the influence of river waters and melting ice is significantly lower than in the ocean. Most of the year Bering Sea is covered with floating ice, which in the north they begin to form in September - October. In February - Marte almost the entire surface is covered with ice, which along the Kamchatka Peninsula are taken out in the Pacific Ocean. Bering Sea is characterized by the phenomenon of the "sea glow".
In the south, 240 species of fish are inhabited, of which there are especially many Cambalov (Kambala, Haltus) and Salo (Gorbow, Keta, Chavik). Numerous mussels, balanches, worm-polychas, msanka, octopuses, crabs, shrimps and others. In the north, 60 species of fish live, mainly gracious. From mammals are characterized by a marine cat, cailat, seals, Lakhtak, Larga, Sivuch, Gray Kit, Gorbach, Cachelot and others. Is abundant by the fauna of birds (cakes, numbers, axes, seagulls, Moek, etc.), living on "bird bazaars".
In the Bering Sea, whaling fishing, mainly coushlot, fish and fishery of the marine beast (sea cat, cailat, seal, etc.). Bering Sea has a major transport value for Russia as the link of the Northern Sea Route. Main ports: Providence (Russia), Mr. (USA).
Information
- Location: Pacific Ocean
- Area: 2 315 000 km²
- Volume: 3 796,000 km³
- The greatest depth: 4151 M.
- Medium depth: 1600 M.
A source. NPACIFIC.KAMCHATKA.ru.
Bering Sea is the largest of the Far Eastern seas, the shores of Russia, are located between the two continents - Asia and North America - and is stated from the Pacific Ocean to the islands of the Commander-Aleutian arc.
Berringo Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of the world. Its area is equal to 2315 thousand km2, the volume is 3796 thousand km3, the average depth is 1640 m, the highest depth - 5500 m. Square with depths less than 500 m takes about half of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe Bering Sea, which refers to the outskin seas of mixed mainland-oceanic seas Type.
On the huge spaces of Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Islands of the Islands. Not counting the border Aleutian island arc and, in the sea are: a major Karagian Island in the West and several islands (, St. Matvey, Nynivak, Profit) in the East.
Bering Bering Coastline is strongly cut. It forms many bays, bays, capes and straits. For the formation of many natural processes of this sea, straits are especially important providing water exchange with. The waters of the Chukotka Sea practically do not affect the Bering Sea, but the Beringovomorian waters play a very significant role in.
The mainland stock into the sea is approximately 400 km3 per year. Most of the river water falls into its very northern part, where the largest rivers include: Yukon (176 km3), Couscock (50 km3 per year). About 85% of the national average falls on the summer months. The effect of river waters is felt, mainly in the coastal zone on the northern outskirts of the sea in the summer.
In Bering Sea, the main morphological zones are clearly distinguished: the shelf and island shallows, the mainland slope and. The shelf zone with depths up to 200 m, mainly located in the northern and eastern parts of the sea and takes over 40% of its area. The bottom in the area is an extensive, very common underwater plain with a width of 600-1000 km, within which there are several islands, navels and small rates. The continental shallow from the coast of Kamchatka and the islands of the Commander-Aleutian ridge is narrow, and its relief is very complex. It turns out the shores of geologically young and very moving areas of sushi, within which there are usually intense and frequent manifestations and seismic activities.
The mainland slope is stretched from the North-West to the south-east of about the line from the cape of the Navarine to the island of Uzak. Together with the zone island slope, it occupies about 13% of the sea area and is characterized by a complex bottom. The mainland zone is disseminated by underwater valleys, many of which are typical underwater canyons, deeply embedded in the bottom of the sea and having cool and even ripped slopes.
The deepwater zone (3000-4000 m) is located in the southwestern and central parts of the sea and bordered by a relatively narrow band of coastal shames. Its area exceeds 40% of the sea area. It is characterized by almost complete absence of isolated depressions. From the positive forms highlights the Ranges of Shirshov and Bowers. The Relief of the bottom causes the possibility of water exchange between individual parts of the sea.
