Indirect speech in Russian. Indirect speech is

In the process of communication, it is often necessary to convey someone else's speech (the speech of another person and your speech, but spoken earlier). Moreover, in some cases it is important to convey not only the content, but also the very form of someone else’s speech (its exact lexical and phraseological composition, grammatical organization), and in others only the content. Thus, the reproduction of someone else's speech can be both mandatory and necessary.

In accordance with these tasks, special methods have been developed in the language for transmitting someone else's speech: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech); 2) forms indirect transmission   (indirect speech). Each type has its own structural and semantic design standards.

Sentences with direct speech represent a union-free (intonational and semantic) association of parts, in one of which - the author’s words - the very fact of another person’s speech is established and its source is called, and in the other - direct speech, another person’s speech is reproduced. For example: Once in Vilya, one of my client’s friends after the debate told me: “No matter what they think about you, everyone who listens to you willfully feel that this person is telling the truth” (S. Andreevsky).

Syntactic norms in the field of direct speech require correctness in its design, which is directly related to the communicative orientation of the utterance itself. Direct speech should not be confused with indirect speech, which does not exactly reproduce someone else's speech, but only conveys its content.

Indirect speech   It is a complex proposal with an explanatory clause: The caretaker ... announced that the horses sent from Kistenevka had been waiting for him for the fourth day (A. Pushkin). Thus, statements that in direct speech are independent parts in indirect speech are transformed into difficult sentence, where the location of the parts (main and subordinate) is more constant: the part that conveys the content of someone else’s speech is most often in postposition.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that sentences with various means of communication are intended to transmit types of other people's speech of various modality. This is due to syntactic norms that determine the unity of the form of expression with its semantic orientation. So, union offers what convey the content of narrative forms of indirect speech with conviction or denial, sentences with unions as if   - content of narrative sentences with a touch of uncertainty, presumption:   Someone told him that the general had been dead for a long time (Yu. German).

Sentences with various allied words convey the content of interrogative sentences of someone else’s speech (indirect question): Ivan Ilyich asked her where the headquarters is located (A. Tolstoy).

If direct speech is represented by an interrogative sentence, then in indirect speech the statement of the question is replaced by a message about the question. At the same time, particles are used in the union function or what : I asked quite inappropriately whether on business he stopped in our direction (A. Pushkin).

When designing someone else's speech in the form of indirect   some lexico-phraseological and morphological changes occur in the composition of the statement. For example, personal and possessive pronouns, as well as forms of personal verbs are used from the point of view of the author, not the person speaking: He told me: “I will help you write a report” - He told me that he would help to write a report.

These norms are violated when personal forms of direct speech are transferred to indirect speech without change. Such a mixture of two forms of transmission of someone else’s speech is characteristic of the conversational style. This speech is called half-line: The innkeeper said that I will not give you something to eat until you pay for the former. The syntactical norms of book speech exclude such use, since often the information content is obscured: Dolokhov asked who would go with me to intelligence (it is not clear who should go with intelligence with whom).

Direct speech is indicated by quotation marks. If the author’s words are faced with a direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, and the first word of direct speech is capitalized:

1) Valya, warmly embracing her mother by the shoulders, reassured her, seeing her off to the door: “Don’t worry, mom.”

2) He [Seryozha] threw himself on the highway and shouted that he had the strength: “Long live the comrades!”

3) The young machine gunner went up to Seryozha and asked in surprise: “ Where are you from, comrade?»

If the direct speech is before the words of the author, then a comma and a dash are placed after it; if a direct speech contains a question or an exclamation, then a question mark or exclamation mark and a dash are placed after it. The words of the author in all cases begin with a small letter:

1) "I i won’t give you to anyone, ”-tonya solemnly promised.

2) "Who was that?"   - asked Pavka Klimka perplexedly.

3) "In the gun, lads / Gang!"   - shouted Pavel.

Note. There are cases (rather rare) when direct speech breaks the author’s words. Then a colon is put before the direct speech, and after it - a comma (question mark or exclamation mark) and a dash, for example:

1) He said: « Something is unhealthy for me today, "- and fell silent.

2) And only when he whispered: Mom! Mom / ”- it seemed to him to feel better.

