Common "Russian" mistakes in English: the opinion of our native speakers. Common mistakes when learning English Types of mistakes in English

We strive so hard to do everything right all the time. Some kind of school habit to do without mistakes and get an A ... and, perhaps, safely forget everything. Five well received - the conscience is calm.

When we make a mistake, we usually react in a habitual way - we get upset. The phrase “Everyone does them and it’s normal” upsets and even infuriates some, it seems to them that they are just trying to calm them down.

But everyone really makes them - teachers, native speakers, and super smart professors - everyone!

And you know what I'll tell you - yes, you are even very lucky if you are wrong. Some do everything right, perhaps not because they are very smart, but because they simply bypassed something, and so they didn’t learn something very important or interesting. When we make mistakes, we know. When we stumble, we remember these stones, we get so much knowledge!

Making mistakes, we learn, learn and remember much more!

Most importantly, it's SMART to be wrong! Yes, it's possible! We need to notice mistakes and work on them. And you can also learn on other people's pebbles - and on other people's cones.

Today I propose to confront some common mistakes - we will recognize them by sight!

Before that, I just want to tell you one story.

H It's been so long since we lived in the Philippines. I remembered our neighbor, a Russian guy who married a Filipina and stayed there to live.

We must give him credit - he learned to speak English very well, and this despite the fact that before coming to the Philippines he did not know English at all. He learned by doing, made a lot of mistakes - but he was not afraid to make them and did not get upset at all. He speaks, makes mistakes and gradually learns - as it should be.

And someone is afraid to make a mistake, is silent, like a fish, and their knowledge of the language remains at the same level.

Basic mistakes in English

So, back to the stones. Let's list and analyze the typical mistakes that Russian people often make. Go:

1. Do you agree? – Do you agree?

Incorrect: Do you agree?

Correctly: Do do you agree?

In simple tense, both (agree - what to do? - action verb) and the verb "to be" cannot be used. - am / is / are - appears in sentences only where there are no verbs (there are only adjectives, nouns).

Are you at home? (no verb)

Do you like chocolate? (there is a verb “like”).

2. He lives - He lives

Incorrect: He live

Correct: He live s

Another very common mistake for beginners is to completely ignore the 3rd person singular. Remember that with he/she/it a verb with the ending -s is used.

3. I no speak - I don't speak

Incorrect: I don't speak English

Correct: I don't speak English

AT English sentence a negative particle is added to the auxiliary verb or the verb "to be", we talked about this in an article about (Present Simple).

4. He is a good

Incorrect: He is a good

Correct: He is good

It is correct to say “He is good” - the article is not used if there is no noun.

He is good. He is good (no noun).

He is a good person. He is a good man. (person is a noun).

5. A trousers - a pair of trousers

Incorrect: a trousers

Correct: a pair of trousers

Or just without the article. The indefinite "a" is not used with nouns, since "a" originally came from the numeral "one" - one.

6. This people / that people

Incorrect: This people / that people

Correctly: These/those people

I've been to Paris. (Just an experience, boasting☺).

I was in Paris in 2009. (the fact is in the past, we say when it happened).

12. I feel myself good - I feel good

Incorrect: I feel myself good.

Correct: I feel good.

Unlike Russian, this verb does not require recurrence.

13. Do mistakes or make mistakes?

Wrong: I make mistakes.

Correct: I make mistakes.

"Do" in English is expressed through two verbs, which causes confusion among many Russian speakers. The main difference is that “make” has an element of creativity, that is, “do” in the sense of “produce, create”, and the verb “do” has the basic meaning of “do, do”. But there are stable phrases that are better to just remember.

14. So and Such

Incorrect: He has so beautiful wife. His wife is so beautiful.

Correct: He has such a beautiful wife! His wife is so beautiful.

"So...So..". So is used with an adjective (no noun). Such + (adjective) noun.

Your dress is so good! (after “such(so)” there is ONLY an adjective!)

You have such a good dress! (after "such (such)" comes an adjective AND a noun).

15. Interesting or interested?

Incorrect: I'm very interesting in history.

Correct: I'm very interested ed in history.

The adjectives -ing describe the quality of something or someone, the adjectives -ed show the person's reaction to something.