Different sections of the coast of the Bering Sea are related to various geomorphological types of shores. Basically, the banks are abrasive, but meet. The sea is surrounded predominantly high and rippled shores, only in the middle part of the Western and Eastern coasts to it are suitable for broad stripes flat low-lying tundra. Thicker bands of the lowland coast are near the mouths in the form of a delta applied valley or the tops of the bays and the bays.
Geographical location and large spaces define the main features of the climate of the Bering Sea. It is almost completely in the subarctic climatic zone, only the northernmost part relates to the Arctic zone, and the most southern part is to the zone. North of 55-56 ° C. sh. The traits of continentality are noticeably expressed in the sea, but they are very weaker on the spaces distant from the shores. South of these parallels are mild climate, typical marine. Throughout the year, Bering Sea is under the influence of permanent centers of the actions of polar and Hawaiian maxima. Not less influence is experiencing from seasonal large-scale barical formations: Aleutian minimum, Siberian maximum, Asian depression.
In the cold season, the northwestern, northern and northeastern winds prevail. Wind speed in the coastal zone on average 6-8 m / s, and in open areas it varies from 6 to 12 m / s. Above the sea, mainly the mass of continentally arctic and marine polar air, on the border of which is formed, along which cyclones are moved along the northeast. For the western part of the sea, the storms are characterized at wind speed of up to 30-40 m / s and duration of more than a day.
The average monthly temperature of the coldest months - January and February is -1 ... -4 ° C in the southwestern and southern parts of the sea and - -15 ... -20 ° C in the northern and northeastern regions. On the open sea is higher than in the coastal zone.
In the warm season, the south-western, southern and southeastern winds prevail, the speed of which in the western part of the open sea is 4-6 m / s, and in the eastern regions - 4-7 m / s. In the summer, the repeatability of storms and wind speed is less than in winter. Tropical cyclones () are penetrated into the southern part of the sea, causing strongest storms from hurricane power. The average monthly air temperatures of the warmer months - July and August - within the sea vary from 4 ° C in the north to 13 ° C in the south, and they have higher coasts than in the open sea.
Water exchange is crucial for water balance of the Bering Sea. Through the Aleutian sheds, very large amounts of surface and deep ocean waters come, and they flow into the Chukchi sea through the water. Water exchanges between the sea and the ocean affect the temperature distribution, the formation of the structure and water of the Bering Sea.
The main mass of the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is characterized by a subarctic structure, the main feature of which is the existence of a cold intermediate layer in the summer, as well as a warm intermediate layer located under it.
The water temperature on the sea surface is generally lowered from the south to the north, and in the western part of the sea the water is somewhat colder than in the eastern one. In coastal shallow regions, the water temperature on the surface is slightly higher than in the open areas of the Bering Sea.
In winter, the surface temperature equal to about 2 ° Cus extends to the horizons 140-150 m, below it increases to about 3.5 ° C per 200-250 m, then its value almost does not change with depth. In summer, the water temperature on the surface reaches 7-8 ° C, but very sharply (up to 2.5 ° C) decreases with a depth of 50 m.
The salinity of the surface water is varied from 33-33.5 ‰ in the south to 31 in the east and northeast and up to 28.6 in the Bering Strait. The water is most significantly designed in spring and summer in the areas of the sign of the Anadyr rivers, Yukon and Qusokoku. However, the direction of the main flows along the coast limits the effect on the deep areas of the sea. The vertical salinity distribution is almost the same in all seasons of the year. From the surface to the horizon of 100-125 m, it is approximately equal to 33.2-33.3 ‰. Salted salinity from the horizons 125-150 m to 200-250 m increase, it remains deeper almost unchanged to the bottom. In accordance with small spatial-temporal changes in temperature and salinity, the water density also changes slightly.
The distribution of oceanic characteristics in depth indicates a relatively weak vertical water stratification of Bering Sea. In combination with strong winds, this creates favorable conditions for the development of wind mixing. In the cold season, it covers the upper layers to the horizons 100-125 m; In the warm season, when the water is stratified more dramatically, and the winds are weaker than in the fall and winter, the wind mixing penetrates to the horizons 75-100 m in deep areas and up to 50-60 m in coastal areas.
