Neutrality of Sweden in World War II. Countries that preserved neutrality in the second world war neutrality Time of World War II
In World War II, 62 states participated, but there were many countries that managed to maintain neutrality. We will talk about such states further.
Switzerland
"We will take Switzerland, this little wild, on the way back." The statement that has existed among German soldiers during the French campaign of 1940.
The Swiss Guard is the oldest (of those who remained this) of military divisions of the world, from 1506 guarding the Pope of Roman. Highlanders, even from the European Alps, at all times were considered inborn warriors, and the system of army training of Gelving citizens ensured excellent possession of weapons almost every adult in the canton. A victory over such a neighbor, where every mountain valley became a natural fortress, according to the calculations of the German headquarters, could be achieved only with the unacceptable level of loss of the Wehrmacht.
Actually, a forty-larger conquest of the Caucasus Russia, as well as three bloody Anglo-Afghan wars, showed that for complete control over the mountainous territories, years needed, if not decades of armed presence in the context of a permanent partisan struggle - which Ukrainian Strait (German General Staff) could not take into account.
However, there is a conspirer version of the refusal of Switzerland's seizure (after all, for example, the neutrality of the Benilyuks countries hitler was trampled): As is known, Zurich is not only chocolate, but banks, where the gold and Nazis allegedly stored, and the English-finanted Saxon elites, not at all interested in the undermining of the global financial system because of the attack on one of its centers.
Spain
"The meaning of the life of Franco was Spain. In this regard, not the Nazi, but the classic military dictator, "he threw himself as Hitler himself, refusing, contrary to warranties, to join the war." Leo Vershinin, political scientist.
General Franco won the civil war in many ways due to the support of the "axis": from 1936 to 1939, tens of thousands of Italian and German soldiers fought side with the phalanxists, and from the air they covered the "distinguished" bombardment of Gerns Legion Luftwaffe "Condor". It is not surprising that the Führer asked Caudillo to pay debts, especially since the British Military Base of Gibraltar was located on the Pyrenean Peninsula, which controlled the same strait, and hence the whole Mediterranean.
However, the global confrontation wins the one who has a stronger economy. And Francisco Franco, soberly assessing the forces of opponents (for in alone the United States, the British Empire and the USSR, at that time lived almost half of the population), took the right decision to focus on the restoration of the explosive civil war in Spain.
Frankists were limited only to sending to the eastern front of the Volunteer Blue Division, which Soviet troops successfully fumbled on Zero on the Leningrad and Volkhovsky fronts, having even threw Kaudillo's problem - having relived from his own latter nats, compared with which even right phalanxists were a model of moderation .
Portugal
"In 1942, Portugal coast became the last refuge of the fugitives, for whom justice, freedom and tolerance meant more than the birthplace and life."
Erich Maria Remarque. "Night in Lisbon"
Portugal remained one of the last European countries, until the 1970s retained extensive colonial possessions - Angola and Mozambique. The African Earth gave indispensable wealth, for example, strategically important tungsten, which Pyrenees sold for both parties for expensive (at least at the initial stage of war).
In the case of accession to any of the opposing unions, the consequences are calculated easily: yesterday you counted shopping baryrs, and today, opponents with enthusiasm begin to trample your transport vessels, ensuring the connection of the metropolis with the colonies (and even occupy the last one at all), despite the fact that neither a large army nor the fleet to protect marine communications, on which the life of the country depends, from noble donov, unfortunately, no.
In addition, the Portuguese dictator Antoniou De Salazar remembered the history lessons when in 1806, during Napoleonic wars, Lisbon captured and reversed French first, and two years later - English troops, so it was not to turn into an arena of the collision of the great powers in the small people No desire.
Of course, in the second world life in the Pyrenean Peninsula, the agrarian periphery of Europe, was not at all free. However, the character of the narrator already mentioned "Nights in Lisbon" struck the pre-war carelessness of this city, with bright lights of working restaurants and casinos.
Sweden
In 1938, Life magazine took Sweden to the country with the highest standard of living. Stockholm, refusing to the All-Effective expansion after numerous defeats from Russia in the XVIII century, was not configured to change the oil on the guns and now. True, in 1941-44 on the side of Finland against the USSR in different parts of the front, the company also fought the company and the battalion of the Corolon of King Gustav - but it was as volunteers who could not (or didn't he want?) To interfere - a total of about a thousand fighters. Small groups of Swedish Nazis were also in some parts of the SS.
It is believed that Hitler did not attack the Sweden allegedly from sentimental considerations, considering it in the residents of the purebred Aryans. Genuine reasons for the preservation of the neutrality of the yellow cross, of course, lay in the plane of the economy and geopolitics. From all sides, the heart of Scandinavia was surrounded by Reich territory: Union Finland, as well as captured Norway and Denmark. At the same time, until the defeat in the Kursk battle of Stockholm preferred not to quarrel with Berlin (let's say, the Danish Jews officially fled from the Holocaust was allowed only in October 1943). So even at the end of the war, when Sweden stopped delivering Germany's deficient iron ore, in the strategic sense, the neutral occupation would not change anything, forcing only the Wehrmacht's communications to stretch.
Who did not know the carpet bombers and reparations of property, Stockholm met and conducted the second world revitalization of many areas of the economy; For example, the future world-famous IKEA company was founded in 1943.
Argentina
The German diaspora in the country Pampma, as well as the number of the residency of the Abver, belonged to the largest on the continent. The army, brought up by Prussian Lekala, supported the Nazis; Politicians and oligarchs, on the contrary, were focused more on foreign trade partners - England and the United States (for example, at the end of the thirties 3/4 of the famous Argentine beef was supplied to Britain).
Relations with Germany were also uneven. In the country, German spies were practically in open; During the battle for the Atlantic, Crygsmarine was soles several Argentine trading ships. In the end, in 1944, as it were, hinting, the countries of the antihytler coalition were withdrawn from Buenos Aires of their ambassadors (previously introducing a ban on the supply of argentine arms); In neighboring Brazil, the General Staff is not without the help of American advisers tolerated the plans for the bombing of hispanic-speaking neighbors.
But even despite all this, the country declared Germans to war only on March 27, 1945, and then, of course, nominally. The honor of Argentina was saved only a few hundred volunteers who fought in the ranks of the Anglo-Canadian Air Force.
Turkey
"As long as the life of the nation outside the danger, the war is murder." Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the modern Turkish state.
One of the many reasons for the Second World War is territorial claims that had had (!) The countries of the fascist block to the neighbors. Turkey, despite the traditional orientation to Germany, here, however, arose a mansion because of the rate taken by the Ataturk of the course on the refusal of imperial ambitions in favor of building a national state.