This sound is very annoy ing(This sound is very annoying. It has this quality itself, annoying others).

We are annoy ed. (We are annoyed. Something annoys us. This is our reaction).

16. In or to?

Incorrect: I've been in China.

Correct: I have been to China.

AT Present Perfect the preposition "to" is used.

17. Money is - money are

Wrong: Money are important.

Correct: Money is important.

Although "money" is plural in Russian, it is singular in English.

18. Clothes is - clothes are

Incorrect: Clothes are beautiful.

Correct: Clothes are beautiful.

But with clothes it's the other way around. Clothing in English is plural.

19. Didn't go or didn't go?

Incorrect: I didn't go.

Correct: I didn't go.

And this is our "woe from the mind." Learned - it is necessary to apply everywhere :)). Remember that in the past tense in negatives and questions (that is, where there is an auxiliary "did", the infinitive form of the verb is used, the first one, without any endings and transformations).

20.Advices

Wrong: advices .

Correctly: a piece of advice.

We bring to your attention a video lesson about the common mistakes that our compatriots make.

And the second part:

What mistakes are you making?

Let's discuss in the comments.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

I. personal pronouns and possessive pronouns (Personal and possessive pronouns)

1. After possessive pronoun(my, your, his, her, our, their) must be a noun; if there is no noun after the possessive pronoun, the absolute form of the pronoun must be used (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs).

This book is mine.

This book is my.

This book is mine.

2. Also, the absolute form of pronouns is used in the expressions "a friend of mine", "A friend of his", etc. in the meaning of "my friend", "his friend", etc.

He is our friend.

He is a friend of us.

He is a friend of ours.

3. In expressions with a comparative degree of adjectives with “than” (than) - worse than ..., smarter than ..., etc. - after “than” it is necessary to use object pronouns (me, you, him, her, us, them).

I play better than him.

I play better than he.

I play better than him. / I play better than he does.

II. Have/have got

4. In negative sentences, the verb "have/has" is replaced by "don't have/doesn't have", and "have got/has got" by "haven't got/hasn't got".

I do not have a car.

I haven't a car.

I haven't got a car. / I don't have a car.

5. In interrogative sentences it is necessary to use constructions:

"Do/does smb. have…? ' and 'Have/has smb. got...? ".

Do you have a car?

Do you have got a car?

Do you have a car? / Have you got a car?

III. Prepositions (Prepositions)

6. Before the words home, there, here, the preposition "to" is not used.

I need to go home.

I need to go to home.

I need to go home.

7. In the expression "play a musical instrument" in English, the preposition "on" is missing.

She plays the piano very well.

She plays on the piano very well.

She plays the piano very well.

8. In the phrase "to listen to something / someone" after the verb "listen" the preposition "to" is put.

We often listen to music.

We often listen music.

We often listen to music.

9. In English, there are expressions "tell smb." and "say to smb."

She told him a story.

10. In the expressions "for breakfast", "for lunch", "for dinner" the preposition "for" is used.

I eat sandwiches for breakfast.

I have sandwiches on breakfast.

I have sandwiches for breakfast.

IV. Modal verbs (Modal verbs)

11. Modal verbs in the third person singular in Present simple do not have

-s endings

She can swim.

She can't swim.

She can swim.

12. After modal verbs, the infinitive is used without to (exceptions: ought to, have to, to be able to, to be to)

You can use my phone.

You may use my phone.

13. When forming interrogative sentences with modal verbs, the auxiliary verb is not added; in this case, the modal verb is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Do you know how to ride a bike?

Can you ride a bike?

14. To form a negative form, the particle not must be added to the modal verb; Auxiliary verbs are also not used in this case.

You can't play here.

You don't must play here.

You mustn't play here.

V. Countable and uncountable nouns (Countable and uncountable nouns)

15. Noun "news" words denoting the names of games; as well as the names of sciences and sports ending in -ics, are used in the singular, although outwardly they have a plural form.

This news is very interesting.

The news are very interesting.

The news is very interesting.

16. The names of many paired items (trousers, jeans, scissors), as well as some collective nouns (clothes, goods, contents, police) are used only in the plural.

Your clothes are in the closet.

Your clothes are in the wardrobe.