3) To my question: « Is the old caretaker alive?» - no one could give me a satisfactory answer.

a) If there was no sign at the place of the rupture of direct speech, or there should have been a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words are separated by commas and dashes on both sides. The words of the author and the first word of the second part of direct speech are written with a small letter. Examples: 1) “I your resident- she said,- on duty today». (Without the author’s words, it would be: “I your resident, on duty today ”).2)"For us,- emphasized Nina, - he[Oleg] now there will always be Kashuk ". (Without the words of the author, it would be: “For us, he will now always be Kashuk ».)

b) If there should have been a dot at the place of the breakup in direct speech, then after direct speech a comma and a dash are placed in front of the author’s words, and a dot and dash after the author’s words. The second part of the direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Our local presence at such a tense moment is necessary,- finished Bartashev.- I i’m leaving tomorrow. ”   (Without the words of the author, it would be: “ Our local presence at such a tense moment is necessary. I’m leaving tomorrow ”)

c) If a question mark or exclamation mark was supposed to be at the place of the rupture of direct speech, then this sign and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and a dot and dash after the words of the author. The second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: 1) « Why at six? - asked Paul.- After all, they are replaced at seven. "   (Without the words of the author, it would be: “ Why at six? After all, are replaced at seven ")2) “Well, good, good / - valya laughed.- I will not tell anyone".   (Without the words of the author, it would be: “Well, good, good / I will not tell anyone”)

When transmitting a dialogue, each replica usually (especially in print) begins with a new line, a dash is placed before the replica, and quotation marks are not used, for example:

- And you, Maxim Maksimych, aren’t you going?

- No with.

- Why?

- Yes, I have not seen the commandant ...

Note. The dialogue can be arranged in another way: replicas are written in a selection, each of them is taken in quotation marks and separated from another dash, for example: You used to ask her:   "ABOUT what did you sigh, Bela? Are you sad? ”-“ No!"-" To you do you want anything? ” - "Not/» - « Are you homesick for your family? ”   - “U i have no relatives».

When replacing direct speech with indirect, personal and possessive pronouns (as well as personal forms of verbs) are transmitted on behalf of the author, and not of the person whose speech is transmitted. For instance: “What is your name like? The landowner asked.   (Direct Speech), but: The landowner asked what was his name.   (Indirect speech).

If direct speech is expressed by a narrative sentence, then when replacing an indirect one, it is conveyed by an explanatory subordinate clause with a union what: Direct speech: Pavel, leaving home, told his mother: “On Saturday I will have guests from the city”; toconsecrated speech: Pavel, leaving home, told his mother that on Saturday he would have guests from the city.

If direct speech denotes motivation, order, request and predicate in it is expressed by a verb in the imperative mood, then when replacing indirect   it is conveyed by the subjunctive explanatory sentence with the union to: “Let him go (man),” I whispered in Biryuk’s ear... (direct speech);   I whispered in Biryuk's ear so he let him go.(Indirect speech).

Direct speech in which the predicate is expressed by the imperative mood can be conveyed by a simple sentence with an addition in an indefinite form: Biryuk told the girl to shine on the master   (Indirect speech); “Shine with the master,” Biryuk told the girl.   (Direct speech).

If direct speech is an interrogative sentence, then when replacing an indirect one, it is conveyed by an indirect question (with a particle whether   or without it through allied words which what what   and etc.). In an indirect question, a question mark is not put: “Do you have news from your son?” I finally asked her. (Compare: I finally asked her if she had news from her son.).

Indirect speech is less expressive, less emotional than direct. Available in direct speech, interjections, particles, when replacing it indirectly are omitted. Their meanings can sometimes only be conveyed in other words, more or less close to them in meaning. In this case, an approximate retelling of direct speech is obtained.