The comradester of the founder's father and the second president of the country, Iceryna, who headed the republic after the death of Ataturk, could not not take into account the obvious geopolitical layouts. Firstly, in August 41th, after the slightest threat of Iran's speech on the side of the "axis", Soviet and British troops simultaneously entered the country from the north and south, taking control of all Iranian Highlands in three weeks. And although the Turkish army is not an example of a stronger Persian, you can not doubt that the anti-Hitler coalition, remembering the successful experience of Russian-Ottoman wars, will not stop before the proactive impact, and the Wehrmacht, and 90% of which is already involved on the Eastern Front, is unlikely to come to the aid.
And secondly, both in the main, what is the point of fighting (see the Citation of Ataturk), if you can progress well, delivering the scarce of the Erzurum Chrome (without which it does not make tank armor) by both warring parties?
In the end, when it became completely indecent, on February 23, 1945, under pressure from the binding war of Germany, it was still declared, however, without real participation in hostilities. In the 6th years, the population of Turkey has increased from 17.5 to almost 19 million: along with neutral Spain - the best result among European countries
The neutrality policy was a consequence of a pre-war policy aimed at improving the sovereignty and the increasing increase in nationalism, which was associated with non-participation in hostilities on the part of the British. In addition, Ireland did not possess a defense system quite developed to participate in the war - the country's army was small (19,783 people, of which 7223 - volunteers) and poorly armed (2 lung tanks, 21 armored cars, 24 military aircraft).
However, Ireland provided indirect assistance to allies - interacted with the intelligence of the United States and the United Kingdom, provided air corridors for flights through the Atlantic, interchanged German prisoners of war, supplied allies with meteorological reports, served as a food base for the UK. In addition, the Irish volunteers fought in the ranks of the British army and worked in British factories (it is believed that 200 thousand people left for work in the UK). Nevertheless, the neutrality policy largely predetermined Ireland's insulation in the first years after the war.
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Literature
- Polyakova Elena Yurevna. Ireland in the XX century. tutorial. - m.: "KDU", 2009. - P. 101-118. - 170 s. - ISBN 978-5-98227-159-4.
Excerpt characterizing Irish neutrality in World War II
"On the contrary," said the prince, apparently not in the spirit. - Je Serais Tres Content Si Vous Me Debarrassez De CE Jeune Homme ... [I would be very happy if you walked me from this young man ...] Sits here. The graph never asked about him.He shrugged. The waiter led a young man down and up another staircase to Peter Kirillovich.
Pierre never managed to choose their careers in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was expelled to Moscow for a rue. The story that Graf Rostov was told was fair. Pierre participated in the binding of a quarter with a bear. He arrived a few days ago and stopped, as always, in his father's house. Although he assumed that his story is already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, always unfavorable to him, will take advantage of this case to irritate the graph, he all went on the day of arrival at half pasta. Entering the living room, the usual location was printed, he greeted the ladies who were sitting on the chains and for the book, which one of them read out loud. There were three of them. Senior, clean, with a long waist, a strict girl, the very one that went to Anna Mikhailovna, read; Younger, both rosy and pretty, distinguished from each other just that one had a mole above the lip, very beautiful her, sewed in the chambers. Pierre was encountered as a dead man or worried. The eldest princess interrupted reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; The youngest, without a mole, took exactly the same expression; The smaller, with a moles, a fun and ridiculous nature, bent to the backslands to hide a smile caused, probably the upcoming scene, the fun of which she foresaw. She pulled down the wool and bent, as if disassembling patterns and barely holding back from laughter.
"Bonjour, Ma Cousine," said Pierre. - Vous Ne Me Geesnnaissez Pas? [Hello, Kuzina. You will not recognize me?]
- I recognize you too well, too good.
- How is the health of the graph? Can I see him? - asked Pierre awkward, as always, but not embarrassed.
- The graph suffers and physically and morally, and it seems you made sure to cause him more moral suffering.
- Can I see the graph? - repeated Pierre.
- GM! .. If you want to kill him, completely kill, you can see. Olga, let's look like a broth for uncle, soon time, "she added, showing this pierre that they were busy and occupied by reassuring his father, while he was obviously busy just upset.
Olga came out. Pierre stood, looked at the sisters and, bowing, said:
- So I will go to myself. When you can, you tell me.
He came out, and the ringing, but the harsh laughter sisters with his motherhood heard him.
The prince of Vasily arrived on another day and fit in the house of the graph. He called for Pierre and told him:
- Mon Cher, Si Vous Vous Conduisez Ici, Comme A Petersbourg, Vous Finirez Tres Mal; C "EST TUUT CE QUE JE Vous Dis. [My dear, if you behave here, as in St. Petersburg, you will finish very badly; I have nothing more than me.] Count is very, very sick: you do not need to see him at all.
Since then, Pierre was not disturbed, and he spent one over the day at the top, in his room.
While Boris entered Him, Pierre went through his room, occasionally stopping in the corners, making threatening gestures to the wall, as if piercing the invisible enemy with a sword, and strictly looking over the glasses and then again starting his walk, pronouncing unclear words shaking Shoulders and rank with hands.
- L "ANGLEMERRE A VECU, [England End,] - He said, frowning and pointing at someone's finger. - M. Pitt Comme Traitre A La Nation Et Au Drit Des Gens Est Condamiene A ... [Pitt, as a traitor of the nation and folk right, sentenced to ...] - He did not have time to finish the sentence of Pitt, imagining himself at this moment by Napoleon himself and with his hero already committing a dangerous relocation through Pa de Kale and won London - as he saw a young, slim and beautiful officer who came into him . He stopped. Pierre left Boris to fourteen-year-old boy and did not remember him resolutely; but, despite the way, with his peculiar to him, and his hand he took him by his hand and smiled friendly.
- You remember me? "Calm, Boris said with a pleasant smile." - I came to the column with Mother, but it seems not very healthy.
- Yes, it seems, unhealthy. It is disturbing everything, "Pierre answered, trying to remember who this young man.
Boris felt that Pierre would not recognize him, but did not consider it necessary to call himself and, without experiencing the slightest embarrassment, looked in his eyes.
"Count Rostov asked you today to come to him to dine," he said after quite a long and awkward for Pierre Silence.
- BUT! Graph Rostov! - Joyfully spoke Pierre. "So you are his son, Ilya." I can imagine myself, did not recognize you in the first minute. Remember how we went to the Sparrow Mountains with M ME Jacquot ... [Madame Jaco ...] For a long time.
"You are mistaken," Boris said somewhat, leisurely, with a safe and mocking smile. - I am Boris, the son of Knyagini Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov Father's name is Ilya, and the Son is Nikolai. And I didn't know M ME Jacquot.