17. The words "advice" (advice) and "knowledge" (knowledge) in English are uncountable.

I want to give you advice.

I want to give you an advice.

I want to give you a piece of advice.

18. The words clock (clock), gate (gate), hair (hair), money (money) are used in singular.

She has very long hair.

Her hair is very long.

VI. Questions (Interrogative sentences)

19. In interrogative sentences, the preposition associated with the verb is usually placed at the end.

What hotel are you staying at?

What hotel did you stay?

What hotel did you stay in?

20. A question to the subject (beginning with the words "who", "what", "which") does not require a change in the direct word order characteristic of a declarative sentence; the additional auxiliary verb "to do" is also not required.

Who plays football well?

Who does play football well?

Who plays football well?

Level Pre-Intermediate/Intermediate

I. Possessive and reflexive pronouns (Possessive and reflexive pronouns)

21. In the phrase "feel" in English, the reflexive pronoun (myself, himself etc.) is missing.

He feels tired.

He feels himself tired.

He feels tired.

22. In the expression "your own" before the word "own" it is necessary to use the appropriate possessive pronoun.

She founded her own business.

She set up her own business.

II. Easily confused words (Words that are easy to confuse)

23. Raise - raise, raise something / rise (rose, risen) - rise, rise, get up

The government raises taxes.

The government rises taxes.

The government raises taxes.

24. Lie (lay, lain) - lie / lay (laid, laid) - put, put something

I sometimes lie on the grass.

I sometimes lay on the grass.

I sometimes lie on the grass.

25. Economic - economic (related to trade, production, money) / economical - economical (wisely spending money, time, etc.)

Economic growth is very slow.

The economic growth is very slow.

26. Affect - influence, influence something or someone (verb) / effect - result, effect (noun)

This medicine has many side effects.

This medicine has a lot of side affects.

This medicine has a lot of side effects.

27. Sensible - prudent, sensible / Sensitive - sensitive, receptive, touchy, sensitive

She has very sensitive skin.

Her skin is very sensible.

Her skin is very sensitive.

28. Less - less, less (used with uncountable nouns) / fewer - less (used with countable nouns)

I have fewer friends than him.

I have less friends than him.

I have fewer friends than him.

III. Verb "to be" (Verb "to be" (to be, to be, to be))

29. In English, there are stable phrases with the verb “to be”: to be afraid of - to be afraid, to be absent - to be absent, to be fond of - to get carried away, to be interested in - to be interested, to be present - to be present, etc. In sentences containing such phrases, the predicate is the verb "to be".

Are you afraid of snakes?

30. In the expression “I agree” - “I agree”, the verb “to be” is absent, since the word “agree” is a verb (to agree).

I'm not agree with you.

I' m not agree with you.

I don't agree with you.

VI. Prepositions (Prepositions)

31. In the expression "depend on someone" in English, the word "depend" is followed by the preposition "on".

Everything depends on you.

32. In the phrase "to be angry with someone" after the word "angry" the preposition "with" or "at" is used.

Why are you angry at me?

Why are you angry on me?

Why are you angry with me?

33. Prepositions are not used before the words last/every/next/this.

I went to Europe last summer.

34. In the expression "addicted to something, to be addicted to something" after the word "addicted" the preposition "to" is put.

When did he become addicted to drugs?

35. In the phrase "to visit (city, country)" the preposition "to" is used.

Have you been to Spain?

Have you ever been in Spain?

Have you ever been to Spain?

V. Verb tenses (Verb tenses)

36. After the unions "if", "when", etc., the future tense is not used in conditional sentences.

If the weather is fine on Wednesday, we will have a picnic.

If the weather will be good on Wednesday, we will have a picnic.

If the weather is good on Wednesday, we will have a picnic.

37. Verbs that express states (to want - to want, to seem - to seem, to need - to need, etc.), emotions and feelings (to like - to like, to love - to love, to fear - to be afraid, etc.). etc.), as a rule, are not used in the form of continuous (Continuous) tense.

I do not understand what you say.

I am not understanding what you are saying.

I don't understand what you are saying.

VI. Word order

38. The adverb "enough" is placed after adverbs and adjectives, but before nouns.

This suitcase is not big enough.

This suitcase isn't big enough.

