Introduction

Chapter 1. Volunteer movement - the object of scientific analysis

1.1 Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer work

1.2History of the development of the movement: from volunteering to volunteering

Chapter 2. Volunteer movement in the conditions of modern realities

2.1 Volunteer movement: specifics, functions, areas of application (on the example of Russian and Western European experience)

2.2 Russian student volunteers: motivation to work

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. Despite the fact that both public and personal values ​​of each person are constantly changing throughout history, there is still a certain layer of social values ​​that can be called unshakable for all peoples and at all times. Voluntary, disinterested work just belongs to such values. At the present stage of development of Russian society, global social, economic, political and cultural changes are taking place, largely caused by the development of capitalist relations. The orientation of people towards economic values ​​becomes pronounced. But at the same time, the socio-cultural phenomenon of volunteering, volunteer work based on disinterested service to society, altruistic motives, is actively developed and promoted. It is noteworthy that volunteering is becoming one of the important areas of activity in student self-government and the activities of youth associations. Many representatives of student youth consider social activities as a way of self-realization of their creative potential.

How can the prevalence of economic values ​​coexist in a modern society, an orientation towards monetary interests and volunteer work based on the principles of selflessness and gratuitousness and gaining more and more resonance in the socio-economic life of the country. This is of scientific interest and relevance of the present study.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. The problem of freedom of activity, moral principles and categories underlying the phenomenon of volunteering, such as altruism, kindness, free will, compassion and selflessness were considered in the works of many domestic and foreign thinkers. Among them are O. Comte (for the first time he designed and introduced the term "altruism" into scientific circulation), C. Fourier, Saint-Simon, G. Spencer. A large number of studies are devoted to the consideration of forms of social practice of volunteerism. Among domestic scientists, N.Yu. Slabzhanin, E.L. Shekova, G.V. Bodrenkov. The history of the volunteer movement in Russia was studied by such authors as N.Yu. Slabzhanin, E.L. Shekova, A.V. Sharypin, G.V. Bodrenkov. The subject of the relationship between religious values ​​and labor activity is presented in the works of A. Smith, M. Weber. Volunteer work as the basis for building a communist society was considered by K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin. Questions of motivating people to engage in volunteering were studied by A. Maslow and D. McKelland; among domestic scientists, psychologists and sociologists A. N. Leontiev, L. I. Bozhovich, and N. Yu. Slabzhanin. The study of student volunteerism, the influence of the volunteer movement on the development of an active citizenship, students' self-awareness is carried out by such researchers as A.V. Sharypin, E.D. Akhmetgaleev. A comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign experience of volunteering is presented in the works of Russian scientists I.M. Gorodetskaya, L.E. Sikorskaya, E.L. Shekova. Economic studies of volunteering are characterized by an emphasis on the functioning and development of the activities of third sector organizations (NPOs). The economic approach to the problem is developed by such researchers as M. Lester, in Russia -V. N. Tambovtsev, exploring the economic significance of civil society. A deep analysis of the relationship between the image of non-profit organizations and the degree of people's involvement in the non-profit sector is given by the Russian scientist A. B. Barkhaev.

Object of study is the volunteer movement as a socio-cultural phenomenon.

The subject of the study is activities of student volunteers in the modern conditions of the development of Russian society.

Objective: identify the social significance of the work of volunteers

To achieve the goal, the following tasks:

1)to identify the prerequisites for the emergence of volunteer work as a sociocultural phenomenon, to identify the forms of its manifestation in a historical retrospective;

2)to define the concept of “volunteering”, to analyze the main theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer work;

)determine the specifics of volunteer work, its functions, scope, problems of further successful development in Russia;

)identify the features of the motivation of student volunteers to work.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, applications.

Theoretical and methodological foundations of the work. Volunteer work is considered in the context of the teachings of Marxism. Representatives of Marxism (K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin) identified volunteer and communist labor. The ideologists of Marxism believed that with the development of the productive forces, social labor would become the most important need for people; labor will become free from coercion and alienation, will be creative. In other words, volunteer work is the main condition for building communism.

Volunteer work from the point of view of the societal model of society is considered as labor used in the third (non-profit) sector of the economy and serving as the basis for the development of civil society. This approach of economic orientation to the study of volunteer work was developed by M. Lester, V.N. Tambovtsev.

The structural-functional approach was used to identify various forms of manifestation of the socio-cultural phenomenon of volunteering.

To date, the issues of motivation for volunteering have been studied quite fully. The motivation for volunteering is considered in the context of A. Maslow's concept of needs, D. McCaland's theory of needs, which place human motivations in a hierarchical structure and identify them with basic human needs.

Methods used in writing the work:

) theoretical analysis

) comparative analysis

) generalization

questioning

observation

Empirical base of research compiled: the results of the following sociological studies conducted in Russia and abroad:

) A.B. Barkhaev. A sociological study dedicated to identifying the influence of the role of the organization's image on the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the population in its work. The study was conducted in 2005 among students of a number of universities in the cities of Vladivostok and Moscow (N=478) using a questionnaire survey.

) E. L. Shekova. A study of the demographic, social, and occupational structure of U.S. cultural volunteers. The study was conducted in 2000 in major American museums (N=350) using a questionnaire.

) "Moscow House of Mercy". A sociological study dedicated to identifying the motivation of people to engage in volunteer activities. The study was conducted in 1996 among Moscow volunteers (N=430) using a questionnaire.

) Author's research devoted to the study of the motivation of student volunteers to work. The study was conducted in 2011 among students of Volgograd State University and Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University, who took part in the project of the charitable children's foundation "Victoria" "Vocational guidance and self-determination" of orphans in the Volgograd region as volunteers (N=12). The main method of collecting sociological information was a questionnaire survey.

Approbation of work: some of the results and conclusions of this study were tested in a presentation on the topic: "Students-volunteers: motivation for activity" at the scientific week, held on April 24, 2012 at Volgograd State University.

Chapter 1. Volunteer movement - the object of scientific analysis

1.1 Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of volunteer work

“Etymologically, the terms volunteer and volunteer have almost the same meaning, although a closer look reveals an important distinctive nuance of the Russian term, concerning the moral basis of the activity itself.”

The word volunteer comes from the French volontaire, which in turn comes from the Latin voluntarius, and literally means a willing volunteer. In the 18th and 19th centuries, volunteers were people who volunteered for military service. “In a broad sense, the concept of “volunteer” means a person who has made a conscious, independent choice, doing something of his own free will and conviction. This is pure arbitrariness." The Russian synonym for the term “volunteer” is the word “volunteer”, which is also defined in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia as “a person who voluntarily entered military service”. But it is easy to see that the Russian-language equivalent of this concept is much more meaningful than its Franco-Italian prototype. The term "volunteer" comes from the two words good + will and means, in fact, a person who does good of his own free will. The Western synonym lacks this moral orientation of the concept. It does not reflect the nature of the activity performed by the individual, but only the way of participating in it (independently, arbitrarily).

In the sociological dictionary we find the following definition of the concept of a volunteer (volunteer) - "a person who voluntarily participates in any activity that does not provide for material reward." As the researchers note, the concept of volunteerism, and in the Western tradition "volunteering", is used "to refer to volunteer work as an activity carried out by people voluntarily on a gratuitous basis and aimed at achieving socially significant goals, solving community problems." So, for example, N.Yu. Slabzhanin we read: “A volunteer is a person engaged on a gratuitous voluntary basis (without any coercion) in activities to resolve socially significant problems.” That is, the concept of volunteerism is still wider than activities carried out voluntarily and free of charge (the absence of monetary reward is implied), one more aspect is added: this activity should be aimed at achieving socially significant goals.

In modern society, the consideration of labor is approached within the framework of the established large subsystems of labor. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish three main subsystems: the public sector (first), market-commercial (second) and non-state non-profit sector (third). Labor has specific features in each of these subsystems. If labor in the state and commercial sector of Russia has been sufficiently studied, then volunteer labor in the third sector, which is the basis of civil society, has clearly not been studied enough.

Scientific studies of "volunteer work" are based on traditions known in the history of science, based on the religious values ​​of Christianity, socialist ideas and liberal values ​​of freedom of activity of the individual.

Religious subject Voluntary unpaid labor was formed a very long time ago and is associated in Russia to a greater extent with Christianity. Religious principles are based on the altruism of the most socially responsible members of society. Altruism is the ability of a person to put the well-being of others above his own. O. Comte considered the development of altruistic consciousness "an indicator of the civilized society committed to positive values." Lapina V.G. notes that altruism is closely related to collectivity. As an ethical imperative, the problem of altruism is present in Christian teaching, as a moral virtue it is formulated in the famous "categorical imperative" by I. Kant. “Altruism has always been at the heart of charitable activity, and politically altruism is a necessary condition for the existence of mass political parties and public organizations where a significant number of grassroots activists work for free.” The role of Protestant ethics in the formation of a capitalist society was analyzed by M. Weber. In his works, the social function of religious labor is also considered. Religion, in particular Protestantism, considers a high level of social organization of life as a religious duty to serve God, good deeds as a sign of being chosen. The religious duty of a person is the creation of such a social organization of life that would serve the glory of the Almighty with its perfection. And this perfection is impossible when there are many social problems in society, many neglected, destitute, orphans and the poor, left without the care of the religious community, without guardianship and gratuitous help from the parishioners. Russian monastic holiness provides many examples of gratuitous labor and conscious underestimation of wages for labor. Some forms of labor, such as medicine, should not have been paid by the suffering at all. It is no coincidence that the Monk Agapit was given the nickname Doctor of the Unmerciful. St. Clement of Alexandria, who expressed the spirit of Western Christianity, emphasized that all external actions must correspond to internal motives. He considered the gospel words about love for one's neighbor to be the highest commandment of God. And he compared earthly wealth with a snake that can kill a person or leave unharmed (a generous and judicious owner). As a result, Saint Clement concludes, “It is not the rich who owns property and protects it, but the one who shares it. Giving, not having, makes us happy.”

The emergence of a mass non-religious subject Voluntary labor refers rather to the 20th century, although its origin is observed in the 19th century, both in Western countries and in Russia, during the development of capitalism. At the same time, the concept of socialism-communism was being actively formed. Socialism as a doctrine considers as an ideal a society based on the principles of social justice, freedom and equality. The free labor of free people was the ideal of the utopian socialists: Saint-Simon, C. Fourier considered labor as a pleasure, the flowering of human abilities. The ideologists of communism, K. Marx and F. Engels, believed that with the development of the productive social forces, work for the benefit of society would become the first vital need of people and would become truly free from coercion and alienation. Labor under communism will be carried out according to the paid principle: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" on the basis of public ownership of the means of production. Differences in labor will be erased and the creative component of this labor will increase. IN AND. Lenin, the theorist of building socialism in Russia, identifies voluntary and communist labor, giving a definition of this labor. Lenin's approach developed into a tradition of research on voluntary labor, established by scientists in the USSR during the Soviet period. IN AND. Lenin formulated the prerequisites for the formation of communist labor. These include such factors as “achieving a high level of productive forces, mechanization and automation of labor, the elimination of heavy types of labor, the saturation of labor activity with intellectual functions, the emergence of new professions; as well as the improvement of the entire system of social production relations, in particular, strengthening the direct social character, labor discipline, and changing the nature of labor. On the other hand, the subject of labor, the bearer of the need to work, must improve. This approach revisited voluntary labor under socialism as precommunist. labor, therefore, in the USSR, a state policy was pursued to support voluntary labor. But, although the voluntary labor of citizens was of a massive nature, it was still not voluntary, but ideologically compulsory. “After the revolution of 1917, the unpaid labor of citizens in the USSR was massive, but initiated from above by state-party structures.”