Avoid participation in the main meat grinder of mankind managed more than ten states. And this is not "some" there »Overseas countries, and European. One of them, Switzerland, was at all in the Nazi environment. And Turkey, although he joined the union against Hitler, but did it under the curtain of the war, when it was not a sense of this.
True, some historians believe that the Ottomans were craving for blood and wanted to join the Germans. But the Stalingrad battle stopped them.
Spain
Whatever cruel and cynical dictator Franco, he understood that a terrible war would not bring anything good to his state. Moreover, regardless of the winner. Hitler asked him to join him, gave warranties (the British also did the same), but both warring parties received a refusal.
But it seemed that Franco, who won in the Civil War during the powerful support of the axis, would definitely be left aside. Accordingly, the Germans waited for debt return. They thought that Franco would personally want to eliminate a shameful spot on the Pyrenean Peninsula - the English military base of Gibraltar. But the Spanish dictator turned out to be faithful. He decided to go close to the restoration of his country, who was in a sad state after the civil war.
The Spaniards only sent a volunteer "Blue Division" to the Eastern Front. Yes, and her "swan song" was cut soon. On October 20, 1943, Franco ordered to bring the "division" from the front and disband.
Sweden
After numerous brutal defeats in the wars of the 18th century, Sweden has sharply changed the course of its development. The country rose to the rails of modernization, which led it to prosperity. Not by chance in 1938, Sweden, according to LIFE magazine, became one of the countries with the highest standard of living.
Accordingly, to destroy what was created for more than a century, the Swedes did not want. And they declared neutrality. No, some "sympathizers" fought on the side of Finland against the USSR, others served in parts of the SS. But their total number did not exceed thousands of fighters.
According to one of the versions, Hitler did not want to fight with Sweden. He was allegedly sure that the Swedes were purebred Aryans, and they could not shed their blood. The secretly of Sweden made retaliatory reversals towards Germany. For example, I supplied iron ore. And until 1943, Danish Jews were not attempted to escape from the Holocaust. This ban was removed after the defeat of Germany in the Kursk battle, when the scales began to lean towards the USSR.
Switzerland
German officers during the French campaign of 1940 were repeatedly said that "Take Switzerland, this little dickery, on the way back." But this "return route" turned out to be different from their expectations. Therefore, "dickery" was not touched.
Everyone knows that the Swiss Guard is one of the oldest military divisions of the world. Her brilliant story begins from the beginning of the 16th century, when it is the Swiss soldiers that trusted the most expensive and honorable in Europe - to protect the Roman dad.
During World War II, the geographical location of Switzerland turned out to be completely unprofitable - the country found himself surrounded by the states of the Nazi block. Therefore, it was not completely different from the conflict completely and completely disaven. Therefore, I had to go for some concessions. For example, provide a transport corridor through the Alps or "Retake the money" on the need of the Wehrmacht. But, as they say, the wolves are full and sheep are intact. Loosely poor, but the neutrality was observed.
Therefore, the pilots of the Swiss Air Force now and then they entered into battle with German aircraft, then with American. They still had a representative of which of the warring parties broke their airspace.
Portugal
Portuguese, like their neighbors in the peninsula, decided that once there is at least the slightest opportunity to avoid participation in the Second World War, then it needs to take advantage. Life in the state during the conflict well described Erich Maria Remarik in the novel "Night in Lisbon": "In 1942, Portugal coast became the last refuge of the fugitives, for whom justice, freedom and tolerance meant more than the birthplace and life."
Thanks to rich colonial possessions in Africa, Portugal has access to one very strategically important metal - tungsten. His enterprising Portuguese and sold. Moreover, interestingly, both parties to the conflict.
Actually, fears for the colony - it was another reason why Portugal did not want to interfere in the conflict. After all, then their ships came to the blow, which any of the enemy countries would be happy to turn with pleasure.
And so, thanks to the neutrality, Portugal managed to maintain power over African colonies until the 70s.
Turkey
Historically, Turkey has a sympathy for Germany. But during the Second World War, the former Ottoman empire decided to announce neutrality. The fact is that in the country they decided to finish the Testaments of Ataturk and once again abandon imperial ambitions.
There was another reason. In Turkey, they understood that in the case of hostilities, they will remain one on one with the troops of the Allied countries. Germany will not come to the aid.
Therefore, it was accepted a strategically faithful and beneficial solution for the country - to trite on the world conflict. Therefore, both parties to the conflict began to sell chrome necessary for the production of tank armor.
Only at the end of February 1945, under the pressure of the Allies, Turkey still declared war in Germany. It was done, of course, for the "tick". In real combat actions, Turkish soldiers, in fact, did not participate.
Interestingly, some historians (for the most part in Soviet times) believed that Turkey was, as they say, "at a low start." Turks were waiting when the advantage would definitely be on the side of Germany. And if the USSR would play the Stalingrad battle, then Turkey was ready to attack the USSR, joining the countries of the axis in 1942.
In educational institutions of Russia, teachers together with students are engaged in the preparation of the lesson of the world. And if a few years ago, what is the sin, even in the pedagogical community, the lesson of the world held on September 1, was perceived by something, rather, "duty" than truly relevant, now the situation in the root changed. Changed, since the very concept of "world" is updated against the background of famous events.
And it is difficult to stay outside this update, when a very nightmare, which brings with you the war, is experiencing a nightmare, which brings with them: losing close and relatives, losing her shelter, faced with the reincarnation of the ideas of manson-drugs.
Together with the realization that the lesson of the world is absolutely in any educational institution of the country ceases to be a "passing" event, and by definition there must be a very deep meaning, the increased interest of the young generation (and not only young) Russians to history . The reasons, in principle, the same - events in a neighboring state, where the tranships of history becomes one of the main locomotives of the fratricidal war.
During the conversation with students involved in teachers during the preparation of the lesson of the world, touched a very busy topic. The topic concerns how in the context of world wars, some states are opposed to the conciliatory campaigns, while others, no longer, declare their neutrality and quite calmly turn a huge human grief in more than a profitable business. The topic seemed relevant even due to the fact that for a considerable number of representatives of modern students, with which the opportunity to work, information about the presence in the Second World War "Neutrals", avoiding the Nazi occupation and the need for armed resistance, was a real revelation. And one of the voiced questions will give literally, especially since he is, as they say, not in the eyebrow, but in the eye: "And what, so it was possible?" Not that a young man who asked such a question, he wanted to say that the USSR should also declare about neutrality, it is simply about quite an explanatory surprise, which the very possibility of a neutrality announcement in World War is capable of calling.
Historiography informs us that one of the countries of Europe, proclaimed neutrality in World War II, was Sweden. About this state and its "neutrality" in the material and will be speech. To the subject of discussion was, what is called, illustrated, it is worth immediately submitting this entertaining photo.