39. Adverbs of mode of action (responding to the questions “how?”, “In what way?”) Are placed after the defined verb.

She sang loudly.

She was loudly singing.

She was singing loudly.

40. In indirect speech interrogative sentences have direct word order; auxiliary verbs are not added.

He asked where I was going.

He asked where was I going.

He asked where I was going.

Upper-Intermediate/Advanced level

I. Easily confused words (Words that are easy to confuse)

41. Amount of - quantity, size, volume (used with uncountable nouns) / number of - quantity, number (used with countable nouns)

A large number of houses were damaged.

A large amount of houses were damaged.

A large number of houses were damaged.

42. Value - the cost of something; the price at which something can be sold; the value of something / worth (used with the verb "to be" as the second component of the predicate) - to have a certain value

He estimated the value of the painting.

He appraised the worth of the painting.

He appraised the value of the painting.

43. Possibility

It might snow, so put on your coat.

There is an opportunity of snow, so put on your coat.

There is a possibility of snow, so put on your coat.

44. Comprise - consist of, include / compose - make up, be part of something

The team consists of five people.

The team is comprised of five members.

The team is composed of five members.

45. Convince - to convince of something (of the truth of something) / persuade - to convince of the need to do something

Friends convinced me to take a vacation.

My friends convinced me to take a vacation.

My friends persuaded me to take a vacation.

46. Differ - differ / vary - vary.

The two courses differ in duration and cost.

These two courses vary in length and cost.
These two courses differ in length and cost.

II. Prepositions (Prepositions)

47. After the prepositions "in spite of" and "despite" (despite), a noun or gerund is used, before subordinate clause it is necessary to use "although" (although).

Even though I have already seen this movie, I will watch it with you.

Despite I have already seen this film, I will watch it with you.

Although I have already seen this film, I will watch it with you.

48. In the expressions “one out of a hundred”, “five out of ten”, etc., the preposition “in” is used if the share in the ratio is small and “out of” if it is large.

It was a one in a million chance.

It was a one out of a million chance.

It was a one in a million chance.

49. In the end - in the end, as a result, after a long period of time / At the end - at a specific point in time at the end of something.

There is a test at the end of the course.

In the end of the course there is a test.

At the end of the course there is a test.

50. For the translation into English of the expression "compared to" the following phrases are used: "in comparison with", "by comparison with", "compared with", "compared to".

Compared to other children, he is very quiet.

By comparison to other children, he is very quiet.

By comparison with other children, he is very quiet.

When learning English at any stage, students inevitably make mistakes. No matter how talented a person learning English is, he will still form a personal TOP-error and his own "forgetfulness" and "reservation".

However, linguists, not without reason, argue that there are a number of common, most common mistakes in the English language that most Russian-speaking students tend to make.

In this article, we will look at the main types of errors in English that are common among students whose native language is Russian.

Words that are the same in Russian but different in English

Often students memorize only one version of the translation of a Russian word into English. However, where the same word sounds in Russian speech, in English a completely different one may be required.

Examples

Please: please (in a request) or you are welcome (answer to "thank you")
Border: border (between countries) or frontier (border of human knowledge and in other allegorical senses)
Shadow: shade (the place it doesn't hit sunlight) or shadow (dark object outline)
Place: place (position in space) or room (free space) or seat (seat)

Wrong word order in a sentence

Many students in English speech use the word order characteristic of the Russian language. From the point of view of the English language, this sounds wrong.

Examples

1. For better work use new parts:

To ensure proper work, use new parts (correctly)
Use new details for proper work (wrong)

2. Is the room big enough?

Is the room large enough? (right)
Is the room large enough? (not right)

Idiomatic phrases

In English, certain speech turns are accepted, which many students forget about when trying to literally translate sentences from Russian into English.

Examples

1. It will take me an hour to do this

It will take me an hour to do that (right)
I will need an hour to do that (wrong)

2. I want to cut my hair

I am going to have my hair cut (correct)
I am going to cut my hair (wrong)

Incorrect use of prepositions and pronouns

A literal translation from Russian into English sometimes also results in the use of the wrong preposition or pronoun.