The speed of constant currents in the sea is small. The greatest values \u200b\u200b(up to 25-50 cm / s) are observed in the areas of straits, and in the open sea they are 6 cm / s, and the velocity is especially small in the zone of central cyclonic circulation.
Tides in the Bering Sea, mainly due to the propagation of the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean. Tidal flows in the open sea have a circular character, and the speed of them is 15-60 cm / s. Near the coast and in the straits of the flow of reversing, and their speed reaches 1-2 m / s.
Most of the year, a significant part of the sea Bering is covered with ice. Ice in the sea have a local origin, i.e. they are formed, destroy and melt in the sea itself. The process of the Introduction Previously begins in the northwestern part of the Bering Sea, where ice appears in October and are gradually moving to the south. In the Bering Strait ice appears in September. In winter, the strait is filled with a solid broken ice drifting to the north. However, even during the greatest development of the ice formation, the open part of the Bering Sea is never covered with ice. In the open sea, under the influence of winds and flows, ice is in constant motion, strong compression is often occurring. This leads to the emergence of torosa, the maximum height of which can reach up to 20 m. Still ice, which is formed in winter in closed bays and bays, during storm winds can be hacked and put into the sea. The ice of the eastern part of the sea is made to the north, in the Chukotka Sea. During July and August, the sea is perfectly clean from ice, but during these months ice can be found in the Bering Strait. The destruction of ice cover and the purification of the sea from ice in the summer are promoted by strong winds.
The nature of the distribution of biogenic elements into the sea is associated with the biological system (product consumption, destruction) and therefore has a pronounced seasonal course.
On the horizontal and vertical distribution of all forms of biogenes, a significant imprint impose numerous vests of water, which is associated with spotting in the distribution of biogen.
For the Bering of the sea with its highly developed shelf, large and very intense water dynamics, the average annual primary products are estimated at 340 GC / m2.
The annual products of the main groups of hydrobionts, which are components of the ecosystem of the Bering sea ecosystem, is (in million tons of raw weight): phytoplankton - 21,735; bacteria - 7607; the simplest - 3105; Peaceful zooplankton - 3090; predatory zooplankton - 720; Mirny Zoobenthos - 259; Predatory Zoobentos - 17.2; Fish - 25; squid - 12; bottom commercial invertebrates - 1.42; Sea birds and marine mammals - 0.4.
On the Russian shelf of Bering Sea, the deposits are not yet open. Within the eastern coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village. Hatwarks are open three small oil fields: Upper-Echinskoye, Upper-TV and Corner; In the pool of the Anadyr River, a small Western Gaza deposit is open. However, the Bering Sea shelf is estimated as promising for sedals of hydrocarbon deposits in the sediments of the chalk, Paleogen and Neogen, and within the Anadyr Gulf - as a promising placephenic area of \u200b\u200bthe Far East.
Coastal parts of the sea are subjected to the most intense anthropogenic load: Anadyr Liman, coal bay, as well as the peninsula shelf (Kamchatka Bay).
Anadyr estuary and coal bay are polluted by mostly with the wastewater of housing and communal services. In Kamchatka Bay, petroleum hydrocarbons and chloroorganic come with the flow of the river Kamchatka.
Coastal and open areas of the sea are experiencing minor pollution with heavy metals.
It takes the northernmost position among all Far Eastern seas. This sea is located between two large continents Asia and America. From the waters of the Pacific Ocean Bering Sea, the Commander-Aleutian arc is delivered. In this sea, the most part is the natural boundaries, in some areas the boundary lines are conventional lines. Bering Sea is the seasoned sea of \u200b\u200bmixed mainland-ocean type.
In terms of its size and depth, this sea ranks first among all Russian seas. Bering Sea Square is 2315 thousand km2, the volume of its water is 3796 thousand km 3. The average depth of the sea is 1640 m, the largest depth is 4151 m. In the waters of the Bering Sea, there is a rather small number of islands.
The coastline is strongly cut. There is a large number of bays, bays, capes and straits. Many straits connect the sea with a quiet ocean. The depth of some straits exceeds 1000-20 m (for example, the depth of the Kamchatsky strait is 4000 - 4500 m). Thanks to a large number of straits, a good water exchange with the quiet ocean occurs. The shores that wash the sea are mostly high and have steep slopes. Only the middle part of the Western and Eastern shores is the base zone.