The photographer informs that the photo is captured by the Diplomatic Mission of the Third Reich in May 1945 in the Swedish capital. On the flagpole, crowded by diplomassium, you can see the flag of Hitler's Germany in connection with (attention!) The death of Adolf Hitler ... It would seem that this is some kind of phantasmagoria, the theater is absurd: the victory of the Allied, May 1945, neutral Sweden and suddenly - mourning death The main ideologist of the monstrous on its scale campaign, which took the lives of tens of millions of people around the world. Just one question: how so? ..
But this question is actually easy to answer. By and large, Sweden during the Second World War, declarating its neutrality, was not going to be neutral at all. Completely defined sympathies of Nazi Germany and her leader showed themselves in the mid-30s. What is so sin, at that time applauded Hitler's speeches and threw out a hand in Nazi greeting not only German citizens ...
Even the occupation of the neighboring about Sweden by Norway by Norway, which began since 1940, did not cause a negative reaction from the "neutral Stockholm. After several meetings of the "neutral" Swedish king Gustav V with representatives of the top of the third Reich "Independent" Swedish newspapers and magazines, as a surprise of the conductor, suddenly ceased to publish articles in which he would have given at least some hint of criticism of the Nazis actions in Europe. All this was called "temporary censorship due to the military situation in Europe."
The Swedish newspaper calls the war, unleashed with Hitler, "European Liberation" -
And a few years before that, the Swedish Church begins to speak out in that spirit that the National Socialists of Hitler's Germany "go to the right way, as they fight for the purity of the Aryan race." At the same time, the Swedish Church from about 1937-1938. Officially distributes a circular in which the priests on the ground were forbidden to bless the marriages between ethnic Swedes and representatives of the so-called "Untermenes" - Jews, Slavs, etc. Such information was the public domain after the end of World War II due to research conducted in one of the oldest universities in Sweden - University of Lund.
From a more long history: Sweden declared himself an extra-block state in peacetime and neutral state during the military even at the beginning of the XIX century. It happened in 1814 immediately after signing an armistice agreement with Norway. The Declaration of Swedish Neutrality was officially proclaimed in 1834 by King Karl XIV Yuhan (the founder still ruling in Sweden Bernadov dynasty). An noteworthy fact can be considered that the non-block status of Sweden and its sovereignty in case of a big war announced a man, nee like Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadot, at the beginning of the XIX century, who received Chin Marshal Empire in the Napoleonic Army. Jean-Batist Jules Bernadot participated in the battle near Austerlitz. In 1810, Bernadot was dismissed from service in France and, as historians reported, officially invited to the post of the Swedish and Norwegian monarch "in connection with his humane appeal to the Swedish prisoner." Already after climbing the Swedish throne, the new Karl XIV Yuhann signed a union with Russia and began to fight on the side of the anti-Napoleon coalition ... After all these robes of King Marshal, as reported, and pulled to the proclamation of the neutral status of the Swedish kingdom, which Sweden skillfully used.
Returning to the events of the Second World War, it should be noted that the "covenants" of Charles XIV Yukhan were used exclusively from a pragmatic point of view. Thus, the grandson of King Gustav V, which was ruled by Sweden from 1907 to 1950, Gustav Adolf (Duke Vesterbottensky) is known for the fact that before the beginning and during the VMW, led the active "diplomatic" work with representatives of the Third Reich.
Among those with whom the Duke met, there were such persons as, for example, Herman Geering and Adolf Hitler. These meetings should be noted, and predetermined quite strange (if not to say more) the neutrality of the Swedish crown. The first attractive attention "neutral" agreement is a contract for deliveries in the Reich Swedish iron ore, which was not dissolved at all after the start of the Hitler expansion on the European continent.
Gustav V - Right, Goering - In the middle, Gustav Adolf - Left--
Attention is noteworthy and the fact that Norway neighboring with Sweden declared. And if during the First World War, the Norwegians managed to "leave" on the Declaration on Neutral Status, then I did not allow the same Norwegians. Through the Norwegian "neutrality", Hitler stepped out quite calmly - announcing that Norway needs to protect against the "Probable Aggression of Great Britain and France". The operation of Weserübung-Nord began, during which official Oslo Berlin, of course, did not care if Norway needs in "Protection from the likely aggression of the British and French."
But through the "neutrality" of Sweden Berlin did not exceed it ... well, as it did not ... about it just below. Most Swedish historians declare that, they say, the neutrality of Sweden in the VMW "clear", because in Sweden there were only about 6 with small million people, and therefore, the country could not allow themselves to be allowed, going to all concessions to Berlin. An interesting statement ... Interesting, especially based on the fact that the population of the same Norway at that time was even less, but, first, the neutrality of the Norwegians quickly, sorry, the authorities of the Third Reich were shut down, and, secondly, and themselves Norwegians organized more or less "distinct" movement of the resistance of the Hitler's occupation.
So about the "neutrality" of Sweden ... In fact, it was a typical fact of adaptation, in which Sweden was de facto occupied, but not in the military, but in the political sense. And this Hitler's occupation of the country's authority was completely satisfied. After all, for them, growing Germany was a magnificent market for sales of what was produced or created by Swedish companies. Not only the raw materials are sold at a reasonable price - the same iron and copper ore, but also created by Swedish companies. To equip German equipment used Swedish bearings. In the Reich, ships went with metal rolling, weapons, machines, lumber, and sawn timber. At the same time, Sweden through a whole network of financial agents led to the economy of Hitler Germany, pre-blocking the issuance of loans to neighbors in Norway. In other words, economically, Sweden did everything in order to nationalize dividends on the military successes of Nazi Germany and its commodity and cash requests.
From the Swedish official sources on the volume of shipments of goods of Nazi Germany (1938-1945):
Iron Ore: 58 million tons,
Cellulose - 7 million tons,
Bearings - 60 thousand tons,
Lumber - 13-14 million cubic meters,
Autotechnics and anti-aircraft guns - more than 2 thousand units.
Loads were delivered in the Reich under the protection of German and Swedish warships. Several Swedish ships ("ADA GORTHON", "Luleå" and others) with a cargo of iron ore, intended for Germany, were sinking by Soviet submarines. After that, the Swedish patrol ships dropped about 26 "neutral" deep bombs into the sea in order to damage the Soviet submarines. Apparently, since then the search for Soviet (Russian) submarines in Sweden has a special passion ...
Further more. The "neutrality" of Sweden was transformed into the establishment of so-called volunteer battalions in the country, which spoke on the side of the Nazis. The Swedish armed formation of SVENSKA FRIVILLIGBATALJONEN began to take into real power acting in the composition of the army of the Hitler's coalition immediately after the German attack on the Soviet Union. The preparation of the Swedish "volunteers" took place in the Finnish territory - to Turku.