Examples

Prepositions

I "ll come around May 20th (correct)
I "ll come about May 20th (wrong)

2. Now, currently

At the moment (correct)
In this moment (wrong)

3. They played football in the rain

They played football in the rain (correct)
They played football under the rain (wrong)

Pronouns

1. After that I will leave

After that I will leave (correct)
After it I will leave (wrong)

2. Any help from you

Any help from you (correct)
Any your help (wrong)

There are also a number of other common errors, such as:

Errors with verbs in the indefinite form:

Thinks of going to England: He thinks of going to England (correct) / He thinks to go to England (wrong)

Errors in the use of adjectives and adverbs always, is heforgotHouseshandle: As usual, he left his pen at home (right)/ As usual, he left his pen at home (not right)

Grammatical correct, but stylistically strained expressions

I'm in a good mood:I am in a cheerful mood(right)/ I have a cheerful mood(not right)

Using deprecated expressions

Most of the old Russian English textbooks contain expressions and phrases that are no longer used in "live" English speech. Using such expressions will give you away as a person who is not interested in modern English, does not read literature and the press in this language.

Here are some examples of such turnovers:

How do you do - a greeting that you will no longer hear from the English
As one might come to expect (as it might seem to you), moreover (in addition), it goes without saying (no doubt) - more related to the style of classical literature than to modern language
It is raining cats and dogs (about heavy rain), life is a not a bed of roses (about harsh reality), the early bird catches the worm (who gets up early, God gives him) - idioms that are no longer used by younger Englishmen 60 years
Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me (feel free to contact me if you have any questions) - no longer used in correspondence
Not at all, cool, awesome - expressions that are no longer popular among young people

Contextual meaning in English

To many, English seems to be quite easy to learn, however, its complexity lies in “contextuality”.

First, it refers to grammar. So, one of the present tenses (Present Perfect) denotes the past, while constructions of the present (to be going to, Present Simple, Present Continious) are often used to denote the future tense.

To understand what time to use now, you need to clearly understand what time is for which particular situation, and for this you will have to study grammar in context.

Secondly, the same word can have several different meanings, which can only be understood from the context. For example, the word "banana" means "banana", but "bananas" can mean "stupidity, nonsense", and the expression "go bananas" is translated as "get angry". That is why situations often arise in which we do not understand foreigners, although we understand the meaning of individual words in their speech.

Finally, lexico-grammatical constructions cause difficulties for many students. For example, the word "kind" - "kind" can be used as a qualitative adjective with the noun "person", but the expression "kind films" will by no means sound like "kind films", only "gentle films".

How to avoid common mistakes?

English language is very different from Russian, so "adaptation" in English is a rather complicated and time-consuming process for a Russian-speaking student. Most students try to memorize English words, grammar, after which they begin to literally translate sentences in Russian into English. In most cases, real success in the language is not achieved in this way.

In order to start speaking and writing in “lively” and grammatically correct English, you should start thinking in this language and try to get used to the unusual word order and idiomatic expressions for us. In less than a year, you will automatically begin to use the correct expressions and speak like a real Englishman.

In addition, academic language classes should be combined with practice that is interesting to you personally: watch films in English, read modern literature and the press, communicate with native speakers via the Internet. From this practice, you will be able to learn exactly those skills that will no longer allow you to make mistakes in English that are so common among Russian students!

It is rightly said: a different language means a different way of thinking. Sometimes you wonder why they, English speakers, do it this way and not otherwise. For example, why in English the word "advice" (advice) can only be in the singular? Or, say, why does “funny” mean both “funny/funny” and “suspicious”?

At the same time, we, native speakers of the Russian language, often forget about this difference and translate our thoughts, tracing (repeating) our native language. There is even an expression "Rungli". This neologism denotes a certain “dialect” of English created by the Russians. Here are typical mistakes in English:

Russian mistakes in English pronunciation(more in the articles " ”, “ ”),
incorrect use of tenses English verbs(read article " ”).
a bunch of other errors, which will be discussed below.

I feel a substitution: on the incorrect use of a number of English words

Often, we translate some phrases incorrectly, because we think that in English they sound the same as in Russian, which leads to lexical errors in English.

This phenomenon extends to many words. Let's start with the pronouns:

When we want to clarify the name of something, we use the interrogative pronoun “how”.

Example: “What is it called in English?” - the Russian speaker says and points to a certain object.