In modern Western science, the societal model is generally recognized, which is also accepted by Russian science, according to which three large subsystems have been identified in society, which were mentioned above. “The independent, third sector is also seen as the backbone of civil society. The main work that creates civil society, accumulating its specifics, is volunteer work. A special role in the third (independent) sector belongs to private philanthropists, poor idealists, and activists of public organizations. “In the past, the initiators of public services were churches. Later, especially in English-speaking countries, the initiative was taken over by various foundations, private associations, countless charities and agencies. To some extent, the origins of this activity was the commitment of large private fortunes to philanthropy. But the poor idealists also did a lot here, investing their organizational and propaganda talent in this matter. This voluntary effort we owe a lot." "The independent sector, if consciously cultivated and developed, can achieve a lot." Indeed, today in the developed countries of the world the role of civil society organizations is highly appreciated, and after this there is a clear tendency for the state to transfer part of its functions of social protection and support of the population to organizations of the independent sector.

"For Economic Research on Volunteering the focus is on the problems of labor relations arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, and, first of all, the cost-compensatory nature of the relationship between the individual and society is studied. This approach is characterized by ideas about the aggregate, and not the individual subject of labor activity. However, volunteer labor, on the one hand, is labor, at the same time it is not economic labor, since it is not regulated by the main principle of economic efficiency, the principle of maximization (maximum income with minimum costs). Moreover, this work is not paid, not stimulated as it happens in the market sector.

Summing up the above, it should be noted. The concept of “volunteering” is identical to the Russian-language concept of “volunteerism” and means socially useful activities carried out by people voluntarily on a gratuitous basis (the absence of monetary reward is implied). Volunteering, disinterestedness, social orientation are the three main components of volunteer work, which determine its specificity. Volunteer work has been little studied from the standpoint of domestic sociology. There are three main traditions in the study of volunteer work. Volunteer work is considered in the context of the Christian tradition, as an integral aspect of religious life. Volunteer work is also considered from the point of view of Marxist ideology as a necessary element for building a socialist, therefore, communist society. Another method of studying volunteer work is to consider it through the prism of the societal model of society. If you use this method, then volunteer work will be defined as the foundation for building a civil society.

1.2 The history of the development of the movement: from volunteering to volunteering

In order to study the phenomenon of volunteering, which has become increasingly important in recent years, both in the global and in the Russian sociocultural space, one should begin with a retrospective review of this sociocultural phenomenon, identifying the forms of its manifestation in historical retrospective.

Volunteering (volunteering) as a socio-cultural phenomenon is inextricably linked with the history of the development of society; it has its own historical background and civilizational development experience. The history of the volunteer movement is difficult to trace, since no one has previously recorded actions of this kind for sure. But in the world history of mankind there was no such society, which would be alien to the ideas of voluntary and disinterested help. “Volunteering as an idea of ​​social service is almost as old as the concept of society . There have always been people in society for whom the way of self-realization, self-improvement, connection and communication with other people was work for the benefit of the community in which this person happened to be born and / or live. It should be noted that religion, the church has always been a powerful catalyst for volunteering, educating people in an altruistic consciousness, thereby motivating them to volunteer.

But only in the 20th century, in the sociocultural space of war-torn Europe and tired of individualism, the volunteer movement began to acquire the features of a universal social phenomenon. “After the First World War, in France, near Strasbourg, the first volunteer project was implemented to restore farms destroyed during the War in places of the most fierce battles.” The volunteers of the project were young people, citizens of Germany and France. They did not receive material remuneration for their work, however, they were provided by the interested party with accommodation, meals and health insurance- this principle of organizing volunteer work has been preserved to this day. "This volunteer project gave rise to the world's first volunteer movement, called Service Civil International (International Civil Assistance), which continues to function today." student volunteer volunteer movement

Volunteer work has always been a response to any socially significant problems, the solution of socially significant problems is its necessary component. The examples of volunteer work above and below provide an opportunity to understand this.

During the economic crisis of 1929, the governments of many countries organized volunteer work in order to occupy unemployed young people with something socially useful, thereby ensuring their employment, reducing the likelihood of strikes, and also providing young people with housing and food.

Service Civil International actually spawned several other organizations such as the British Volunteer Program, US Peace Corps, Deutsche Entwiklungsdienst and other groups undertaking long-term volunteer action. These organizations, in turn, preceded the UN volunteer program. At the end of the Second World War, young volunteers took an important part in the reconstruction of Europe: the construction of the center of Warsaw, the restoration of the destroyed cities of Western Europe. In addition to the economic benefits of the activities performed, this occupation also contributed to the establishment of peaceful international relations.

During the Cold War, volunteers played the role of world brokers who, through volunteer projects, tried to establish cooperation between the socialist East and the capitalist West. "In the early 1960s, Americans took part in international volunteer work camps in the USSR, East Germany, and Hungary; volunteers from the East also visited the West."

Volunteer movements in the states of Asia, Africa, Latin America arose with their liberation from colonial oppression. Here, the scope of volunteer labor was very extensive: from simple free labor used in the performance of any construction work to the "elimination of illiteracy in Cuba."

"The dawn of the volunteer movement in the 1970s came with the creation of the United Nations Volunteer Program."

In Russia, the volunteer movement has its own tradition. Volunteer work was the most important characteristic of national history. Russian society for many centuries was under the strong ideological influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, which brought up in people an altruistic consciousness, which is the starting point, the root motive for volunteering. But external factors were also important, which were noted by V.O. Klyuchevsky in the "Course of Russian History" are the main activities of our ancestors: arable farming, cattle breeding, handicrafts, as well as a protracted tribal social structure compared to other peoples.

An example of volunteer work can be found in the peasant community. “For peasant communities in Russia, this type of labor was characteristic in solving common problems. Mutual assistance, mutual support made the peasant community one of the most stable institutions, the influence of which remains to this day.” For the community, volunteer work was, in fact, a necessary condition for existence as such.

“In the 19th century, private secular charity unfolded: charitable institutions, various charitable societies, almshouses, shelters, charity houses, and overnight houses were founded.” The appearance in Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries of the so-called "houses of industriousness", in essence, being one of the forms of private secular charity, as well as state charity in the form of a system of public charity, was a way to eliminate the increasing number of "professional begging" (due to the widespread practice of alms) and the contingent of the unemployed, formed due to economic downturns in the second half of the 19th century. Public charity, although it showed us examples of volunteer work (there were people who worked in these institutions for free), but basically it became a form of self-realization for the wealthy, since it was mainly in the nature of private charity, i.e. namely, a gratuitous monetary donation for the construction and maintenance of these institutions, but not gratuitous labor. “Catherine the Great, and then Empress Maria Feodorovna also showed themselves as benefactors. An example of such charity was the Smolny Institute, designed to educate girls - bearers of the ideas of enlightenment.

“But one cannot say that charity, volunteering were the lot of only people from high society. History has conveyed to us many customs of self-help, disinterested support of one's neighbor by ordinary people. This is the joint construction of a new house for a fire victim, and the collection of donations by volunteers for the construction of schools, hospitals and temples.

The initiators of any large, organized volunteer actions, movements were mainly representatives of the Russian intelligentsia. “One of the well-known examples is the gratuitous activity of representatives of the intelligentsia (teachers, doctors, etc.) in the field of culture - “going to the people”. "Walking to the people" is an example of organized volunteer work in the field of intellectual education, it was a large-scale action that set as its ultimate goal the reorganization of society. But the organizations supporting this event were illegal and in opposition to the current government; the event failed.

Another example of volunteer work can be found on the pages of the pre-revolutionary history of Russia. In the Russian Empire in 1911, there were more than 1.6 million officially registered tuberculosis patients . It became clear that the fight against this problem should be universal. “In 1911, the All-Russian League was created to fight tuberculosis. In many cities, branches of the league were opened, which worked independently. In August of the same year, the first White Flower Day was held in the city, the main purpose of which was to spread information about the disease and raise funds in favor of the sick. Doctors gave lectures on tuberculosis, and volunteers handed out leaflets. Members of the organizing bureau were engaged in the arrangement of all events - a ceremonial procession through the city, a fair, a prayer service on the square in front of the City Duma. In two years, the measures taken by the League turned out to be so effective and timely that the need for further mobilization of funds from the population has disappeared. As can be seen from the example, this event, in fact, was in the nature of a social project, consisting of well-organized and well-thought-out volunteer actions, where volunteers of various levels worked: from simple performers (distributing information leaflets) to specialists in a certain field. The initiators were representatives of the intelligentsia. It was already a new, higher level of organization of voluntary assistance.

The mass volunteer movement was the movement of the sisters of mercy, which today has more than a century of history. “The first women in the world who voluntarily and in an organized manner went to the front to help wounded soldiers were the sisters of mercy of the Moscow St. Nicholas Convent. This event took place during Crimean War 1853-1856". This movement was caused by military actions, its first participants are the sisters of the monastery, i.e. nuns, their main motive was altruism. This example shows the active participation of the church in solving socially significant problems, the development of volunteering. The movement had a worldwide resonance in the form of the emergence of the international volunteer organization of the Red Cross.

“After the revolution of 1917, the unpaid labor of citizens in the USSR was massive, but initiated from above by state-party structures.” That is, in fact, it was gratuitous, but not voluntary, because. this work was still not free for citizens, but was largely coercive, ideological in nature (subbotniks, voluntary squads, the Timur movement).

Thus, summing up the above, we can draw the following conclusion. Volunteering as a socio-cultural phenomenon has its own prerequisites, determined by the very history of the life of the people. Volunteering as a manifestation of individual initiatives of disinterested help to one's neighbor has existed throughout the history of mankind. In many ways, the institution of religion contributed to the manifestation of these initiatives. Volunteering as an organized form of activity in the West originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Its appearance is a response to mature socio-economic problems (hunger, devastation after wars, economic crises, unemployment, the appearance of socially dangerous members of society in the person of the unemployed). The initiative to create volunteer projects came from governments of states. The history of the emergence of the Russian volunteer movement has its own characteristics.

