The most used road-building material in the 20th century - asphalt - is divided into many types, brands and types. The basis for the separation is not only and not so much the list of the starting components included in the asphalt mixture, as the ratio of their mass fractions in the composition, as well as some characteristics of the components - in particular, the size of the sand and gravel fractions, the degree of purification of the mineral powder and all the same sand.

Asphalt composition

In asphalt of any type and brand there is sand, gravel or gravel, mineral powder and bitumen.  However, with regard to crushed stone, it is not used in the preparation of some types of pavement - but if the asphalting of territories is carried out taking into account high traffic and strong short-term loads on the pavement, crushed stone (or gravel) is necessary as a frame-forming protective element.

Mineral powder  - A mandatory starting element for the preparation of asphalt of any grades and types. As a rule, the mass fraction of powder - and it is obtained by crushing rocks in which a high content of carbon compounds (in other words, from limestone and other organic petrified deposits) - is determined based on the tasks and requirements for the viscosity of the material. A large percentage of mineral powders allows it to be used in such works as paving roads and sites: viscous (i.e. durable) material will successfully dampen internal vibrations of bridge structures without cracking.

In most types and brands of asphalt is used sand  - the exception, as we said, are types of pavement, where the mass fraction is large gravel. The quality of sand is determined not only by the degree of its cleaning, but also by the method of production: sand mined in an open way, as a rule, needs to be thoroughly cleaned, but artificial sand obtained by crushing rocks is considered to be ready to work.

Finally, bitumen - The cornerstone of the paving industry. A product of oil refining, bitumen is contained in a mixture of any brand in very small quantities - its mass fraction in most varieties hardly reaches 4-5 percent. Although widely used in operations such as paving areas with difficult terrain and road repairs, cast asphalt boasts a bitumen content of 10 percent or more. Bitumen gives such a canvas a fair amount of elasticity after hardening and fluidity, which makes it easy to distribute the finished mixture over the site.

Brands and types of asphalt

Depending on the percentage of the listed components, there are three brands of asphalt. Specifications, the scope and composition of the mixture of various grades are described in GOST 9128-2009, which, among other things, takes into account the possibility of adding additional additives that increase frost resistance, hydrophobicity, flexibility or wear resistance of the coating.

Depending on the percentage of filler that is part of the road-building mixture, it is divided into the following types:

• A - 50-60% of crushed stone;
• B - 40-50% of gravel or gravel;
• B - 30-40% of gravel or gravel;
• G - up to 30% of sand from the screening crushing;
• D - up to 70% of sand or mixture with screenings of crushing.

Asphalt grade 1

Under this brand, a wide range of different types of coatings is made - from dense to highly porous, with a significant content of crushed stone. Scope of their use  - road construction and improvement: only porous materials are not at all suitable for the role of the coating itself, the top layer roadbed. Where it is better to use them for the device of the bases, leveling the base for laying more dense types of material.

Asphalt grade 2

The density range is about the same, but the content and percentage of sand and gravel can vary within wide limits. This is the same "average" asphalt, with a very extensive scope:  and construction highways, and their repair, and the arrangement of territories for parking and squares can not do without it.

Brand 3 asphalts

Grade 3 coatings are distinguished by the fact that no crushed stone or gravel is used in their manufacture - they are replaced by mineral powders and especially high-quality sand obtained by crushing hard rocks.

The ratio of sand and gravel (gravel)

The ratio of sand and gravel is one of the most important indicators that determines the scope of a particular type of coating. Depending on the prevalence of a particular material it is denoted by the letters from A to D:  A - more than half consists of fine-grained gravel or gravel, and D - about 70 percent consists of sand (though sand is used mostly from crushed rocks).