Then we translate this sentence in the image and likeness, making a very common mistake:

Not right: Howdo you call this in English? orHow is it named in English?

Correctly: Whatis it called in English? (or What is the English for this?)

Another tricky case:

Not right: I have a sister which study at school

Correctly: I have a sister whostudies at school (I have a sister, who goes to school)

The same “awkwardness” can await us in polite forms of address:

A person who has been studying English for a long time knows that “Thank you” should be answered with either “You are welcome” or “My pleasure”. But there are often cases of tracing the Russian “please”, which confuses foreigners 🙂 I will give a few more examples of politeness that is strange for foreigners:

Not right: repeat something unheard with the word “what?” (What?)

Correctly: Excuse me? (or Sorry?)

Not right:Give me a cup. (for a foreigner, especially a stranger, this phrase will sound rather rude, since it is an indication, almost an order)

Correctly:Could you give me a cup, please?

Prepositions are another headache:

For me personally, by the way, the most powerful. I'm ashamed to admit it, but I've never been able to pass for all 10 points 🙁

Example: "I'm mad at him!" - we speak in Russian, and then also translate into English.

Not right: To be angry on somebody

Correctly: To be angry with somebody

A number of more complex examples for our understanding:

Not right: In this moment

Correctly: At themoment (at the moment)

Not right: It depends from him (or Depend of him)

Correctly: It depends onhim (it depends on him)

Not right: Divide on groups

Correctly: Divide into groups

Not right: To wait somebody

Correctly: to wait forsomebody (wait for someone)

Not right: to graduate school

Correctly: to graduate fromschool (finish school)

Not right: To listen to somebody/music

Correctly: To listen tomusic (listen to music)

Not right:To be afraid somebody/something

Correctly: To be afraid ofsomething (to be afraid of something)

Remember that in Russian nouns have forms of indirect cases, and in English cases are formed with the help of prepositions (hence the “legs” of such inconsistencies “grow up”). Read more in the article " ”.

You're talking too much: about adding unnecessary words

Here is an example that has already become a classic:

“I feel good,” we say in response to the question of empathizers.

How to translate this sentence into English? Just remember the James Brown song 🙂

Not right: I feel myself good

Correctly: I feel good

Not right: I am agreeing with you

Correctly:I agree with you (linking verb is not required because agree is a verb)

Not right:<…>and etc.

Correctly: <…>etc. (etc.)

You are clearly not saying something: about ignoring the right words

First of all, this, of course, concerns the articles. It is very simple to explain this error: they do not exist in Russian. I will not repeat the rules for using the article - you can find this information in many sources (for example, in ). Let me just say that Russian people can often speak AT ALL without using articles, despite the fact that it is necessary to use them!

Don't Trust the "False Friends of the Translator"

“It’s from another magazine,” a friend of mine once said to a saleswoman who asked me to pay for a bottle of water he bought at another store.

– May be it’s from another shop? she asked slyly 🙂

There are a lot of such interlingual homonyms:

“abuse” means “abuse, insult” (and not a burden);
"accord" - agreement (not a chord);
"Antarctica" - AntarcticaYes(not Antarctica ka);
"baton" - rod, conductor's baton (not a long loaf);
"cabinet" - a cabinet with drawers (not an office);
“compositor” is a typesetter, not a composer;
"data" - data, facts, information (not a date);
“examine” - to examine, examine (not an exam), etc.

In order not to get into an awkward situation, such words need to be remembered. By the way, Lingualeo has a whole . Add them to your dictionary and run through different workouts 🙂 Or at least come in and have a laugh!

List of "dangerous" places

I will name a number of “traps” that lie in wait for us, native speakers of the Russian language:

1. Discrepancy between Russian and English countable/uncountable words.

I already mentioned one such word at the beginning of the article - advice.

Not right: My mother gave me good advice s

Correctly:My mother gave me good advice (even if we mean a few tips).

Another word that can confuse us is news. The catch with this word is that it only has a singular form.

Not right: What are the news?

Correctly: What is the news?

2. In addition, there are set expressions in which we use the plural, and they use the singular:

Not right: no problem s

Correctly:No problem (No problem, or Not a problem)

Not right: no comment s

Correctly:no comment (no comments).