Forms of manifestation of Russian volunteerism in historical retrospect:

) individual initiatives - can be traced from the moment the Russian state was formed to the present day. This form of manifestation of volunteer work is largely characteristic of the communal way of life, which was so typical for Russia until the middle of the 20th century. It was actively promoted and supported by the Russian Orthodox Church at all times.

) a system of charity (public, that is, public and private). This form, with some amendments, can be called the beginning of the organization of volunteer activities that came from the state and private individuals (the assistance provided to people in charitable institutions was free of charge, was aimed at solving socially significant problems (mainly to combat begging)). But the labor used in these institutions was not gratuitous.

) the organized nature of the activity. The manifestation of these forms of volunteer movement dates back to the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century (the “White Flower” movement, 1911; the “sisters of mercy” movement, was born in 1853). The initiators of the movement were representatives of the intelligentsia, the clergy. Organized movement by the emergence of socio-economic problems (First World War, more frequent epidemics of diseases, etc.)

) "Voluntary-compulsory" labor. The period of existence of the USSR. Labor was formally proclaimed voluntary, but, in fact, was of an ideological, “voluntary-compulsory” nature, initiated by the authorities.

5) institutional forms. Volunteering functions in the non-profit sector in the form of non-profit organizations. This stage in the development of volunteer work has been manifested in Russia since the 90s of the XX century.

Chapter 2. Volunteer movement in the conditions of modern realities

1 Volunteer movement: content, functions, scope (on the example of Russian and Western European experience)

As it was said above, "A volunteer is a person engaged on a gratuitous, voluntary basis (without any coercion) in activities to resolve socially significant problems." Volunteer activity varies in forms. “Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, in public or private organizations.” Unorganized volunteering is spontaneous and occasional help to friends or neighbors. It is the predominant form of volunteering in many cultures. Organized volunteering takes place in the non-profit, public and private sectors, and tends to be more systematic and regular. The broader the task assigned to the volunteers, the more likely it is that volunteering will take an organized form. Often the work of volunteers is in the nature of one-time actions. “In order for volunteering to be more stable, its organizers are required, working on a fairly permanent basis. World practice shows that such an organization of labor is closely related to the study of specific social problems and is carried out by NGOs in the form of projects.” “NPO is a non-profit organization, i.e. an organization that does not have as the main goal of its activity the extraction of profit and does not distribute the profit received among the participants. The degree of participation (involvement) of volunteers in activities can also be different. "Although in most cases the degree of involvement in volunteering is constant, it can still be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to occasional participation in volunteering."

The scope of volunteer work is quite wide. These are the social sphere (work with orphans, the elderly, the disabled), the sphere of ecology and the environment, the educational sphere, the sphere of culture, art, and leisure. An analysis of the activities of various organizations allows us to identify the following forms and areas of volunteer activity that are most relevant in Russia. “The most common area of ​​activity for Russian volunteers is helping children left without parental care.” Moreover, it is implemented both in the form of individual actions, for example, to collect diapers, and in the form of long-term social projects (for example: career guidance, social adaptation of orphans). Next in terms of prevalence in the volunteer environment is work in the field of "ecology and the environment." An example of this is one of the well-known public environmental organizations operating in Russia - Greenpeace Russia and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). A.B. Barkhaev conducted a sociological study aimed at identifying the influence of the role of the organization's image on the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the population in its work. “In general, the same number of respondents (2.2% for Greenpeace Russia and 2% for WWF) consider these organizations to be “solid”. “Volunteers are not left without attention and medical institutions, where there is traditionally not enough junior staff.” Also in Russia, volunteer work with the elderly, their social patronage in nursing homes is common. Volunteering in the field of culture today it is not very common in our country, in contrast to the countries of Western Europe and the USA. For example, in the United States, volunteers are actively working in the field of culture. “In the 90s of the XX century. in this country, the work of volunteers has gained a strong position in the economy and the cultural sphere.” However, in Russia this direction has very broad prospects. “This includes assistance in the restoration of architectural monuments, and work to replenish the exposition fund, and organization of excursions, and work with tourist groups - the latter is especially in demand during major cultural and sports holidays.” The development of volunteering in the field of sports is especially important in connection with major sporting events that will take place in the coming years in Russia: “XXVII World Summer Universiade in 2013 in Kazan, XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 in Sochi , FIFA World Cup 2018". For comparison, volunteering in the United States is carried out in the following areas.

“Most often, American volunteers are engaged in fundraising (Fundraising is the attraction of sponsorship funds for the implementation of a specific program, the systematic and directed activities of organizations, including such methods of raising funds as applying for grants, organizing charity events, collecting donations, etc.) (about 27%). Other popular types of volunteering in the West are cooking and serving food (23%), doing some work or helping with transportation (20%) and volunteering in education (19%).”

As for the functions of volunteering. Volunteering as a holistic phenomenon is considered by different approaches from different points of view. From an economic point of view, for example, "volunteering is seen as unpaid employment." While the benefit obtained as a result of this activity is not free at all. Thus, from an economic point of view, volunteering is a necessary resource for holding the social fabric together. “In modern Western science, the societal model is generally recognized, which is also accepted by Russian science, according to which large subsystems, sectors are distinguished in society: state (it is called the first), market-commercial (second) and non-state non-commercial (third sector). Volunteer work is included in the third sector; often used in non-profit organizations (NPOs). The third sector is considered by scientists as "the structural-institutional, organizational basis of civil society". Thus, if we consider volunteering from the point of view of the societal approach, then its functions can be reduced to the following: “participation in the formation and development of civil society, transmission of societal values, traditions; civil socialization of an individual; integration of society through citizens' associations, creation of social capital; cooperation of efforts to protect the rights and interests of individuals; self-management and collective solution of community problems based on social innovations; support for vulnerable groups, their social adaptation; consolidated self-expression and social creativity of people”. In addition, “volunteer activity acts as an inexhaustible source and resource of morality”, which plays a significant role in the improvement of society as a whole. This is especially true for Russian society. “Economic values ​​have become decisive in politics, ideology, education, and culture. However, these values ​​cannot consolidate society and cause it to rise, especially in a country like Russia. An economy without reliance on morality does not lead to universal prosperity, but to general disunity, to the individualization, atomization of society and its disintegration. Volunteer activity also helps its participants to satisfy their needs, the main of which are the desire to help in solving socially significant problems, the desire to fulfill themselves. For young people, volunteering gives them a chance to realize themselves professionally.

Now consider the state of this socio-cultural phenomenon today. The state of volunteering in the countries of Western Europe and the USA differs significantly from the state of affairs on this issue in Russia. If in the countries of Western Europe and the United States, institutionally organized volunteering, fixed in the form of NGOs, has been existing since the beginning of the 20th century, then in Russia this form of existence of the volunteer movement dates back to the 90s of the 20th century. "The concept, content and form of volunteer work in modern Russia begins to take shape simultaneously with the emergence of the third sector of the economy (90s), which consists of non-profit, public and charitable organizations." Accordingly, this social phenomenon is currently underdeveloped and widespread in Russia. There are a number of problems associated with the development of the volunteer movement.

Legal problems.“The formation of an integral, sustainable volunteer movement in our country is largely at the initial stage. This is largely due to the legal unresolved issue. To date, the only legislative document regulating activities in this area is the Federal Law "On charitable activities and charitable organizations", which was adopted on August 11, 1995 by the State Duma of the Russian Federation. The next type of problems can be called problems "organizational" character.Insufficient motivation of volunteer organizations. For example, "volunteer activity does not count towards the total length of service." Poor awareness of the activities of NGOs, insufficient work of organizations on their image have a negative impact on attracting volunteers to the organization. As a result, there is little involvement in this type of activity. This issue is covered in detail in the works of A. B. Barkhaev, devoted to the problems of the image of public organizations. “Today, the total number of volunteers in Russia is 3.02% of the total population. According to a survey by the Public Opinion Foundation, 5 or 7% of the Russian population consider themselves volunteers. Another problem is lack of understanding by volunteers of the long-term goals of their activities.The problem of volunteering is understanding what it is. A study was conducted by the Tver Center for Youth Volunteer Initiatives of the Central District, as a result of which they received data from the volunteers themselves that they do not understand why volunteering is in the interests of self-realization, socialization. They believe that this is just a public, useless activity that uses volunteers. That is misunderstanding."

If you look at the socio-demographic composition of the participants in the volunteer movement in the country as a whole, you can see that in Russia the main contingent of volunteer activity in a typical Russian region is “student youth aged 13 to 30 years”. While in the US, "the bulk of volunteers (59%) are 33-51-year-old Americans, while the smallest (18.4%) are young citizens (14-24 years old)". This is largely due to the fact that the adult part of the population, due to the low standard of living, is forced to work 2-3 jobs, there is not enough time for volunteering. Which is also a problem for the development of volunteering in Russia.

Summarizing the above, the following should be noted.

Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, in public or private organizations, the degree of participation in the volunteer movement can also be different - from one-time actions to full involvement in the organization as a permanent volunteer. The most effective in solving socially significant problems is an organized form of volunteer movement, implemented in the non-profit (third) sector, namely, in non-profit organizations through long-term social projects, with the involvement of permanent volunteers. In Western countries and the United States, this form of volunteering has been carried out since the beginning of the 20th century, while in Russia it has been practiced only since the 90s of the 20th century. There are a number of problems in the development of Russian volunteerism, such as the legal unsettledness of the issue, the weak involvement of the population in this type of activity, associated with a low standard of living, weak motivation, a low level of public awareness of the activities of NGOs, the homogeneity of the socio-demographic composition of the volunteer movement (the main the mass - students), misunderstanding by volunteers of long-term fir-trees of the activity. Among the areas of distribution of volunteer work, the most significant for Russia are: the social sphere (helping orphans is most often practiced), ecology and the environment, and healthcare. Volunteer work is used less actively in the sphere of culture and sports. Although there are great prospects for the development of volunteering in these areas of activity. The functions of the volunteer movement are quite diverse: from raising the moral level of the individual and society as a whole, meeting people's needs for moral and professional improvement, to building a strong economy, civil society, and the rule of law.

2.2 Volunteer students: motivation to work

Recently, volunteering has become one of the important areas of activity in student self-government and the activities of youth associations and public organizations. Currently, the number of students involved in volunteer work is increasing. In other words, the sociocultural phenomenon of student volunteering is gaining more and more resonance today in public life countries.

When studying this phenomenon, one cannot ignore the study of students' motivation to engage in this type of activity. Indeed, in order for a person who came to work as a volunteer, for example, in an organization, to aspire to its team, want to become a member, and simply not be disappointed in the organization, and through it in all volunteer activities, not lose interest in it, and in in the end, did not decide to leave, it is very important to consolidate, update the motives that led him to volunteer work. Thus, revealing the motives of volunteers is of great importance.

In order to study the motivation of volunteers, which, in turn, is a rather complex concept, one should start with the definition of the very concept of “motivation”.