In early October 1941, the Swedish Nazi's battalion visited Gustav V and Gustav Adolph (Duke Vesterbottensky), highly appreciating his "neutral" actions on the side of the Allies of the Nazis in the Hanko area ... And about a month later, the Swedish monarch directs Gitler a congratulatory telegram in which admiration expresses The actions of the German army on "defeat Bolshevism".
But after the defeat of the Nazis under Stalingrad and Kursk "Neutral", Sweden suddenly changes the course ... Stockholm informs his German friends about what is forced to block the sea paths, according to which the German warships and transport ships followed the German warships through the Swedish territorial waters. As they say, Stockholm felt the wind of change, and how the fluger reacted almost instantly. In October 1943, a circular was canceled in Sweden to ban on marriages with "Untermenh", and the Jews who left the kingdom were allowed to return back. At the same time, the embassy of the Third Reich did not close (for every fireman ...), suddenly the Reich will come ...
The invaluable fact of "neutrality" of Sweden can be considered that at the request of the USSR in 1944-1945. The Stockholm was issued about 370 German and the Baltic soldiers of the Hitler's troops, which, as Moscow reported, are involved in war crimes in the territory of the North-West of the USSR, including the Baltic republics. As you can see, the Swedish weather has reacted here ...
During the war, Sweden's economy was not only not seriously tested, but even acquired. At the same time, the average size of the earnings of the Swedish workers decreased, but the reduction in real estimation was only about 12% in 6 years while the economies of most European countries, like the countries themselves, were in ruins. Sweden's banking sector has grown together with large industrial companies that delivered goods to Germany.
It can be stated as today's extra-block status of Sweden is another declarative "parable", for which the real interests and sympathies of Stockholm are perfectly visible ... Such a story ...
Author Volodin Aleksey
Roosevelt attempts to conduct economic reforms in the US
The foreign policy of any state is due to the influence of a wide variety of factors. Internal events and alignment of political forces in the country have a great influence on it. It is undoubtedly important to its geographical position, the level of economic development, national historical features, traditions and precedents. The government usually experiences public pressure. As in other countries, these parameters affected the formation of the main directions of the US foreign policy, which was clearly manifested in the rest of 1935, which was marked for the United States with major events in both the internal and foreign Policy. Opponents of the new course launched a wide campaign. They stated that he did not justify himself. Republicans predicted his bankruptcy, supporters of the same reforms were actively defended. Interim elections to Congress in the fall of 1934 brought to Democrats a victory, which testified to the voter confidence vote. Republicans lost 10 seats in the Senate and 14 in the Chamber of Representatives. Roosevelt's reformist course led to regrouping forces in political parties. In the Democratic Party there was a struggle around the new course. On the one hand, doubts were expressed in the feasibility of deepening reforms and concessions to the left forces, on the other hand, the votes were distributed to the protection of the interests of a big business so that the administration did not lose support for business circles. The left expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that Roosevelt slowly went to meet their requirements. On February 3, 1935, the newspaper "New York Time" appeared an article under the title "Workers alliances are rummaged with the new course." This was explained by the fact that in the country there were no significant changes from reforms. In 1934 industrial products Mounted 68% of the level of 1929. The unemployed numbered 11,340 thousand people, and in 1935 - 10,600 thousand people. Government expenses for assistance to the unemployed and public works were insufficient. Workers began to unite into trade unions. The strike movement grew. Under these conditions, representatives of major capital strengthened the criticism of the new course as unacceptable. As a result, negative views and attitude towards Roosevelt reforms were more relocated. Americans were looking forward to the next session of the Congress, the annual Message of the President. In his message "On the situation of the country", the head of state chosen the tactics of avalange, the middle way; He did not support neither extreme right, nor extreme left. The debate deployed in the Congress led to the further placement of forces in the country, to the polarization of flows in the parties. The right wing of the Republican Party was especially activated, the offensiveness of the "Old Guard" and the criticism of her side of the new course increased. Regional conferences were held in the country, on which the calls were distributed louder to prohibit government intervention in business affairs. In May 1935, the conference participants in Springfield adopted the Declaration of Republicans's Credo. She picked up: "We believe in individualism as an ideology, opposing communism, socialism, fascism, collectivism or the new course" 4. In the same month, the Chamber of Commerce approved the Action Program with the goal of a speedy abolition of legislation related to the new course. According to the American researcher, E. Ladda, "No President of the United States has never been subjected to such a mad attack on the side of the business as Roosevelt." Created at the end of 1934, the American League of Freedom, which united the representatives of the grouping of large financial, industrial capital and corporations, focused on the principles against the principles of state regulation of socio-economic life in the country. Watching the political life of the United States, Poland in the USA A.A. Trojanovsky on February 7, 1935 informed Moscow that the struggle unfolded around the new course. The influential forces of large capital oppose reforms and President Roosevelt6. March 28 Advisor to the Instant B.E. Skvirsky recorded in his diary: "Roosevelt's position is becoming more difficult. The bankers came to themselves and choose everything to their hands in the old way." Conservative forces fell. On May 27, the Supreme Court recognized the Anti-Constitutional Right of Roosevelt, received from the Congress to carry out emergency measures aimed at improving industry. The law on the restoration of industry was declared unconstitutional and canceled. It should be recognized that in the course of reforms, serious miscalculations were made in the activities of the National Administration for the Health of the Industry, which the opponents of the new course took advantage, and it was eliminated. The decision of the Supreme Court was a great blow to the prestige of President Roosevelt, his political course and hopes to alleviate and improve the economic situation of the country by interference with the state of business. The dissatisfied president of May 30 collected 200 correspondents in the White House and made them with a big speech in the presence of leaders of the democratic factions of the House of Representatives. He spoke emotionally, excitedly, with a rise, without a break for one and a half hours. It was the dramatic appeal of the president, as newspapers wrote, to the public in which he sharply criticized the decision of the Supreme Court. He stated that the country should make a choice between the central regulation of the state's economic activity, or the amateur interpretation of the problems of individual states and relations between them. He drew attention to the imperfection of some of the articles of the Constitution, adopted during the times of "Horses and Kolymagi" and in need of improvement.