3. There are polysemantic words in Russian, for the translation of which in English different words are already used.

For example, the word “finger” is the final part of both hands and feet in Russian. Whereas in English - in the first case, you need to use “finger” (finger), and in the second - “toe” (toe).

Examples of such words

So, I propose to end the review on this and indulge in learning English so that not a single mistake sneaks into your impeccable speech 🙂 Good luck!

The general linguistic concept of "error" can be perceived in different ways, since this term can be applied to different levels of the language. First of all, it should be noted that the most important and important type of error is that which makes it difficult to understand. For example, "She seen it with dignity" instead of "She looked at it with dignity"

Julian Edge identifies the following categories of mistakes from the teacher's point of view. Julian Edge, Mistakes and Corrections, Longman, - 1997. - 70. c. 9-10.

1. Mistakes - reservations (slips).

This type includes errors that the student can correct himself if they are pointed out.

Example: She left college two years ago and now work as a secretary.

I decided to do it and forgotten about it.

2. Mistakes made in the material covered (errors).

This type includes errors that the student cannot correct on their own, even if they are pointed out, but the class is familiar with the correct form.

Example: That was the first English film which I have understood it.

He doesn't know about the war, doesn't he?

3. Mistakes made in unexplored material (attempts).

This type includes errors made in unfamiliar structures, or when it is not clear what the student wants to say, and what form he is trying to use in a sentence to express his thought.

Example: This no really for always my time...

With time it appeared more clearly.

According to Julian Edge, this classification can be effective for teachers who know the level of the language of their students, because. for one, an error in such sentences may be slip, for another - error, and for the third - attempt. And also it can be the progress of the student in learning the language from attempt to slip.

S.G. Merkulova considers the issue of classification of errors from a linguistic point of view. There are three main types of errors: semantic, grammatical and phonetic errors. Merkulova S.G. Modern approaches to correcting errors in oral speech when learning English.// English language. Supplement to the newspaper "First of September". -2002. - 45. - S. 5.

Since the distortion of meaning interferes with mutual understanding, semantic errors can be considered the most serious and require correction. Grammar errors are the second group of errors often corrected by teachers.

The last type of errors is phonetic. Frequent correction of phonetic errors eradicates children's confidence in their abilities already at the very initial stage of language learning, so this problem should be approached differently.

Depending on which language norms are violated, in the classification of S.N. Zeitlin proper speech errors are divided into a number of categories. Zeitlin S.N. Speech errors and their prevention. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "MiM", 1997. - 192, - S. 21-22. Errors can be distinguished:

a) word-formation - consisting in the unjustified formation of new words or modifications of the words of the normative language;

Alan was insatisfied with his work.

b) morphological - associated with non-normative formation of word forms and the use of parts of speech;

He got his first book and cried angry.

c) syntactic - consisting in the incorrect construction of phrases, simple and complex sentences;

The cat was trapped at the corner of the street where the trash would be placed soon.

d) lexical - representing the use of words in non-normative meanings, violation of lexical compatibility, repetitions, tautology;

He didn't want to work on his work, because this work was ungrateful.

e) phraseological - associated with the use of phraseological units that do not correspond to the norm;

It was pouring down like from the buckets.

f) stylistic - consisting in the violation of the unity of style.

The ministers were so noisy that the speaker asked them to shut up.

Stylistic errors occupy a special place in this system, since they do not correspond to a certain tier of the language and can manifest themselves in the field of vocabulary, morphology, and syntax.

Also, errors can be divided into two categories in terms of the cause of their occurrence:

Errors associated with the influence of the native language (interference).

I would like to speak with you some minutes.

Errors associated with the process of learning and comprehension foreign language, up to an advanced level, manifested as a result of misunderstood or independently developed patterns at all levels of the language. For example, it is very common for students to add the ending “-ed” to irregular verbs when converting them to the past tense.

She took the situation seriously.

Thus, there are many classifications of errors, since this issue can be considered from different positions. Each classification helps to evaluate students' knowledge in a new way and provides an opportunity for teachers to evaluate how effective the training is and what needs to be done.

In this paper, for the analysis of tasks for the prevention of speech errors, the classification of S.N. Zeitlin.