Different researchers can find completely different interpretations of this concept. Researchers define motivation as one specific motive, as a single system of motives, or as a special area that includes needs, motives, goals, interests in their interaction. If we consider motivation as a concept identically equal to the motive, then the interpretation of the motive will correlate the concept of motivation either with a need, or with the experience of this need and its satisfaction, or with the object of the need. Identification of motives, motivation with need is carried out by such researchers as A. Maslow, J. Newtenn, D. McKelland. The need of the individual is a clearly perceived need for something, namely, the lack of which the individual feels at the moment. The interpretation of the motive, correlating this concept with the experience of need and its satisfaction, can be found in S.L. Rubinstein. According to S.L. Rubinstein “Every action comes from a motive, i.e. an action-driven experience of something significant that gives that action a meaning for the individual. As can be seen from the definition, for S. L. Rubinshtein, the fundamental points for highlighting a motive as a certain psychological category is just the experience factor that accompanies the meeting of a need with an object, while the motivation factor may be absent.

In the context of the theory of activity of A.N. Leontiev, the term “motive” is used to denote that objective, in which the need for these conditions is specified and what the activity is directed to, as motivating it. Thus, A.N. Leontiev understands the motive as a “subjectified” need, an object of need, i.e. as something in which the need directly finds an objective expression. “Before its first satisfaction, the need “does not know” its object” ... and therefore it “must be discovered. Only as a result of such a discovery, the need acquires its objectivity, and the perceived (represented, conceivable) object - its motivating and guiding activity, i.e. becomes a motive. If we consider motivation as a special area that includes needs, motives, goals, interests in their interaction, then it would be advisable to present the following definitions. V.G. Aseev defines the motivational system as follows: “... the human motivational system has a much more complex structure than a simple series of given motivational constants. It is described by an exceptionally wide sphere, which includes both automatically implemented attitudes, and current actual aspirations, and the ideal area, which at the moment is not actually acting, but performs an important function for a person, giving him that semantic perspective for the further development of his motives, without where the current worries of everyday life lose their meaning. All this allows us to talk, on the one hand, about motivation as a complex, multi-level structure that includes many needs, motives, ideals, interests, and, on the other hand, allows us to talk about the presence of a structure of motives.

Thus, we can conclude that, despite the variety of approaches, motivation is interpreted by most authors as a combination, a system of various factors that determine human behavior and activities. Also, motivation is the process of stimulating someone (an individual or a group of people) to activities aimed at achieving goals.

A number of scientists believe that “human motivations are arranged in hierarchical significance. And motivation, thus, is a hierarchized set of motives. This idea of ​​motivation as a hierarchical structure is significant because "The hierarchical structure of the motivational sphere determines the direction of a person's personality, which has a different character depending on which motives have become dominant in their content and structure." The psychologist Abraham Maslow revealed the hierarchy of individual motives. “According to his theory, the strongest are the primary motivations associated with the satisfaction of physiological needs (hunger, thirst, the need to breathe, in physical development, to save life). These motivations are located at the base of the pyramid of the hierarchy of motives at the bottom level. Next comes the need for self-preservation, protection from risk, the guarantee of satisfaction of physiological needs. As the “lower” needs are satisfied, new needs become relevant for a person, forming a block of secondary motivations. This includes social needs (the need for communication, love, friendship, respect), the so-called selfish needs (the need to be proud, to be prestigious, to have a certain status). The last level in the pyramid is associated with the satisfaction of the need for self-realization, creativity. A. Maslow believes that only the satisfaction of "lower" needs leads to the actualization for a person of needs that are one step higher.

It should start with the fact that students are a specific social group, with its characteristic special conditions of life, work and life, social behavior and psychology. The term "student" of Latin origin, translated into Russian, means working hard, studying, i.e. acquiring knowledge." This means that the period of adolescence (16-25 years), most of which falls precisely on student years, is a time of rapid development of the individual in physical, social, moral terms, a time of active assimilation of new knowledge, accumulation of life experience, a time of acquiring life values. A characteristic feature of moral development at this age is the strengthening of conscious motives for behavior. In addition, student time is often a part of life, free from many social roles and obligations (professional work, marriage and family relations). All this favors volunteering.

In order to study the motivation for volunteering, an empirical study was conducted among students who took part in the project of the charitable children's foundation "Victoria" "Vocational guidance and self-determination" of orphans in the Volgograd region as volunteers. The socio-demographic characteristics of volunteer participants are listed below.

Socio-demographic characteristics of volunteer participants

Total number of participantsGender of participantsCourse of study Institution of study of participantsSpecialization of participants 12female1 course - 5 Volgograd State University- 9 Sociology - 8 2 course - 4 Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University - 3 Social work - 4 3 course - 2 4 course - 0 people 5 course - 1

The study of the motivation of students participating in this project was carried out by the following methods: observation, questioning. One of the questions of the developed questionnaire reflects the hierarchy of motives of the students participating in the project to volunteer. The results are shown below.

Hierarchy of motivational reasons that encourage students to volunteer

Motivational reasonPlace of motive in the hierarchy1) selfless desire to help 12) obtaining new skills 23) altruism 34) the possibility of practice / internship in the specialty 35) self-realization 46) the opportunity to make new acquaintances 57) today it is prestigious to engage in this type of activity 68) religious motives 79) today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity 810) benefits when studying at a university9

To complete the picture, we also carried out a comparative analysis of the hierarchy of motives that encourage students participating in our project to volunteer, the hierarchy of motives for individual activity of A. Maslow and the hierarchy of motives that encourage participants to volunteer in a sociological study conducted by the Volunteer Center "Moscow House of Mercy" to study volunteer motivation. The results of the comparative analysis are presented below.

Comparative analysis

Ranking of motives according to the author's research Hierarchy of motives according to A. Maslow Ranking of motives according to the study of the "Moscow House of Mercy" 1) selfless desire to help11 ) self-realization 11) desire to be socially useful12 ) obtaining new skills 22) prestige, a sense of pride 22) desire contribute to changes in society 23) altruism 33) the need for communication, in communication of equals 33) the implementation of one’s own initiative 34) the possibility of practice / internship in the specialty 34) the need for security 44) the desire to find like-minded people 45) self-realization 45) satisfaction of physiological needs 55) self-assessment as a person 56) the opportunity to make new acquaintances 56 ) the desire to return good for good 67) today it is prestigious to engage in this type of activity 67) the desire to spend leisure time interestingly, to take free time 78) religious motives 78) solving one’s own problems 89) today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity 810) benefits when studying at a university 9

Data analysis:

Thus, it turns out that according to the pyramid of individual needs of A. Maslow, a group of motives caused by the needs for self-realization and creativity (this group can be combined with the following motives identified in the course of the author's research: self-realization, altruism, a disinterested desire to help, the possibility of an internship in a specialty, acquisition of new skills) occupies the highest level. A group of communicative motives, i.e. satisfying the needs for friendship, communication (which in our case include the opportunity to make new acquaintances) is in second place. The group of selfish motives (prestige, a sense of pride, having a certain status), which in our case can be attributed (today it is prestigious, fashionable to engage in this type of activity, this activity provides certain benefits when studying at a university) is in last place among the motivation of volunteers participating in the project . In the study of the Moscow House of Mercy, the first place is occupied by motives, such as the desire to be socially useful, to promote changes in society, and the implementation of one's own initiative. An interesting point in such a motive as altruism. A. Maslow calls altruism one of the aspects of self-realization. Slabzhanin N.Yu. writes about altruism. “Altruism is widespread in volunteering. It is especially characteristic of older people with rich life experience. They can see in it the meaning of their life. But, according to scientists, the process of developing urbanization replaces this motive with other motives aimed at achieving only personal well-being. Comparative analysis, on the one hand, refutes this assertion. Because on all three points in the first place are the disinterested desire to help, altruism, the desire to be socially useful, and the motive of self-realization in the pyramid of A. Maslow, which includes the two above-mentioned points. But this statement is also confirmed by a comparative analysis, because. so self-realization is not only altruism and altruism is not always self-realization. Indeed, in fact, acquiring new skills, the possibility of implementing one's own initiative, the possibility of an internship in a specialty are motives aimed at oneself, at achieving personal well-being, and they occupy worthy second and third places in all hierarchies. And all subsequent motives are motives aimed at oneself, and not at society. But this is quite understandable by the fact that students are the time of the highest flowering of strength, awareness of one's own inner potential, the definition of a personal mission, and the choice of a life path. In this regard, one of the primary motives for volunteering among students is “the desire for self-realization, i.e. realization of personal potential, manifestation of one’s abilities and capabilities in socially significant social activities”. But, with all this, it should be noted once again that the disinterested desire to help, to be socially useful is in the first place in both studies. In the studies of S.V. Mikhailova said about age differences in motivation. “Young people are motivated by the desire to try themselves in their future profession.” This can also be seen from the comparison table above. The motive "the possibility of practice, internships in the specialty" takes 4th place in the author's study. Obtaining new skills, the implementation of one's own initiative take 2nd place in the author's and 3rd place in the research conducted by the Moscow House of Mercy. “Volunteer work allows you to acquire useful practical skills that are not directly related to a person’s professional choice, but are important for life. These include the acquisition of experience in interpersonal interaction, computer skills, with various types of equipment, construction skills. Another important motive that encourages students to volunteer is the opportunity to communicate, make friends with like-minded people, and make new acquaintances. This is also evident from the table and is due to the fact that among young people the need to expand the circle of contacts is especially common. It is significant that religious motives, although not in the first place among the motivations of student volunteers, participants in our study, are still higher in importance than selfish motives, such as “today it is fashionable to engage in this type of activity” and “volunteer activity gives certain benefits when studying at a university”, “an opportunity to spend leisure time interestingly, to take a summary time”. This suggests that volunteers are developed spiritually, morally, they are aware of what they are doing, how it can help others, and not just doing something voluntarily, because there is nothing to do in their free time. But this motif is far from the first place, and among the motifs proposed in the course of the study of the Moscow House of Mercy, it is not at all. Perhaps from here we have one of the problems of the modern volunteer movement, namely, misunderstanding. “The problem of volunteering is understanding what it is. A recent study was conducted by the Tver Center for Youth Volunteer Initiatives of the Central District, as a result of which they received data from the volunteers themselves that they do not understand why volunteering is in the interests of self-realization, socialization. They believe that this is just a public, useless activity that uses volunteers. That is misunderstanding." Perhaps when the behavior of volunteers is driven by a single ideology, which, for example, for a long time in Russia, it was just the ideology preached by the Orthodox Church and educating people in altruistic consciousness, then the aspirations, desires of people to do something useful are easily directed to the sphere of volunteering and people are clearly aware of the goals of their activities. So it was, for example, in Soviet times, only the ideology was not religious, but secular, promoting voluntary work for the benefit of building a just society, a better world.