Inconomic reforms in the USA
Since then, a lot has changed in the country, in particular its economic structure. The United States needs centralized state administration, expansion of the powers of the federal government to solve economic and social problems8. A dilemma rose to Roosevel: either to give up pressure of a big business, or to meet the requirements of the masses. He chose the second, given that the gap with the working movement and the shift to the right could lead to a political defeat of him in the 1936 elections. In June, the President acted as a new program of reforms, offering extraordinary measures: to increase allocations for public works, to assist low-incorporation groups of the rural population . He supported Bill Wagner on the introduction of collective practices in industry. Entrepreneurs were forbidden to abandon collective agreements. The adoption of the "National Act of Labor Relations" marked an important stage in the social life of the country. In mid-August, the legislation on social insurance was approved, the administration of public works led by Harry Gopkins was created. Everywhere the masses were observed everywhere, the growth of radicalism. The country began the second stage of the new course, held in the context of the collision of interests and the struggle of various layers of American society. These days, the Trojansky Polvolutionary, informing the People's Commissar M.M. Litvinova on the abolition of the Supreme Court of the Legislation in the field of industry, noted the most concern of the White House. The President is engaged mainly by the decision of domestic political problems and is less than paying attention to international issues. They moved to his temporarily to the background. Therefore, he refrains from the reception of the staff of the State Department, in particular Assistant Secretary of State W. Mura on Soviet-American relations. Polvuls not in everything, perhaps, was right, because at this time in the United States intensively discussed issues of foreign policy in Congress, press and among the public. And Roosevelt took direct and active participation in this, for it was about the global politics and role of the United States of America as a great power. Using the instability of the situation, Japan stood on the path of the territorial redistribution of peace in the Far East, revising the Washington system, violations of international contractual obligations, and Germany and Italy announced the revision of the Versailles peace treaty. Before the United States, the question arose what they should take a position in the event of a world war, as belonging to those who have unleashed. In order to take America to take up the neutrality, as it was during the years of the pan-European War, although ultimately the United States was drawn into it. During the discussion of these complex international issues and foreign policy, two approaches were revealed, two currents are insulating and internationalisticalist10. The discussion between them took a tense character. In 1935 she received nationwide scope. All layers of society took part in it. The isolationist sentiment was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical remoteness of America from possible theaters of hostilities, its security with the two oceans, which ensured her national security11. Based on this, the first US President George Washington visited the nation "Avoid constant unions with any part of the outside world," adhere to neutrality, but he did not exclude the possibility of national defense "to conclude temporary unions in emergency circumstances." President John Adam in the Message of Congress in 1797 advised to stay away from Europe, to observe strict neutrality, not to associate itself with any international obligations. The Monroe's doctrine of 1823 called for "the protection of the entire Western hemisphere and non-interference in the affairs of Europe." American politicians in the past century increased incessantly: it is necessary to stay apart from the political grasp of Europe.
The influence of the First World War on the state of the United States
The entire XIX century passed under the sign of America's neutrality from the outside world, and this policy reflected its national interests. The United States had a minor army, small military spending. Quickly overcoming economic lag, the Americans mastered the capacious domestic market. At the beginning of the XX century. The United States has become a global power. Their economic interests abundantly demanded participation in international affairs. They needed the markets for the sale of goods, raw materials, the scope of investment of capital. During the years of the Universal European War, US President Woodrow Wilson announced neutrality, then violated the covenants of founding fathers and sent American troops for the Atlantic Ocean to Europe under the slogan "Battle of Freedom and Democracy". He hid from the people the genuine causes and goals of entering the war. The First World War was a great event in the history of the XX century, his prologue. She changed the political map of Europe: three empires died in the fire of war, many new states appeared. The alignment of forces has changed. There was a split world, a new world order was established. England and France expanded their colonial possessions. The United States came out of the war richer and more powerful. They have increased need to participate in global affairs. The US President put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a League of Nations, designed to maintain a universal world. But at the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson suffered defeat. His ideas were questioned and then rejected by American isolations. The United States refused to sign the Versailles peace treaty and join the League of Nations. Insolationists triumphed. Meanwhile, after the end of the world war, the United States, being before her the debtor, turned into a giant lender. In 1919-1929. American capital, invested abroad, amounted to about $ 12 billion, which exceeded the contributions of any other state. These were mainly loans, a significant part of which was long-term loans to European debtors. Republican administrations of W. Garding, K. Kuljjj, G. Hoovered expanded financial and economic cooperation between America and Europe. Before the United States faced the question: what should their foreign policy be. Many ratified neutrality and non-interference in world affairs. Others believed that this was contrary to the interests of the country, which is needed by foreign markets for the sale of goods and the scope of the application of capital. Without this, the normal development of the economy and its prosperity is impossible. Wide global trade and economic ties, interest in the markets for the sale of goods and investments entered into a contradiction with the theory and practice of isolationism, the provision of the United States as the largest industrial and financial statement. The supporters of Isolationism did not respond to the aspirations of American large companies, international cartels. Suffice it to say that from 1919 to 1930, foreign investments of the United States increased from 7 billion to 17.2 billion dollars, i.e. 2.5 times. Many talked about the benefits of dollar expansion. At the same time, the US foreign policy was formed, the supporters of whom were active action in the world. In 1921, the Council was established on international relations. His printed organ "Forin Affers" sought to support interest in world politics and resist the withdrawal ideas. Attention rose to diplomatic history in universities. The country has created clubs on the study of international relations. In 1923 they had 79. In 1928, the Institute of World Economy and International Brookings Relations was established. The trend towards expanding US participation in global affairs has increased markedly. After ten years, Paris and Washington showed the initiative in the design of an international treaty, known as the British Package - Kellog, proclaimed the settlement of conflicts only by civilian political means excluding military actions. This corresponded to the sentiments of peace-loving peoples, including the American. But soon the era of pacifism was put an end. In 1931, Japan captured Manchuria. However, the League of Nations did not protect the territorial integrity and independence of China. PARTICIPANTS OF AGREEMENT - 9 POWERS also did not make preservation of China's sovereignty. The non-recognition of the occupation by the Japanese troops of Manchuria on the part of the United States was not supported by the England nor France, and also refused to pay Washington's military debts. International relations were dyed by infinite conversations about disarmament, and in fact there was an increase in the production of armament, the number of armies, called calls to the territorial redistribution of the world. Having come to the White House, President Roosevelt, as an active statesman, a realist politician, when meeting in April 1935, with the heads of the Government of England and France, Ramsey McDonald and Eduard Arrio expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bcollective security. These views