From the northwest to the south-east, the mainland slope extends. The depth of the sea here varies from 22 to 3000 m. The bottom of the sea has many underwater valleys. Some of them are underwater canyons and have steep sharp slopes. In the southwestern and central parts of the Bering Sea, there is a deep-water zone. It occupies a significant part of the entire water space (about 40% of the entire area). The bottom here is practically monotony. And the ridges located on the deepwater zone are insignificant. The deepest seats are located near the Aleutian Islands.
Beringovo Sea lies in three. For its main part, the subarctic climate is characterized. The extreme northern zone of the sea has, and South belongs to the zone. For the northern part of the sea, some features of continentality are characteristic. On marine expanses, remote from the shore, this continentality is expressed weak. In the southern parts of the sea sea, so soft enough. There are minor changes both during the day and in the continuation of the year. In this area prevails and there is a large number. It practically does not affect the western part of the sea, but the impact of the mainland affects. The mainland of Asia, adjacent to the Bering Sea, is much colder than the continental part of America, so the Western Zone of the Bering Sea is characterized by lower temperatures compared to the East.
In cold seasons, features causes Aleutian minimum, polar maximum and Siberian. At this time, all directions are observed here. But the most frequent are the northern, northeast and northwestern winds. Only in the south-east of the sea there are southern and southwestern winds. In the areas of the sea, located nearby with the shore, the average wind speed is about 6 - 8 m / s. In the open sea areas, their speed increases to 6 - 12 m / s.
Northern winds blow with and bring with them sea air. From Asian mainland, Western winds carry cold dry continental. From the east, the continental arctic winds blow from the east. Continental Arctic and marine polar air masses come over the sea expanses. During their contact is formed. Above the banding sea is constantly arising that increase the strength of the northern winds on the western part and reduce them on the eastern part.
In the western zone of the sea, there are powerful storm winds. With a storm, the wind speed increases to 30 - 40 m / s. As a rule, this weather lasts during the day. In some cases, the wind weakens a little, but continues to blow within 7 - 9 days. In the cold period, a month can be 5 - 10 storm days, sometimes up to 15 - 20 days.
In winter, the drop in temperature occurs from the south to the north. At the coldest time, the average temperature is +1 - 4 ° C in the southern parts of the sea. In the north and northeast, the temperature on average is lowered to - 15 - 20 ° C. In the open sea, the air is warmer than in coastal zones. At the shores of Alaska, the temperature may drop to - 48 ° C. In the open sea, the minimum temperature is not below - 24 ° C.
Spring decreases or completely disappears aleuta minimum, polar maximum and Siberian anticyclone. As a result of these changes, the winds of the south-western, western and southeastern directions dominate in the spring. Their velocity is 4 - 5 m / s on the western part of the sea, and 4 - 7 m / s in the east. Near the coast, the wind speed becomes smaller. The number of storms in the summer is much smaller than in winter. In the southern part of the sea sometimes cyclone (), which contributes to the emergence of powerful storms and. Typhoon rages within a few days. Most often they are from June to October.
In summer, the average temperature of the warmer months is from + 4 to + 13 ° C. At the coast, the air warms up stronger than in the open sea. Winter in the southern parts of the sea is predominantly mild, in the north - cold. In summer, cool, cloudy weather is dominated everywhere.
The mainland in Bering Sea is small and is about 400 km 3 in one year. The most who carry their waters in the sea is the Yukon (gives 173 km of 3 fresh water), Kusokvim (50 km 3 per year) and Anadyr (41 km 3 per year). The greatest part of riverwater enters the sea over the summer. During this period, the effect of river waters in the coastal zone is felt.
Bering Sea is an important way. This sea occurs the connection of the Northern Sea Route and the Far Eastern Sea Route. Through the waters of Bering Sea, the carriage of various goods for the eastern part of the mainland occurs. This sea is well developed sea. In the waters of the sea, salmon, cod, polytai, herring, cambal. Hunt for whales and marine beasts (though it is extremely rare).