Thus, summing up the above, it should be noted. The sociocultural phenomenon of student volunteering is gaining more and more resonance in Russia today. In order for volunteering to continue to develop successfully, it is necessary to actualize the motives that led young people to the volunteer sphere. It is often agreed that motivation is a combination, a system of various factors (including motives) that determine the behavior and activities of a person, motivating him to act. As a rule, altruism, defined by the volunteers themselves as a disinterested desire to help, dominates the motivation of volunteers, including students. This is "traditional", one of the main motives for volunteering at all times. But for students, as a specific group of people who are at the “peak” of activity of creative, moral, socio-psychological forces, self-realization, the possibility of obtaining new skills, practicing in their specialty, and acquiring new acquaintances are also important motives. Religious motives are not in last place among the hierarchy of motives of student volunteers.

Conclusion

Summing up all the above, we can conclude the following.

Volunteering (used synonymously with the Russian-language counterpart - volunteerism) - disinterested (it is assumed that there is no monetary reward), voluntary work to solve socially significant problems. Volunteer work has been little studied from the standpoint of domestic sociology. In domestic science, there are three main traditions of its study. Volunteer work is seen through the prism of Christian tradition as an integral aspect of religious life; volunteer work is also studied in the context of the socio-economic concept of Marxism as a necessary element for building a communist society, individual freedom; there is a methodology for studying volunteer work from the point of view of a societal approach (volunteer work as the foundation of civil society).

Volunteering as an integral socio-cultural phenomenon has its roots, historical reasons for its emergence, due to social life itself in different periods of its development. The emergence of volunteering as a disinterested help to one's neighbor was largely promoted by religious ideology, primarily Christianity. Altruistic motives motivated people to do good deeds. In Russia, some scientists see the roots of volunteerism even before the adoption of Christianity by the state, namely, in a community whose way of life dictated the conditions for survival in the form of voluntary, mutual assistance to each other.

More organized forms of volunteer activity both in Russia and in Western Europe can be observed with the emergence of global social problems that could only be solved together, involving free human labor (eliminating the consequences of war, epidemics). That is, as we can see, volunteer work has always been a response to the existing reality, the ongoing changes of a problematic nature, which were difficult to solve by the state alone. In Russia, the sociocultural phenomenon of volunteering has gone through the following evolution of forms of manifestation:

1)individual initiatives

2)public and private charity system (cannot be called a form of volunteer work in the full sense of the word)

)organized forms of volunteering

)"voluntary-compulsory" labor of the Soviet period.

)Institutional forms (the current stage of development of this phenomenon)

The volunteer movement also received its modern development in connection with the growing number of social problems, in the solution of which, in the current economic situation, volunteers are indispensable. The areas of distribution and functions of volunteer activities are quite diverse. It is used in solving problems in the social sphere (assistance to orphans, the elderly, the disabled), the sphere of ecology and the environment, healthcare, education, and culture. The functions of volunteering are quite diverse, but equally significant for the development of society as a whole. Volunteering is not only free work to help the state in solving many socio-economic problems, but also an inexhaustible source of morality, a translator of societal values, a solid foundation for building a civil society, later a rule of law, a chance for each individual individual to realize his intellectual, creative potential.

It is recognized by world practice that volunteer activity is most effectively implemented in an organized form in the non-profit sector through permanent volunteers. This form of functioning of the volunteer movement is a common practice for the countries of Western Europe and the United States, but a relatively new phenomenon for Russia. This implies a number of problems related to the functioning and further development of Russian volunteering, which need to be addressed. This includes the unresolved legal issue in this area, the low degree of awareness, motivation and, as a result, the involvement of people in this type of activity, at the same time, the almost homogeneous socio-demographic composition of volunteers (youth aged 13-30 years, the bulk of which are university students, schoolchildren), almost zero development of volunteering in some areas (for example, in the field of culture), misunderstanding by many volunteers of the long-term goals of their activities. These problems need to be resolved as soon as possible.

It is important to pay attention to the motivation of Russian students to volunteer. Firstly, because students are the main part of Russia's volunteers. Secondly, in order to further develop this type of activity, non-profit organizations need to know what leads people to this activity, what they expect, otherwise, you can lose volunteers. Thirdly, the analysis of motivation allows us to understand what is the significance of this sociocultural phenomenon not only for society as a whole, but also for the individual. It is often agreed that motivation is a combination, a system of various factors (including motives) that determine the behavior and activities of a person, motivating him to act. Traditionally, the motivation for volunteer work is considered to be altruistic motives, a disinterested desire to help. But, in modern realities of life and in connection with the peculiar psychophysical characteristics of students as a specific social group, in addition to altruism, important motives for student youth to engage in volunteer activities are also the motive "desire for self-realization", "the possibility of obtaining new skills", "practice in the specialty" , "expanding the usual circle of communication." Volunteering helps students to fulfill themselves morally, psychologically, professionally, and also increases the level of morality of volunteers, which is especially important in connection with the ever-increasing predominance of economic values ​​in politics, ideology, education, culture, as well as the partial loss of moral guidelines by society, especially young people.

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Questionnaire

"Motivation of student volunteers"

. Please enter your gender

1) male

) female

2. Enter your age______

. Please indicate your marital status

1) single/single 4) widow/widower

) married / married 5) other (specify) ________________________

) divorced/divorced

4. What course are you in?

1) 1 course 4) 4 course

) 2 course 5) 5 course

) 3 course 6) 6 course

5. Please indicate the university where you are studying(title)

. Indicate your specialty / field of study

. Specify the main source of your material resources:

1) scholarship

) side job

) permanent job

) social benefits

) parental help

8. your religious views(atheists go to question #9)

1) Orthodoxy. 4) Judaism

) Catholicism 5) Buddhism

) Islam 6) Protestantism

) other (specify)____________

9. What are your reasons for volunteering?(prioritize)

10. What does volunteering give you?(prioritize)

Answer optionsQuestion No. 9Question No.10Self-realizationGetting new skillsOpportunity to practice / internship in the specialtyOpportunity to make new acquaintances It is fashionable to be engaged in this activity It is prestigious to be engaged in this activityVolunteer activity gives certain benefits when studying at a universityReligious motivesDisinterested desire to helpAltruismOther (specify)____________

11. In what area do you work / worked as a volunteer?

12. In what area would you like to work as a volunteer?(check all possible answers)

Answer optionsQuestion No. 11Question No. 12Ecology and the environmentWomen's movementChildren'sYouthHelp for the elderlyCulture, art, leisureInternational cooperationEducationalSocial assistancePsychological assistanceLaw and human rights protectionOther (specify)__________

13. What forms of work do you prefer as a volunteer?

a) individual activity

b) activities in a group with other people

c) combined forms of activity

14. How long have you been volunteering?

a) many years of experience (from 3 to 10 years)

b) 1-2 years work experience

c) work experience - less than 1 year

d) participated (a) in several promotions

e) other (specify)________

15. How often do you participate in volunteer activities:

a) in every promotion/project that I learn about

b) as you find free time

c) several times a month

d) several times a year

e) participated (a) in several actions/projects

f) other _______

16. From which organizations do you most often participate in projects/actions?

a) from one

b) from several

a) volunteer organizations at the university

b) public organizations

c) religious associations

d) other (specify) _________

18. How did you find out about the organization you are currently volunteering for?_____________________

. What do you know about the organization you are currently volunteering for?(check all possible answers)

a) head of the organization

b) the main goals of the activities of a public organization

c) implemented projects of the organization

d) ongoing projects of the organization

e) address of the organization

f) place of organization in the system of other public organizations of the city

e) other (specify) _________

Evaluation parameters Importance of your own volunteering54321The importance of the activities of the organization from which you are currently acting as a volunteer for the city54321How interested are you in your own volunteer work?54321 How interested are you in the goals/activities of the organization you are currently volunteering for? 54321

21. Have you had to refuse to participate in the promotions/projects offered to you by the organization?

b) very rarely

c) sometimes

d) several times

22. What were the reasons for your refusal?

a) lack of time

b) activities in this organization did not meet your expectations

c) inconvenient for you the time of the action

d) did not like the organization itself

e) unforeseen circumstances

f) other (specify) __________

23. Are you going to do volunteer work in the future?

b) no (jump to question #25)

c) I'm having a hard time (jump to question #25)

24. How long are you going to volunteer?

a) while studying at the university

b) no family yet

c) until I get a job

d) whole life

e) other (specify) ___________

25. Do you plan to do charity work in the future?

c) possible, with a sufficient level of material resources

d) other (specify) ___________

Annex 2

Diary of observations of the activities of student volunteers in career guidance classes

Orphanage No. 2. Observation No. 1.

The observation was carried out on October 13, 2011 in the orphanage No. 2 of the city of Volgograd. The observation involved 7 children aged 16 to 17 years and 3 volunteers (students of Volgograd State University). During the observation, the following points were revealed: initially, the attitude of the children towards the volunteers and among themselves was sharply negative. The volunteers behaved actively, tried to reduce the conversation to an informal, more friendly one, and already against the background of this conversation, imperceptibly for the children themselves, present them with the necessary material. This gave a result, the children began to discuss various educational institutions, professions, they touched upon and actively discussed the issue of corruption in the university.

Volunteers tried to create an informal, friendly atmosphere of communication, to convey to the children that career guidance, although not the most important thing in life, but, in any case, it will at least be useful for the general self-development of the children, they tried to interest them in a project that needs to be done in within the framework of the general project of the Victoria Foundation, they promised to help in every possible way in creating the project. It was evident that the volunteers had a strong desire to get close to the children: 2 girls gave the children of the orphanage their phone numbers. Volunteers - worked actively, always approved the ideas of the guys, tried to instill in them confidence that their idea would certainly come true, volunteers from the very beginning expressed a desire to make the lesson unusual and interesting. One of the girls shared with the guys a story from her life (she had two adopted children in her family).

Volunteers tried to interest the children, and despite the sea of ​​negativity initially coming from the children, in general, they succeeded, they actively worked, played with the children, and in the process everyone became interested.

Observation #2. Orphanage No. 2.

Observation No. 3 Orphanage No. 2

The session was attended by 8 people. This time, the career guidance session with the children was conducted by new volunteers who did not have such experience before. Apparently, therefore, as always, the reaction of the guys to new volunteers was as follows - (the words of the volunteer Dasha) - “when the lesson had just begun, the guys began to take their Cell phones began to look for and consider something in them, thus showing that they are not interested in discussing any issues with us. However, this attitude of the guys to the volunteers did not last long. The girls-volunteers started getting acquainted and showed by their behavior that they are the same as these guys. During the lesson, the pupils of the orphanage became quite sociable. Those professions that were most preferred by the guys were discussed. Further, the lesson was successful, all topics were discussed. However, it was not possible to achieve the degree of informality of communication that prevailed in previous classes. Perhaps the reason for this was the long stay at the lesson of the teacher of children from the orphanage.