The ratio of bitumen and mineral components

No less important - after all, it determines the strength characteristics of the roadway. The high content of mineral powders significantly increases its fragility. therefore sand asphalt can be used only to a limited extent:  landscaping of parks or sidewalks. But coatings with a high bitumen content are a welcome guest in any work: especially if it is road construction in harsh climatic conditions, at subzero temperatures, if the speed of work is such that after a day the road equipment will go on a brand new canvas, and after the completion of the finished road - heavy vehicles will rush.

STATE STANDARD

UNION SSR

MIXES ASPHALT CONCRETE

ROAD, AERODROME

AND ASPHALT CONCRETE

SPECIFICATIONS

GOST 9128 ¾ 84

Official Edition

STATE WALL CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE OF THE USSR

STATE STAND OF RT OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

  ___________________________________________________________ MIXES ASPHALT CONCRETE ROAD, AERODROME AND ASPHALT CONCRETE GOST Technical conditions 9128 ¾ 84 Asphaltic concrete mixtures for roads and aerodromes Instead and asphaltic concrete. Specifications GOST 9128 ¾ 76 OKP 57 1840, 57 1850 ___________________________________________________________ By the suspension of the USSR State Committee for Construction Affairs dated February 13, 1984 No. 15, the deadline for introduction is set

  from 01.01.85

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to asphalt mixtures used for coating and founding roads, airfields, city streets and squares, roads of industrial enterprises, as well as asphalt (compacted asphalt mix). Asphalt concrete mixture is prepared by mixing in mixing plants in the heated state of crushed stone (gravel), natural or crushed sand, mineral powder and petroleum road bitumen, taken in the ratios determined by the requirements of this standard. The area of \u200b\u200bapplication of asphalt mixes is given in the recommended applications 2-4.

1. CLASSIFICATION

1.1. Asphalt concrete mixtures (hereinafter - mixtures) are divided into crushed stone, gravel and sand. 1.2. Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen and application conditions, are divided into the following types: hot - prepared using viscous bitumen and applied immediately after preparation with a temperature of at least 120 ° C; warm - prepared using both viscous and liquid bitumen and applied immediately after preparation with a temperature not lower than 70 ° С; cold - prepared using liquid bitumen, allowed for long-term storage and used with a temperature not lower than 5 ° C. 1.3. Hot and warm mixtures, depending on the largest grain size of mineral materials, are divided into: coarse-grained f - with grains up to 40 mm in size; fine-grained "" "" 20 mm; sandy »» »» 5 mm. Cold mixtures are subdivided into fine-grained and sandy. 1.4. Asphalt concrete from hot and warm mixtures, depending on the value of the residual porosity, is divided into: dense with residual porosity from 2 to 7% inclusive .; porosity e with residual porosity s. 7 to 12% incl .: highly porous with residual porosity of st. 12 to 18% incl. 1.5. Crushed stone and gravel mixtures, depending on the content of crushed stone or gravel, and sand mixtures, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types indicated in Table. 1.

Table 1

   1.6. Hot and warm mixtures of type A, depending on the quality indicators, are divided into two grades: I and II, types B, C and D - into tr and mark and: I, II and III, type D - into two grades: II and III. Cold mixes and types B x and B x are subdivided into two mark and: I II, type G x can be only I marks, type D x - only II mark and. Hot and warm mixes for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete are subdivided into two grades: I and II.

table 2

	Standards for asphalt mixes from mixtures of grades
Name of indicator
	for climatic zones
1. The compressive strength, MPa (kgf / cm 2), at temperatures: a) 20 ° C, at least, for asphalt concrete of all types	2,5 (25)_ 2,2 (22)	2,5 (25)_	2,5 (25)_	2,2 (22)_	2,2 (22)_	2,2 (22)_	2,0 (20)_	2,0 (20)_	2,0 (20)_
b) 50 ° С, not less, for asphalt concrete types:	0,9 (9)_	0,9 (9)_	0,9 (9)_	0,8 (8)_	0,8 (8)_	0,8 (8)_
	0,9 (9)_	1,1 (11)_	1,3 (13)_ 1,0 (10)	0,8 (8)_	1,0 (10)_	1,2 (12)_	0,8 (8)_	0,9 (9)_	1,1 (11)_
	1,0 (10)_	1,3 (13)_	1,6 (16)_	0,9 (9)_	1,2 (12)_	1,4 (14)_	0,8 (8)_	1,1 (11)_	1,3 (13)_
				1,0 (10)_	1,2 (12)_	1,2 (12)_	0,8 (8)_	0,9 (9)_	1,0 (10)_
c) 0 ° С, no more, for asphalt concrete of all types	9 (90)_	11 (110)_ 7 (70)	13 (130)_	10 (100)_	12 (120)_	13 (130)_	10 (100)_	12 (120)_	13 (130)_