References:

1. Barkhudarova S.G. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. -M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1971;

2. Berezina S.N. Russian language in diagrams and tables. -M .: Eksmo, 2006;

3. Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of study and training. - M., 1988;

4. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Culture and art of speech. Rostov-on-Don 1999 ;

5. Vinogradov VV Problems lit. languages \u200b\u200band patterns of their education and development. - M., 1967;

6. Gaykhman O.Ya. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. -M., 2003;

7. Goloshchapova T.G. Russian language and culture of speech: educational-methodical manual. - M.: TsOKR MIA of Russia, 2007;

8. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. -M .: Logos, 2002;

9. Gorshkov A.I. Russian style. - M., 2001.– M., 2000;

10. Kostomarov V.G. On the distinction between the terms “oral” and “colloquial”, “written” and “book” // Problems of modern. philology. - M., 1965;

11. Petrishcheva E.F. Style and stylistic means // Stylistic studies (on the material of modern Russian language). - M., 1972;

12. Chemko L.A. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. -M., 1986;

13. Shmelev D.N. Rus language in its functions. varieties. - M., 1977;

14. Shcherba L.V. Fav.   work in Russian language. - M., 1957.

Indirect speech

- this is someone else's speech, not reproduced on behalf of the speaker and introduced by the author of the narrative in the form of an explanatory subordinate part of a complex sentence. E.g. So, without any hesitation, he explains to Bunin that he does not consider him a poet and that Gumilyov and all the Apollonian people were indignant when such a highly qualified printing house as Golike printed his Listopad   (I. Odoevtseva).

In K. p. personal forms of verbs and pronouns are used on behalf of the narrator. The syntactic center organizing the entire construction with K. p. Is the author's introducing words - this main part   compound sentence.

Especially often K. r. used in newspaper genres. As a rule, these are clichéd constructions with a set of introducing words: said that…; report that ...; transmitted that ...; they write that ... . E.g. Yesterday the leader of this party said that   a decision was made to stand for election candidate   (From the newspapers).

In such sentences-constructions there are no expressive elements inherent in direct speech: conversions, interjections, some particles, the imperative form of the verb, vernacular, dialect, slang words, etc. Therefore, in some cases, direct speech cannot be converted into indirect without substantially changing its content. E.g. Although the postmaster was very clean, he, having picked up the cards, immediately expressed his thinking physiognomy on his face .... Leaving the figure, he hit the table hard with his hand, condemning if there was a lady: "Go, old bastard!"if the king: "Fuck, Tambov man!"   And the chairman said: "And I have him in mustache! And I have her in mustache!"   Sometimes, when cards are hit on the table, expressions break out: "Ah! There wasn’t, there’s nothing, so with a tambourine!"   Or just exclamations: "worms! wormhole! picking!"   or: "Pikendras! Pichurushuhukh! Pichura!"   and even simple: pichuk   - the names with which they crossed suits in their society "   (N. Gogol).

K. p. very convenient for a brief retelling of extensive utterances. Moreover, it can be extremely generalized, but it can also include fragments of a literal utterance.

The linguistic meaning of K. p., According to M. Bakhtin, is "in the analytical transmission of someone else’s speech. Simultaneous with the transmission and inseparable analysis of someone else’s speech is an indispensable sign of any modification of indirect speech. Only degrees and directions of analysis can be different."

M. Bakhtin distinguishes two main modifications K. r. - subject-analytical and verbal-analytical. In the first case, someone else’s statement is perceived “as a certain semantic position of the speaker, and in this case, using the indirect construction, his exact subject composition (what the speaker said) is analytically transmitted ... This is achieved only at the cost of a certain depersonalization of the transmitted speech.” The subject-analytical modification of indirect speech, from the point of view of M. Bakhtin, is poorly developed in Russian. language. But another is widespread - verbal-analytical, in which someone else’s statement is transmitted “as an expression that characterizes not only the subject of speech (or even not so much the subject of speech), but also the speaker himself: his speech style, ... his state of mind, expressed not in content, and in speech forms (eg, discontinuity, word placement, expressive intonation, etc.), his ability or inability to express himself well, etc. "

With the help of K. p. you can convey someone else’s speech only with one degree or another accuracy, which can create the impression of a listener (reader) of a free or involuntary interpretation of a statement.

Lit.: Kodukhov V.I. Direct and indirect speech. - L., 1957; Milykh M.K. Constructions with indirect speech in modern Russian. - Rostov n / a., 1975; Trufanova I.V. Methods of transmitting someone else's speech in Russian. - Yelets, 1994; Bakhtin M.M. Indirect speech, direct speech and their modifications // Freudianism. The formal method in literary criticism. - M., 2000.

HE. Emelyanova

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M :. Flint, Science. Edited by M.N. Leather. 2003 .