Similar works to - Volunteer movement as a socio-cultural phenomenon

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"N.F. Katanov Khakass State University"

Medical-Psychological-Social Institute

Department of Social Work

Course work

On the topic: Volunteer as a mediator in resolving youth conflicts

By discipline: Conflictology in social work

Performed:,

student gr. SR-31

Scientific adviser: Nagaeva S. K.,

Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor

Abakan 2010

Introduction

1.2 Youth conflicts

Conclusion

It is clear that one of the important signs of volunteering is the social significance of the work they do. It brings to life the need for peace, freedom, security, justice, and also contributes to the preservation and strengthening of human values, conflict resolution. Volunteers' actions are not just a specific action, but also a positive example that others can follow.

Speaking about how the situation with volunteering in Russia has changed in recent years, first of all, it should be noted that its ideology is changing. There is a tendency to overestimate the meaning of volunteering. Volunteering has great potential.

However, not everyone can volunteer, and not everyone has to be a volunteer.

Volunteers and their organizations are involved in volunteer projects on the basis of personal decision, initiative and confidence in the tasks and ideals of volunteering. Volunteers are not "cheap" labor force", their initiative and energy are involved in the work of their own free will and are a defining element in their work. Perhaps for this reason they are very responsible in solving the problems facing them.

Volunteer initiatives extend to almost any sphere of human activity - work with socially unprotected sections of the population; work within the framework of non-formal education aimed at intercultural communication; project development; peacekeeping; conflictology; psychology; environmental protection; activation of the population, etc. However, not all of these areas have been studied to a sufficient level. Therefore, the study of the problem of mediation of volunteers in resolving conflict situations is relevant today.

object research within this course work is volunteering as mediation in conflicts.

Subject - volunteer as a mediator in resolving youth conflicts.

Purpose of the study- to study conflicts in the youth environment and the place and role of a volunteer as a mediator in their resolution.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :

1. To study the concept and essence of volunteering;

2. Consider conflicts in the practice of volunteering;

3. Study conflicts among youth;

The following have been used methods: analysis of scientific literature, materials from the Internet, legal documents.

1. Volunteer as a mediator in resolving youth conflicts

1.1 The concept and essence of volunteering

Volunteering as an idea of ​​social service is almost as old as the concept of "society". There have always been people in society who, for self-realization, needed work for the benefit of the society in which they were born and raised. However, only in the twentieth century, against the backdrop of wars on the European continent, volunteerism began to acquire the features of a general social phenomenon. After the First World War, in 1920 in France, near Strasbourg, the first volunteer project was carried out with the participation of German and French youth, in which volunteers restored the farms destroyed by the war in the area where the most fierce fighting between German and French troops took place. Since then, volunteering has grown worldwide. In volunteering, various forms, types, and duration of activity have been determined.

The term "volunteering" in its modern sense, or even more so "volunteering" was not familiar to Russia until the mid-1980s. Until that time, "volunteers" were called people who, in a wartime, without waiting for a mobilization agenda for military service, went to defend their country, this was the case in the First World War and the Great Patriotic War.

Volunteering - This is a voluntary charitable work of people for the benefit of those in need of help. Even Catherine the Great, and then Empress Maria Feodorovna declared themselves as benefactors. Numerous charitable institutions founded by the empresses laid the foundation Russian system social charity. The patronage of charitable institutions became the main social occupation of the ladies from the court circle and the wives of statesmen. Princess Maria Dondukova-Korsakova has become a symbol of women's mercy. Her many years of selfless service in the field of charity have earned respect in all circles of society - from conservative to the most radical. The princess was known for the fact that, having not received permission to visit the prisoners of the Shlisselburg fortress, she asked to be imprisoned in the fortress herself.

But it cannot be said that charity, volunteering was the lot of only people from high society. History has conveyed to us many customs of self-help, selfless support of one's neighbor by ordinary people. This is the joint construction of a new house, and the collection of donations for the construction of schools, hospitals and temples. Charity in general was one of the few spheres of legal civic activity: before 1905, there were no bodies of representative power and suffrage in the Russian Empire, trade unions and parties were banned, and various societies and associations aroused suspicion. Charity served charity and at the same time expressed the civil position of the democratic intelligentsia, and therefore often had a complex character.

Only in the 20th century did the history of people's voluntary participation in socially useful activities receive an ideological justification and acquire the term "volunteering" or "volunteering".

Volunteer (French volontaire, from Latin voluntarius) - a person who volunteers for military service. In some states, the volunteer system, before the introduction of universal conscription, was the main way of recruiting armies. In the 18-19 centuries in Austria-Hungary, France and Italy, there were volunteer battalions and regiments that joined the regular army. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, in most states, the volunteer system lost its significance; remained as a way of manning the army in Great Britain and as an addition to the regular army, especially in wartime, in some states.

Volunteering - it is an unpaid, conscious, voluntary activity for the benefit of others. This definition is the most common. But it does not fully reflect the essence of volunteering. Volunteering is one of the types of charitable activities and is carried out on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation "On charitable activities and charitable organizations" No. 135-FZ of July 7, 1995. The Law states that " volunteer - is a citizen who carries out charitable activities in the form of gratuitous labor in the interests of a charitable organization.

Involvement in volunteering has no religious, racial, age, gender or even political boundaries. Every year, millions of people are involved in the ranks of volunteers.

The word volunteer comes from the French volontaire, which in turn comes from the Latin voluntarius, and literally means "volunteer", "wishing". volunteering- volunteering (translated from English), the term "volunteering" is often used in Russian. The Polish term "WOLONTARIUSZ" (volunteer, voluntary, willing, inclined) has historically been used to describe either a person who supported an apprentice for free, or someone who volunteered to join the army.

Volunteering (volunteering) - this is the participation of people regardless of age, race, gender and religion in activities aimed at solving social, cultural, economic, environmental problems in society that are not related to making a profit.

Youth volunteering- practical volunteer activity of youth in the substantive solution of social problems, carried out without coercion and exerting a socializing influence on the subject of activity.

Volunteering- is a wide range of activities, including traditional forms of mutual assistance and self-help, formal service provision and other forms of civic participation, which are carried out voluntarily for the benefit of the general public without the expectation of monetary compensation.

Consider the basic principles of volunteering (volunteering):

The activity of a volunteer is aimed at achieving common goals and does not contradict its principles;

Voluntariness (no one can be forced to act as a volunteer);

Gratuitousness (the work of a volunteer is not paid, however, the expenses of a volunteer related to his activities can be compensated);

Conscientiousness (a volunteer who has committed himself to perform this or that work must complete it);

Legality (volunteer activity should not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation).

Volunteer initiatives extend to almost any sphere of human activity - work with socially unprotected sections of the population (the disabled, the elderly, the marginalized); work within the framework of non-formal education aimed at intercultural communication; development of projects that strengthen the spirit of social tolerance; peacekeeping, conflict resolution; environmental protection; activation of the population in the outback, etc. Volunteers participate in ongoing processes of political and social change. Volunteering is the most effective method practical non-formal training in the sector of non-profit non-state (social) structures.

Thus, summarizing all of the above, we can say that the idea of ​​volunteering was manifested even at the early stages of the development of society, as a gratuitous help to others. Much later, the concept volunteering. In Russia, the concept of volunteerism was established in the Law of the Russian Federation "On charitable activities and charitable organizations" No. 135-FZ of July 7, 1995.

The activities of volunteers are quite extensive and varied. It is carried out taking into account certain principles, such as voluntariness, good faith, gratuitousness and legality. Involvement in activities is not subject to any restrictions. Volunteering can be directed to various spheres of life of both a person in particular and society as a whole.

1.2 Youth conflicts

Conflict is always a complex and multifaceted social phenomenon. It involves a variety of parties: individuals, social groups, national-ethnic communities, states and groups of countries, united by certain goals and interests. Conflicts arise for a variety of reasons and motives: psychological, economic, political, value, religious, etc.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of a conflict are the presence of oppositely directed motives or judgments in the subjects of social interaction. As well as the state of confrontation between them.

Conflict - a collision of oppositely directed goals, interests, positions, opinions or subjects of interaction.

There are four main types of conflict: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, conflict between an individual and a group, and intergroup conflict.

Intrapersonal conflict can take many forms. One of the most common forms is role conflict, when conflicting demands are made on one person about what the result of his work should be.

· Interpersonal conflict. This type of conflict is perhaps the most common. Interpersonal conflict is a conflict between individuals in the process of their social and psychological interaction. The causes of such conflicts are both socio-psychological and personal. The former include: loss and distortion of information in the process of interpersonal communication, unbalanced role interaction between two people, differences in the ways of assessing each other's activities and personality, etc., tense interpersonal relationships, the desire for power, psychological incompatibility.

· Conflicts between the individual and the group. Conflict can arise between an individual and a group if that individual takes a position that differs from that of the group.

Intergroup conflict. This is a type of conflict in which the subjects of interaction are not individuals, but groups. We can talk about conflicts between small, large, formal, informal, etc. groups.

The spectrum of conflict relations can be traced in the following aspects:

· Social aspect determines the position in society, ascending or descending lines and development trends.

· Economic aspect characterizes the level of employment in various areas of labor activity, opportunities for professional advancement and career, income level.

· Political aspect shows the attitude in the system of power, differences in political culture, likes and dislikes, criticism or protection of the regime, pluralism or dogmatism of opinions, participation in political organizations, parties, rallies.

· Cultural aspect defines commonality and difference in relation to cultural heritage, achievements and values, in the level of education, in moral standards and aesthetic tastes, in worldview, religiosity.

· household aspect reflects different living conditions.

· Socio-psychological aspect shows the relationship in the process of communication, in everyday life, at work, at school and university, on the street and at home, between parents and children.

· Ethnic aspect characterizes the relationship between different peoples, determines the nature of interethnic relations.

The English sociologist E. Giddens gave the following definition of conflict: “By conflict, I mean a real struggle between acting people or groups, regardless of the origins of this struggle, its methods and means mobilized by each of the parties.” Conflict is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Every society, every social group, social community is subject to conflicts to one degree or another. Often people are simultaneously forced to participate in several very different conflicts, none of which completely absorbs their personal resources.L. Coser, in his classic work “The Functions of Social Conflict,” believed that “the partial participation of individuals in a mass of conflict situations acts as a mechanism that maintains the balance of the intragroup structure.” Thus, conflicts are inevitable, especially among young people. We classify their main types. Let us single out:

1. Intergenerational youth conflicts are the most important social conflicts, which are based on conflicts of values ​​between two generations. Between generations, both mutual understanding and unity can arise, as well as significant differences that turn into conflicts.

2. Intergroup youth conflicts - conflicts between youth groups based on the division of leading positions.

3. Interpersonal youth conflicts - conflicts between individuals, which is based on a conflict of values. Interpersonal youth conflicts are no different from ordinary interpersonal conflicts (except in their frequency).