  Note. In the numerator, the requirements for asphalt concrete from hot mixtures are given, in the denominator ¾ from warm mixtures.

2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1. Mixtures should be made in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved in the established manner. 2.2. The indicator and physical and mechanical properties of dense asphalt concrete from hot and warm mixtures, depending on the brands of mixtures and the road-climatic zone, must correspond to those indicated in Table. 2.3. The porosity of the mineral skeleton of dense asphalt concrete from mixtures of types A and B should be 15-19% by volume, types B, G and D - 18-22% by volume. 2.4. The residual porosity and water saturation of dense asphalt concrete, depending on the road-climatic zone, must correspond to those indicated in table. 3.

Table 3

   2.5. The physical and mechanical properties of porous and highly porous asphalt concrete from fine-grained and sandy warm and hot mixtures, depending on the grades of the mixtures, must correspond to those indicated in Table. 4.

Table 4

Name of indicator	Standards for asphalt concrete from mixes of brands
1. The compressive strength, not less than, MPa (kgf / cm 2), at temperatures: a) 20 ° С of porous asphalt concrete
b) 50 ° С of porous asphalt concrete
highly porous asphalt concrete
2. Water resistance coefficient, not less
3. The coefficient of water resistance during prolonged water saturation, not less

  2.6. The porosity of the mineral skeleton of porous asphalt concrete should not be more than 23% by volume, macadam (gravel) highly porous - more than 24%, sandy highly porous - more than 28% by volume. 2.7. Water saturation of porous asphalt concrete should not be more than 12% by volume, highly porous - more than 18%. 2.8. The swelling of porous and highly porous asphalt mixes from mixes of grade I should not exceed 1.0% by volume, from mixes of grade II it should not exceed 2.0% by volume. 2.9. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures, depending on the brands of mixtures, must correspond to those indicated in table. 5.

Table 5

Name of indicator	Standards for asphalt concrete from mixes of brands
1. The compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C, MPa (kgf / cm 2), not less than: a) before heating for asphalt concrete types: B x, V x
G x
D x
b) after warming up for asphalt concrete types: B x, H x
G x
D x
2. The coefficient of water resistance, not less than: a) before warming up
b) after warming up
3. The coefficient of water resistance during prolonged water saturation, not less than: a) before heating
b) after warming up
4. Swelling,% by volume, not more than

2.10. The porosity of the mineral skeleton of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures of type B x should not be more than 18% by volume, type B x - more than 20%, types G x and D x - more than 21% by volume. 2.11. The residual porosity of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should be 6-10% by volume. 2.12. Water saturation of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should be 5-9% by volume. 2.13. Traceability of cold mixtures should not be more than 10 in terms of the number of strokes. 2.14. The mixtures must withstand the adhesion test of bitumen with the mineral part of the mixtures. In the absence of adhesion, surfactants should be used. 2.15. Grain compositions of the mineral part of hot and warm mixtures must comply with the requirements established in Table. 6 and tab. 7, cold mixtures - table. 8.