were divided by US Secretary of State Cordell Halle and Norman Davis, US representative at international conferences on disarmament. The corresponding resolution was presented to Congress, which provided for sanctions against the countrygores - not to supply their weapons. This flowed out of the content, spirit and letters of the Briana Kellog Covenant, who did not offer any mechanism to prevent war and ensure peace. However, in May 1933, the resolution met a decisive resistance in the Senate Committee on External Relations. In general, the country expressed arguments both for and against participation in collective shares against violators of the world. The State Department discussed at this time various options for legislation on the export of weapons. Insolationists led by Senator X. Johnson opposed the ban on the supply of weapons only to aggressor countries and offered to spread it on both warring parties. Roosevelt agreed with such fundamentally important changes without defending Halla's Secretary of State. The latter, as well as Norman Davis, were very dissatisfied with the agency of the president. In 1934, the Senate Committee banned the sale of weapons and military materials Paraguay and Colombia in connection with the armed conflict in Chaco. Roosevelt did so because he did not want to exacerbate relations with the isolationist members of the Senate Committee, when the emergency session of the Congress was occupied by an unprecedented rapid approval of the multitude of bills related to the new course. For him, it was more important. Meanwhile, in Europe and Asia, the events developed alarming. They attracted the attention of American politicians and diplomats who discussed the prospects for the US foreign policy. Many were interested in the history of neutrality policy. They reminded that this policy held by President Wilson ended with the country's entry into war, the passage of the expeditionary corps to Europe, the loss of American soldiers on the battlefield, the ungratefulness of England and France, the refusal to sign the Versailles peace treaty and from participating in the creation of the League of Nations. Most Americans believed that they were deceived that the US accession to the European War in 1917 was a fatal mistake. The Versailles system, in their opinion, responded only by Anglo-French interests. In the future, it is impossible to assume that, the isolationists, persistently demanding the creation of a special committee led by Senator Gerald, to study the reasons for the US who prompted the United States to join the European War, and above all revealing guilty in the supply of Arms of England and France. The literature appeared a large number of products of anti-war orientation. Pacifists demanded declaration of war out of law. The anti-war movement was gaining momentum, the extinguished, finding an increasing number of supporters among the population. A sharp criticism was subjected to all who at one time expressed for the participation of America in the war, up to the requirement to attract them to justice12. On October 1, 1934, the II All American Congress against War and Fascism opened in Chicago. His work participated 3332 delegates who were about 2 million people with a number. Congress condemned the actions of the Nazis in Germany, approved the idea of \u200b\u200bcohesion of all peace-loving forces against the threat of war. At the same time, articles about the conspiracy of economic extremists, about a small group of corporations and bankers associated with the UK and France began to appear. In February 1934, a well-known Republican, Senator-isolationist Gerald Nai (from North Carolina), submitted to the Senate resolution on the establishment of a commission for the study of the production and sale of weapons and military materials during the First World War. Under the pressure of the public in April, Congress approved such a commission led by Senator D. Ham. It includes Senators-Democrats R. Barbur, X. Bown, W. George, B. Clark, J. Poop and Republican Senator A. Vendenberg. On May 18, President Roosevelt in Message to Senate expressed satisfaction on the occasion of the creation of the Commission and recommended that all government departments support it with the provision of necessary information14. The Commission set the goal of investigating who produced and supplied the allies as it was delivered, on whose steamers, which arrives received weapons that and whom secret agreements were concluded. The Commission worked for 18 months, interrogated 200 witnesses and documented who was interested in the US attachment in the war, who provided loans and loans to Great Britain and France, sold them with arms and uniforms. Published documentary materials (39 volumes) and 43 monographs were a sensation. They shook and deeply agreed the public of the country, had an impact on the growth of anti-war moods15. The people were outraged and demanded the adoption of laws that are paid to extract profits from the war and nationalization of the military industry. Subsequently, the Secretary of State, K. Hel, with disconuntence, wrote in his memoirs: "The Commission found the country of thirsty exposures, directed against large bankers and weapons manufacturers" 16. According to the American researcher, W. Cowla, "without a commission, the neutrality laws may not be accepted by Congress" 17. In a surge of isolationist sentiments, two books of the famous historian Charles Bird were a major role, published in 1934, in which he justified the need to protect the national interests of the country, policies of isolationism, non-interference in Europe. The author argued that the country's salvation is to conduct reforms, rehabilitation of the economy, financial system and agriculture, focusing efforts on solving internal problems through a new course. It is important to protect the country from the war. The impact of the Birda books on public consciousness was great. They read them, they spoke about them19. The Minister of Agriculture, Wallace, stated that Bird showed truly "enlightened patriotism." Exposing by Bird of those in 1917 deliberately drawn the United States to the European War for the sake of over-profile, he had a great influence on the anti-war movement in the country. The basis of the policy of isolationism in the Epoch of Roosevelt, emphasized the American historian M. Jonas, was protest against war20. Former Assistant Prosecutor General During World War II, the lawyer Charles Warren in the spring of 1933, he read a report at the annual meeting of the American Society of International Law on Neutrality, which caused considerable interest. In January 1934, the Council of External Relations organized a round table on the same problem with the participation of well-known specialists and experts on international relations. Warren spoke on him with a report: how to keep the country from the war. Two months later, his article was published on this topic in the magazine "International Life". Although he himself advocated cooperation with other countries against aggressive states, most Americans preferred to be neutral, despite the fact that it is very difficult to be in such a state. Warren supported strict neutrality supporters, which inevitably can lead the United States to isolation from trading and financial contacts with warring countries. He proposed to conduct an impartial embargo on weapons with all the participants of the wars, prohibit the provision of loans and warned American citizens that they could trade on their risks22. In the next issue, the magazine published Article A. Dulles, Assistant Norman Davis at the Geneva Conference23. Dulles agreed with the opinion of Warren, that the traditional American neutrality held during the First World War is unacceptable, as America is inevitably drawn into a greater war. However, he did not agree that the restriction of trade would be effective. In his opinion, only a complete refusal of foreign trade and investment can isolate the United States from a big war, but the American people will never agree with it. The most reasonably united states act together with other nations in the issue of trade embargo against the aggressor. Such a policy will serve as the country's deduction outside the war24. The State Department showed interest in the article Warren. On April 17, 1934, Helle instructed his deputies P. Moffatat, W. Phillips, Assistant W. Muru and Legal adviser G. HEKWORT Study and develop possible neutrality legislation. But they reluctantly met this offer, referring to excessive employment, and asked Warren to prepare the project for them, which they were presented in early August. It was a Memorandum of Neutrality Problems at 210 pages25. In it, Warren recommended adheres to an impartial, unbiased arms embargo in the event of a war between foreign countries, prohibit steamers of warring countries to use American ports, airfield aircraft and citizens to travel on ships of warring countries, and trading with them to limit the prewar level by setting a certain system quotas. Consequently, Warren offered radical changes in the policies of American neutrality. It was an isolationist program that envisaged the country from entering into war and reflecting the mood of the public.