Summing up the above, it should be noted that there are four types of conflicts, of which interpersonal and intergroup conflicts are typical for the youth environment. There are also intergenerational conflicts, they are based on the contradictions between the old and established, and the new, less tested, but the most active. Despite the fact that the main types of conflicts characteristic of the youth environment are intergenerational, interpersonal and intergroup, intrapersonal conflicts are also quite relevant for young people, but they are less common. However, conflicts are temporary and require not only correct and timely diagnosis, but also resolution.

1.3 Conflicts in the practice of volunteering

The most widely used in understanding the conflict received two approaches. With one of them, the conflict is defined as a clash of parties, opinions, forces, i.e. quite widely. With this approach, conflicts are also possible in inanimate nature.

Another approach is to understand the conflict as a collision of oppositely directed goals, interests, positions, opinions and views of opponents or subjects of interaction. The circle of participants in the conflict is limited to a group of people.

Conflict can be understood as a type of difficult situation. If we proceed from the psychological essence of the conflict, then when it is resolved, it can be considered as one of the types of difficult situations that arise in the process of the life of a person and a social group.

In their practice, volunteers most often face either the consequences of conflict situations, or a “launched” conflict, or a conflict as a difficult situation.

For volunteers, when resolving difficult situations, it is necessary to take into account their common features:

the presence of difficulties, awareness of the threat by the individual, obstacles to the realization of any goals, motives;

a state of mental tension as a reaction of a person to a difficulty, the overcoming of which is significant for the subject;

a noticeable change in the usual parameters of activity, behavior, communication, going beyond the "ordinary".

The main types of difficult situations:

the situation of the activity;

the situation of social interaction;

situation of the intrapersonal plan.

In a difficult situation of activity, a person is opposed by the environment. In a difficult situation of interaction, a person is opposed by another person or group. In a difficult situation of an intrapersonal plan, a person counteracts himself.

The difficulty of the situation is largely determined by the subjective component:

There may not be an objective threat, but a person, making a mistake, perceives the situation as difficult. The reason may be his unpreparedness, distorted perception;

There may be real objective factors (the threat of death, the danger of an accident), but the person does not know about their existence and is not aware of the situation as difficult;

a person may be aware of the difficulty of the situation, but it is unreasonable to consider it not too difficult for himself;

the situation can be very significant for the individual, but, not finding a solution to it, a person can resort to psychological protection and get away from it, at least partially;

The situation can be objectively difficult, but the knowledge and experience will allow you to overcome it without much difficulty.

The main activity of volunteers in relation to conflicts is to help people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Volunteers provide assistance, taking into account all the components of a difficult life situation, this includes not only the objective component, but also the signs and types of such situations.

Today, when resolving conflict situations, volunteers play the role of an unprofessional social worker and, in some ways, even a psychologist. They help people without certain knowledge, often so necessary for them, and on an intuitive level. However, when confronted directly with a conflict, a volunteer can play the role of a mediator in resolving it.

Thus, based on the variety of approaches to the definition of conflict, it can be seen that volunteers more often face not directly a conflict situation, but its consequences, or a conflict as a difficult situation. In such a collision, they take into account the specificity of each situation and help in its resolution as far as possible.

2. Activities of a volunteer as a mediator in resolving youth conflicts

Interest in discussing and introducing into practice the mediation activities of volunteers in resolving conflict situations among young people has been shown only recently. Today, conflict problems are actualized both in the reality of public life and in the consciousness of society, which is gradually moving from rejection and suppression of conflicts to the awareness of the need to "work" with them, to the search for ways to resolve them. An analysis of the scientific literature has shown that one of these possibilities is mediation in conflict resolution. The essence of mediation in conflicts is to organize the process of resolving relationships, resolving a difficult situation between the parties.

The process of resolving any conflict consists of three stages. The first - preparatory - is the diagnosis of the conflict. The second is the development of a resolution strategy and technology. The third is the implementation of a set of methods and means.

Diagnostics of the conflict - determination of the state of development of the conflict. It is used for the purpose of:

development of ways to influence the participants in conflict interaction;

cessation or transfer of the conflict to another, more peaceful stage.

Diagnostics of the conflict includes: a) description of its visible manifestations (skirmishes, crises, etc.), b) determination of the level of development of the conflict; c) identifying the causes of the conflict and its nature, d) measuring the intensity, e) determining the scope.

Effective conflict resolution is possible if certain necessary conditions are met and the principles of conflict management are implemented. The former include: the presence of an organizational and legal mechanism for resolving the conflict; a sufficiently high level of democratic culture in society; developed social activity of the main segments of the population; experience in constructive conflict resolution; development of communication links; availability of resources to implement the compensation system. As far as principles are concerned, we are talking, first of all, about a specific approach to resolving specific conflicts.

It should not be forgotten that volunteers are not properly trained to fully resolve conflicts, and therefore, in practice, they can apply only some of the possible forms of conflict resolution. One such form is mediation.

Mediation is a special form of participation of a third party in the settlement and resolution of a conflict in order to facilitate the negotiation process between the parties to the conflict. By facilitating a constructive discussion and finding a solution to the problem, the volunteer, as a mediator, cannot determine the choice of the final solution, which is the prerogative of the conflicting parties.

Usually, mediation is used when there are no simple solutions to conflict situations. This means that when starting a settlement, a volunteer faces many difficulties, problems and dangers that he needs to overcome. Serious difficulties also arise due to the fact that mediation in itself does not guarantee the resolution of the conflict; due to a number of circumstances, it may turn out to be unsuccessful. Mediation is appropriate in any case, at any stage, except perhaps for one case - when, as a result of incompetence, it will, on the contrary, begin to aggravate the situation.

The intervention of an intermediary is advisable in the following cases:

· the conflicting parties are ready to jointly search for a solution to the problem, but cannot find common ground;

· direct communication between the parties to the conflict is seriously complicated or terminated, and the participation of a third party may contribute to changing this situation;

It is important for the conflicting parties to maintain and continue the relationship;

the parties to the conflict are interested in control over the decisions made;

· For opponents, such an aspect of overcoming disagreements as confidentiality is important.

Acting as an intermediary in resolving conflict situations of young people, a volunteer is forced to face various problems. First of all, they are connected with the high conflict content of the youth environment. Also, one should not forget that, as a result of mediation, a volunteer may be drawn into a conflict.

An analysis of the literature on conflictology, or rather on conflict resolution, showed that there are various methods for resolving them, which can be put into practice through the mediation of volunteers in resolving conflict situations among the youth:

1. Resolution of the conflict, taking into account the essence and content of the contradiction. In this case it is necessary:

Distinguish the reason from the true cause of the conflict, which is often masked by its participants;

Determine its basis

Understand the true motives of people's entry into the conflict.

2. Resolution of the conflict, taking into account its goals. It is extremely important to quickly determine the goals of the conflicting parties, to draw a clear line between the features of interpersonal and business interaction.

3. Resolution of the conflict, taking into account emotional states. In other words, a conversation in a calm and confidential atmosphere is necessary.

4. Resolution of the conflict, taking into account the characteristics of its participants. In this case, before proceeding to resolve the conflict, it is necessary to understand the personality traits of each opponent.

5. Resolution of the conflict, taking into account its dynamics. The conflict develops in certain stages. Naturally, for each of them there are certain forms of its permission. If at the first stages conversations, persuasion are expedient, then at the stage of uncompromising clashes this will no longer help.

6. Another method of overcoming conflicts is the objectification of the conflict. It is the most efficient. The analysis of the conflict should take place in two stages. The first stage is called "frank conversation". The second stage is objectification. The conflict, as it were, is decomposed into its component parts, each of the opponents must state their versions and explanation of the reasons, without assessing the other opponent.

Thus, it is important to note that disagreements always exist, this is, to some extent, the expression of one's own opinion by young people. We should not forget that volunteers are people of direct action who come to the rescue when and where it is needed. And, therefore, their help is timely and necessary in resolving conflicts among young people. It is also important to note that volunteers themselves belong to the youth environment, and therefore the same conflicts as for young people will be typical for them too, and will also be close and understandable to them.

Conclusion

Thus, based on the studied and analyzed material on conflict resolution and volunteering, it should be noted that today this topic is relevant. In modern conditions, the situation of resolving youth conflicts plays an important role in society, since young people are the most active element of public life.

It is natural that before considering the possibility of mediation of volunteers in resolving conflict situations among the youth, it is necessary to understand the essence of volunteering in general, to consider its concept, principles of activity. And also, consider the concept of conflict, its typology and identify conflict situations that are most typical for the youth environment. After that, you can move on to defining the mediating role of volunteers in resolving youth conflicts.

Volunteerism is a wide range of activities, including traditional forms of mutual aid and self-help, formal service provision and other forms of civic participation, which are carried out voluntarily for the benefit of the general public without the expectation of monetary compensation. This also includes assistance in resolving conflict situations, both direct and mediation. In their practice, volunteers often face conflicts, including difficult situations. When resolving conflicts, volunteers take into account the specificity and help in resolving them to the extent possible.

The following conflicts are typical for the youth environment: intergenerational, interpersonal and intergroup. I would like to note the fact that the volunteers themselves, primarily young people, and therefore they are also in conflict, take active positions in the conflict. But the same fact helps them in resolving such situations, since they themselves have experienced all this more than once and know firsthand about possible methods for resolving the conflict. Perhaps in some way they lack knowledge and experience, but this can be corrected.

It is also important that the most acceptable form for conflict resolution by a volunteer is mediation, when the volunteer acts as a third party, contributing to a constructive discussion and finding a solution to the problem.

Based on the results of the work, some of the most optimal methods for conflict resolution by volunteers were identified. Their use should make mediation in conflict resolution more productive and meaningful.

More accurate results will allow you to get an in-depth study of this topic. However, it can already be assumed that the effectiveness of volunteering in resolving conflict situations among young people will increase over time, as their experience will increase. The demand for volunteers will increase, it will expand the range of opportunities in resolving difficult situations, improving the methods and methods of this activity.

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30. Yandex. Dictionaries, Great Soviet Encyclopedia [Electronic resource] // http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00014/78800.htm

What is "volunteering"? [Electronic resource] //http://www.world4u.ru/volonter.html

Charitable Foundation Inspiration, History of Volunteering [Electronic resource] // http://www.vdohnovenie.org/blago/history/dobrovol.php

The future is in your hands, Development of volunteering [Electronic resource] // http://youth.crno.ru/pro/volunteer/

Charitable Foundation Inspiration, History of Volunteering [electronic resource] // http://www.vdohnovenie.org/blago/history/dobrovol.php

Yandex. Dictionaries, Great Soviet Encyclopedia [Electronic resource] // http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00014/78800.htm

Federal Law of July 7, 1995 "On the charitable activities of charitable organizations" / Information system consultant

Sosidenko L.V. Conflict and communication barriers. [Electronic resource] //http://psychology.net.ru/articles/content/1086788449.html

Burtovaya E.V. Conflictology: Textbook. – 2002. [Electronic resource] // http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/unknown_conflictions/56.aspx

Morozov A.V. Business psychology. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - 370 p.