See what "Indirect speech" is in other dictionaries:

Indirect speech   - the speech of a person transmitted by the speaker (or writer) in a sentence subject to his own phrase introducing this speech. When transmitting indirect speech, a statement is transformed according to certain rules that differ from language to language ... Wikipedia

INDIRECT SPEECH   - one of the forms of transmitting someone else’s speech, syntactically organized as a complex sentence, for example: He said that he would come tomorrow. Wed Direct speech … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Indirect speech   - INDIRECT SPEECH. Speech transmission of another person, formally dependent on the speech of the person transmitting it, as opposed to direct speech transmitted verbatim, regardless of the speech of the person serving as the transmitter. Examples: direct speech: ... ... Dictionary of Literary Terms

INDIRECT SPEECH   - (English indirect speech). Alien speech conveyed in a narrative compound sentence. For example: “She says not to be expected” ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

INDIRECT SPEECH   - (Eng. indirect speech) a form of retelling of the subject content of another's speech; expressed as a complex sentence. Examples: “She says not to be expected”; "He asked me to say that everything is going fine." Requires a special intellectual ... Big psychological encyclopedia

indirect speech   - a syntactic way of introducing someone else's speech into the text. Constructs with indirect speech are complex sentences, where the words of the author are the main thing, and the speech of others is an accessory sentence. At the same time, the rules for coordinating face and time are important ... ... Literary Encyclopedia    - the speech of a person transmitted by the speaker (or writer) in a sentence subject to his own phrase introducing this speech. When transferring K. p. a statement is transformed according to certain rules. For example, K. p. 3rd person is transmitted ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Indirect speech   - one of the ways of transmitting someone else’s speech, in which its content is made out as an accessory part in the verb of speech or thought; Wed: He said that he wanted to see her, He thought that he would not return. Unlike straight. speech admitting letters. repetition ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

(KUCHIRMAVAUZLASHTIRMAGAPLAR.)
A direct speech is a speech conducted by the speaker on behalf of the person to whom she was spoken, for example: The designer said: “I will be called to the chief engineer tomorrow”.
In direct speech, usually the author’s words indicate who she belongs to (the author said the Designer said).
In direct speech, the following punctuation marks are put on the letter:
a) direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks;

c) if a direct speech is before the author’s words, then a comma and a dash are placed after it (“Hello, Seeds *,” Chelkash calmly said).
When a direct speech contains a question or it is pronounced with an exclamation, then a question mark or exclamation mark and a dash are put after it (“Who's screaming?” A harsh cry came from the sea. “Let's go!” Said Gavrila.) -,
d) if direct speech is torn by the words of the author, then the words of the author on both sides are separated by commas and dashes
(“No,” the boy said, “I cannot go now”);
e) if there should be a dot at the place of the breakup in direct speech, then the author’s words, as in case d), are preceded by a comma and a dash (“Bring money in the morning,” Chelkash said shortly, “and now I'm going to sleep”) -,
f) if there should be a question mark and exclamation mark at the place where the direct speech is broken, then the sign is preceded by a dash and a dash after the words of the author (“What’s the matter?” Chelkash asked harshly. “What’s the matter?”).
Essential speech is called someone else's speech, transmitted not literally, but only in content. For example: The designer said that he will be called to the chief engineer tomorrow.
When direct speech is replaced by indirect, one should pay attention to the use of personal and possessive pronouns, since they are conveyed in indirect speech from the point of view of the narrator, and not the author.
In indirect speech, quotation marks are not put, it is highlighted with commas, as a subordinate clause.
When direct speech, which is an interrogative sentence, is replaced, in indirect speech interrogative pronouns and adverbs turn into allied words. For instance; “Where will we make a halt?” - the tourists asked the head of the campaign. When replacing it will be: Tourists asked the trekking leader where they would halt.
A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. After it, a question mark is not put.
If there is a question in direct speech and there are no interrogative pronouns or adverbs, then when replacing this interrogative sentence with an indirect question, is the union used: “Will you go on a business trip?” I asked my friend (direct question). When replacing it will be: I asked a friend if he would go on a business trip.
When replacing direct speech with indirect, when direct speech is a narrative sentence, it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with a union for example:
Direct speech. Zhukhrai said to Pavel: "I will tell you about the real way."
Indirect speech. Zhukhrai told Pavel that he would tell him about the real road.

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