At the end of August, the State Department sent Memorandum to the President. He made a positive impression on him, and Roosevelt instructed Halla to prepare a neutrality bill for consideration in Congress. By November, such Bill was ready. It was Green Hawworth. He was not much different from the proposals of Warren, but the articles set forth more gently, not categorically. Commission of the State Department, lowering the proposal to establish a quota to trade by smuggling materials, sent Bill to approval and approval to the Departments of Justice, Military and Naval. The first two approved it, but the leadership of the Navy objected, fearing that such legislation gives the basis of other countries to refuse to export strategic materials to the United States in wartime. This put in the difficult position of the State Department and Administration. Roosevelt asked the press to support the bill, refrain from its premature criticism. Nevertheless, the Washington Post newspaper published a critical article. On December 16, there was a publication and in the New York Time. They argued that the administration intends to ask the Congress to adopt legislation providing for the restriction of US trade during the war between other states. The unfolded criticism prompted the Cabinet of Ministers to refrain while the package of Bill in Congress. However, in January 1935, the King Senator (from the State of the Bit) presented a resolution on arms embargo in the event of war. Chairman of the Senate Committee on External Relations K. Pittman handed it to the State Department. He was answered: the problem of neutrality is closely studied, but there is no other opinion. This corresponded to reality. Norman Davis exposed a sharp criticism of the HEKWAT project for the use of an arms embargo against warring countries without the difference in the aggressor and his victim, noting that it will be very beneficial to the aggressor. He proposed to provide the president with the right to solve the issue, as in relation to whom to apply embargo on weapons. His arguments impressed the authors of the bill, they began to lean more to his opinion. It was decided to temporarily postpone work on the neutrality bill. The Secretary of State himself was not inclined to show hasty26. At this time, the commission with unprecedented scope, diligence and energy was engaged in studying the history of the neutrality policy during the First World War, clarifying the activities of the manufacturers of weapons and the transfer of its allies - England and France, the conditions for providing them with loans, conducting trade and high profits to them. This led to an increase in anti-war sentiment, an increase in the supporters of the policy of isolationism, non-interference in European affairs, to dissatisfaction with the behavior of allies - England and France, refused to pay the military debts of America. In London and Paris, they reacted negatively to numerous publications of a sensational nature, showing in an excessive negative light of American, British and French diplomacy. America covered nationwide unprecedented arousal. On March 15, Secretary of State Halle advised President Roosevelt to meet with the members of the commission, and explain to them that their excessive and irrepressive activity can supply the United States to the difficult situation in the world and cause a negative reaction from European countries, primarily England and France. The President supported this idea and willingly agreed to a meeting with senators to discuss the situation in the world and the position of the United States. It was impossible not to take into account that the press at the end of 1934 and at the beginning of 1935 insistently asked: "Where is America?" In the New Year's message Roosevelt assured the Americans in the fact that they can live peacefully; If there will be changes in the country's foreign policy, then only aimed at maintaining peace, and there is no reason to worry. But such general declarations of the president did not satisfy many. Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Development Kay Pittman on February 19 addressed Roosevelt for clarification. He asked if the United States intends to participate in European affairs? In March, he spoke with the protection of insulanceism. And on March 16, Hitler challenged Europe, declaring the introduction of military service and the creation of an army with a number of 500 thousand people, the construction of the navy. The alarming news came from Rome. Mussolini threatened to start a war against Ethiopia. On March 19, the White House held a meeting with members of the commission. The president, approvingly revoking her activities, talked a lot about the alarming development of events in the world. Therefore, it is desirable, given the mood of the public, to think about the design of legislation that could ensure the country's retention from drawing it into war. The wishes liked the interlocutors. For them, it may have been somewhat unexpected. They immediately began to implement it. The president was pleased, since this step he managed to somewhat calm the public and to a certain extent of the Capitol. The development of legislation on the US neutrality went full time27. D. Nauh notified Halla about the instructions of the president. The latter took these words with bewilderment, because in the State Department such a bill for many months has been prepared and only some questions were not agreed. He was lost in guesses, believing that he made excessive caution and slowness. This assumption was close to the truth. But Roosevelt probably did it so much because he wanted the neutrality initiative to proceed not from the State Department, and from senators, from the commission, whose activities were so widely extended by the public. It was impossible to slow. The passage of such a bill prepared by the senators could continue to pass in the Senate. Perhaps this was one of the reasons for the felt of the president to the activities of the commission. However, Heller still did not in a hurry to submit to the President of the Neutrality Legislation, counting on its refinement, eliminating the discrepancies of views on some issues between the State Department employees. Senators, on the contrary, were interested in implementing the wishes of the president as soon as possible. On March 30, Nai stated in speech in Lexington that President Polon Decomposition Prevent US Tightening to War in Armed Conflict, he defended the use of compulsory arms embargo, supported bans of loans to the warring countries and travel of American citizens on their ships28.
US announcement about neutrality in World War II
On March 31, 1935, the editor of the Foreign Department of the Foreign Trest "Skripps - Howard" published the text of the statement transferred to him by a high-ranking official. It said that the purpose of the US policy was to refrain from any acts that would allow to involve the country to the European conflict, and in Washington are engaged in the development of a law on neutrality, refusing loans to the aggressor and his victim. On April 1, 1935, the Naya Commission presented a report to the Congress, expressing the need to regulate weapons exports. On April 9, the Senators D. Naj and B. Clark made two neutral resolutions to the Senatsky Committee on External Relations. They mentioned the ban on the Americans to travel on the vapors of the warring countries and provide loans and loans to them to buy smuggling goods. The president could declare the state of the war and automatically enforce these provisions29. Pittman expressed dissatisfaction with the excessive activity of senators, seeing the excess of the authority and the infringement of the prerogative of his committee, although he seized the views of the isolationists. In connection with the violation of the Hitler of Articles of the Versailles World Treaty, he openly declared the victim of the United States in European affairs, with indignation spoke of those who are concerned about events in Europe, arguing that the United States should not have interfere in conflicts: "... We must Stay neutral "30. Having learned about the resolutions of Senators, Hella reacted immediately. On April 11, he presented to the President of the Memorandum. It said that the State Department has long developed a neutrality bill already developed, but it has not yet been completed. It was also reported that the Chairman of the Fatman's External Relationship Committee was dissatisfied with an excessive initiative of senators, since the prerogatives of legislation refer to its committee, which is obliged to do this. The memorandum was paid attention to the protests of the British and French ambassadors about the announcement of the commission of the secret agreements concluded by American banks with allied governments during the First World War. Trying to get out of the situation unfavorable for him, Halle intended to send his Bill's project to the president, prepared by the Hawworth lawyer, which recorded the use of the embargo on the weapon without distinguishing the aggressor or his victim, the ban travel to the Americans on the ships of warring countries and prohibition to enter submarines in American ports. But Hackworth objected, stating that the project is not yet ready and requires refinement. Agreeing with his arguments, the Secretary of State informed the President and also declared this at a press conference. Heller continued to assume that the neutrality problem is very complex and impossible to have a hasty, it is necessary for its comprehensive study. In the spring of 1935, he was no longer fully separated insulating goggles. As the historian R. Daivine notes, he wanted to delay for a while the adoption of neutrality legislation in Congress.