Published in open access the first book in Russia on social volunteering " Social volunteering. Theory and practice". According to the head of the movement, Yuri Belanovsky, the book presents the unique experience of the Danilovites, which they share with the reader.

“The entire circulation of the book sold out very quickly. Perhaps there are leftovers in some online stores, but we have everything distributed in motion. And we decided to put the electronic version of the book online. Knowledge should not lie under lock and key, it should benefit people. Today, social volunteering is a mass and fashionable phenomenon. It is becoming more and more in demand in times of crisis, when spending on charity is forced to be reduced. This is a collection of materials on organizing social volunteering based on the example and experience of our movement, ranging from general reflections on the nature of volunteering, and ending with practical notes on how work with children in a hospital can be organized, up to what games you can play with sick children. And we consider it important that these materials be available to the widest possible range of people.”- said Yuri Belanovsky.

The manual is intended for those who have decided to create a volunteer movement, who are thinking about it. And for those who are already working, but in some way experiencing difficulties.

From the book you will learn:

• why volunteers are needed in the children's hospital;
• what is wrong with spontaneous volunteering “from the street”;
• how to become a volunteer;
• about the basic principles of volunteering;
• how to attract volunteers;
• what is a volunteer group and who is a volunteer group coordinator;
• how to interview volunteers;
• about emotional burnout and how to deal with it;
• what you CAN DO with children in the hospital;
• about what is needed for a volunteer organization and why volunteering costs money;
• about the methodology of creating volunteer groups…
• and most importantly, about the Danilovtsy Volunteer Movement and the School of Social Volunteering.

Buy the book “Social Volunteering. Theory and Practice" can be found here:

Reviews about the book:

Yaroslav Nilov, p Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on Public Associations and Religious Organizations

Hegumen Peter Yeremeev, abbot of the Vysoko-Petrovsky stauropegial monastery, rector of the Russian Orthodox University

Rustam Zakiev, Director of the Social Projects Department, UC RUSAL

Maria Zakharova, Communications and Social Development Director, Novard Group of Companies

Alexey Sinelnikov, editor-in-chief of the newspaper "My District"

Archpriest Dmitry Klimov, Rector of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Kalach-on-Don, Volgograd Region

Natalya Dolina, CEO European Center for Business Coaching

Director of the Center for Studies of Civil Society and the Non-Profit Sector, Head of the Department of Economics and Management in Non-Governmental Non-Profit Organizations, Candidate of Sociological Sciences I.V. Mersiyanova

Senior Researcher of the Center for Civil Society and Non-Commercial Sector Research, Candidate of Philology N.V. Ivanova

Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, RUDN University, public figure Boris Yakemenko

Galina Aleksandrovskaya, coordinator of work with volunteers of the Charitable Foundation "Volunteers to help orphans"

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Virtual exhibition "Volunteering, volunteerism and mercy on the pages of fiction" 2018 in Russia has been declared the Year of the Volunteer and Volunteer. “At the heart of the volunteer movement lies the principle as old as the world: if you want to feel like a person, help someone else.” Voltaire The virtual exhibition presents books about them, whose heart cannot but respond to the troubles of others, people who are ready to help, radiate goodness around them and make our world a little better. The heroes of these books are merciful, sincere, immediately respond to someone else's misfortune and are ready to "turn a shoulder" at any moment. After all, a volunteer (or a volunteer) is, first of all, the owner of high moral qualities, which speak of his motivation and lifestyle. For the upbringing and development of a person, an example of values ​​embodied in life is needed - this is the main value of volunteering. Therefore, a real volunteer is an example of morality and a healthy lifestyle, tolerance and cooperation, awareness and selflessness. You will find examples and images of such people in the presented books.

Belykh, G. Republic of SHKID [Text] / Grigory Belykh, Leonid Panteleev. - Moscow: Children's literature, 1988. - (Library series). 1920s. The streets of Petrograd are flaunted by colorful and miserable homeless children, who from time to time are caught for children's receivers. In one of them - the school named after Dostoevsky (SHKID), hungry, arrogant and quick-witted ragamuffins gathered. This comedians' haven is run by an honest and intelligent director. His disarming trust taught the guys masculine dignity, helped them not to dissolve in the run of troubled times... Homeless children, juvenile thieves find strictness and justice in school. Some acquire a thirst for knowledge, others - friendly support, but each - a family.

Gaidar, A. Timur and his team [Text] / Arkady Gaidar. - Moscow: Children's literature, 1981. - 112 p.: ill. - (School library). "I undertook to do it - do it well." The story of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" brought the writer great fame, and its main character, brave, honest, fair, became an example to follow. "Timurov's movement" - disinterestedly, not for the sake of glory and praise, to help the elderly and the families of those who went to the front - captured the whole country. Secretly doing their good deeds, the Timurovites left a sign of such patronage on the gates of the house - a five-pointed star, personifying selfless love for the Motherland and readiness to defend it. It is impossible to say about Timur that he is a good, positive boy. He is real! The way a man should be - responsible, brave, kind and gentle. Gaidar's book is permeated with faith in a brighter future, perhaps that's why his heroes live today.

Gershenzon, Mikhail Abramovich Robin Hood: a historical story /, Mikhail Abramovich Gershenzon; ill. S. V. Savilova. - Moscow: Education, 2007. - 160 p.: ill. - (Your outlook) The name of Robin Hood - the hero of many medieval English legends - has long become a household name for the Russian reader. A noble robber from Sherwood Forest guts the purses of the rich and generously distributes money to the poor. He is merciless to those who rob the people, but will always stand up for the weak. And Robin Hood - cheerful, witty, resourceful, brave, fair. And in archery, no one compares to him. And Mikhail Abramovich Gershenzon, a wonderful writer and translator, a man of great erudition, and a real hero, told us about Robin Hood. He died like a hero in August 1942: he led a battalion into the attack, replacing the fallen commander.

Korolenko, V. Children of the Underground [Text] / Vladimir Korolenko. - Moscow: Soviet Russia, Privolzhsky book publishing house, 1976. - 48 p. -(School library). “It is better to have a piece of a human heart in your chest instead of a cold stone.” The story of Vladimir Korolenko "Children of the Underground" on the one hand, describes the hard life of the poor, cruelty and injustice towards them. On the other hand, it also shows true friendship, compassion and kindness that people have, regardless of their position. It shows both poor scoundrels, and a boy from a good family and his father, who behave nobly towards people who are exiles everywhere, even for beggars like themselves.

Lee, H. To Kill a Mockingbird [Text] / Harper Lee. - Moscow: Children's literature, 1986. - 270 p. – (Library series). “Courage is when you know in advance that you have lost, and yet you take up the matter and, in spite of everything in the world, go to the end. You rarely win, but sometimes you do win." The novel is about an Alabama lawyer, Atticus Finch, raising his two children without a mother. Wise and gentle and selfless, Atticus is assigned to defend an African-American man falsely accused of raping a white woman in court. Atticus has to face the hostility and prejudice of a southern city where racial prejudice largely determines the lives of the townspeople, but he does not give up and bravely fights on the side of goodness and justice. The second, no less interesting, storyline tells about the maturing children of Atticus, who form such concepts as honesty, responsibility, compassion and social inequality. The people Jim and Jean Louise meet each day teach them something about it by example. But the most important lessons they learn from their own father. He teaches them respect and restraint, to live according to their conscience and not to stoop to the level of others, to go forward, even if there is no way to win. He teaches them to be real people. He teaches with his actions, with his life.

Likhachev, D. Letters about the good and the beautiful [Text] / Dmitry Likhachev. - Moscow: Children's literature, 1985. - 207 p. The book of the outstanding scientist of the XX century, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is addressed to young readers. These are reflections of a kind and wise person, devoid of moralism and pathos, designed in the form of short letters, about the need for self-development, the formation of the correct system of values, getting rid of greed, envy, resentment, hatred and about cultivating love for people, understanding, sympathy, courage and skill. defend your point of view. “Letters…” by Academician Likhachev will be useful to anyone who wants to learn how to make the right choice in the most difficult situations, get along with people, be in harmony with themselves and the world around them, and enjoy life a lot.

Rasputin, V. French lessons [Text] / Valentin Rasputin. - Moscow: Children's literature, 1982. - 110 p. "French Lessons" is one of the best stories of the famous Russian writer Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin, which has become a classic of Russian literature. 1948 Difficult post-war period, devastation, famine. Children had to grow up early, take on adult responsibilities. The hero of the story, an eleven-year-old boy, cut off from home, is faced with a need, he is starving. He alone fights for his existence, not accepting alms and help from others. Thanks to a young French teacher, Lidia Mikhailovna, the boy discovers a new world where people can trust each other, support and help, share sorrow and joy, relieve loneliness. French lessons turn out to be lessons of kindness and charity. Books from the collection of the Kirov Library. We wish you happy reading!

Conclusion

Volunteering is widespread in all countries of the world. Moreover, the work of volunteers is becoming an increasingly significant resource of the global economy every year.

On the basis of the studied material, we can draw the following conclusions, firstly, that volunteer activity belongs to the non-professional level of social work.

Secondly, volunteers are volunteers who carry out socially significant activities of their own free will, through a personal contribution and offer their help free of charge.

Thirdly, a number of conditions are necessary for the development of the youth volunteer movement:

The presence of a group of like-minded people who act as initiators and coordinators of volunteer activities;

The presence of an institutional "affiliation" of the volunteer movement (institutions, organizations that support volunteer activities);

Accounting for the specifics of the motivational structure of the youth group in relation to participation in volunteer activities;

The desire to avoid the administration and bureaucratization of the volunteer movement;

Ensuring a favorable moral climate, prestige, creating a "fashion" for the volunteer movement among the youth (this is possible, first of all, among educational institutions);

Using meaningful activities for young people as a basis for volunteering;

Using volunteering as a way to improve the social status of a young person.

Volunteering helps to change the worldview of the people themselves and those who are nearby, and benefits both the state and the volunteers themselves, who through volunteering develop their skills and abilities, satisfy the need for communication and self-respect, realize their usefulness and need, receive gratitude for their work, develop important personal qualities in themselves, in fact follow their moral principles and discover a more spiritual side of life.

We conducted the study on the basis of the municipal educational institution "Demyanovskaya basic comprehensive school" of the Babushkinsky district. To confirm our hypothesis, we developed and implemented a program for the prevention of a healthy lifestyle.

We believe that the work of a volunteer team in an educational institution can influence the formation of an active life position of adolescents and the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.

The program and regulations are of practical importance, as they can be used by leaders of volunteer groups, volunteers, social educators and teachers in modern schools.

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