Table 6

Grain compositions of the mineral part of hot and warm mixtures

for dense asphalt concrete used in topcoats

Name and type
	Continuous Grain Compounds
Fine-grained types:
Sand types:
	Intermittent Grain Compounds
Fine-grained types:

Table 7

Name and type	Mass fraction,% of grains of mineral material finer, mm
	Continuous Grain Compounds
	Intermittent Grain Compounds
Dense coarse grained types:
	Continuous Grain Compounds
Highly porous sand
	Intermittent Grain Compounds
Porous and highly porous coarse and fine-grained

Table 8

Grain compositions of cold mixtures used in the upper layers of coatings

Name and type	Mass fraction,% of grains of mineral material finer, mm
Fine-grained types: B x H x
Sand types: G x and D x

The recommended content of bitumen in mixtures is given in Appendix 1. 2.16. The compositions of hot and warm mixtures for dense asphalt concrete and cold mixtures of grades I and II containing samples of products of crushing of igneous rocks should include mineral powder and, in accordance with clause 3.5 of this standard, to such an extent that the content of grains of their powders finer than 0.071 mm was not less than 50% by weight of this fraction. 2.17. It is allowed not to include mineral powder in the compositions of hot and warm mixtures for dense asphalt concrete grades II and cold mixtures grade II containing gravel crushing products and used in the fourth and fifth climatic zones, provided that the grains are smaller than 0.071 mm and contain calcium carbonates and magnesium (CaCO 3 + M g CO 3) is at least 40% by weight. 2.18. Mineral powders may not be included in mixtures for dense asphalt concrete grades III and for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete grades I and II containing screenings of crushing products. 2.19. In the compositions of hot and warm mixtures of type G, to improve workability, it is allowed to introduce natural sand in an amount of not more than 30% by weight. 2.20. Mineral powders may not be included in the compositions of cold mixtures of grades I and II containing products of crushing of carbonate rocks. 2.21. The permissible error in the dosage of the components during the preparation of the mixture should not exceed ± 3% for crushed stone (gravel) and sand, ± 1.5% of the mass of the corresponding component for mineral powder and bitumen. 2.22. The temperature of the mixtures  when discharged from the mixer and laid in a structural layer, it must correspond to that indicated in the table. 9.

Table 9

		The temperature of the mixtures, ° C
Type of mixture	Bitumen grade	upon release from the mixer	in paver when laying in a structural layer, not lower
Hot	BND 40/60
Warm	BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 130/200 BN 200/300
	SG 130/200
	MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
	SG 70/130
Cold	MG 70/130 MGO 70/130

2.2 3. When using activated mineral powders or surfactants, the temperature is hot mixed with batum and m arches BND 40/60, BND 60/90, BND 90/130, BN 60/90 and BN 90/130 should be below 20 ° C; with bitumen and grades BND 130/200, BND 200/300, BN 130/200 and BN 200/300 - at 10 ° С below the date indicated on the table. 9.2.24. The temperature of their hot mixtures may be 10 ° С higher than indicated in the table. 9, if and their laying is carried out at an ambient temperature below 5 ° C.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS

3.1. Paper 3.1.1. For the preparation of hot mixtures, one should use viscous oil road bitumen grades BND 40/60, BND 60/90, BND 90/130, BN 60/90, BN 90/130 in accordance with GOST 22245-76, and for for warm mixtures - viscous bitumens of grades BND 130/200, BND 200/300, BN 1 30/200, BN 200/300 in accordance with GOST 22245-76, as well as liquid bum grades of grades SG 1 30/200, MG 130 / 200 and MGO 130/200 in accordance with GOST 11955-82. For the preparation of cold mixtures, oil road bitumen of grades SG 70/130, MG 70/130 and MGO 70/130 according to GOST 11955-82 should be used. Liquid mixtures of grade SG should be used for cold mixtures of grade I. It is also possible to use batches of the MG and MGO classes under the condition of using activated mineral powders or pretreatment of mineral materials with a mixture of bitumen with a surface-active and in other respects. For cold mixes of brand II, liquid batum grades of classes SG, MG and MGO should be used. 3.1.2. The brand of bitumen is chosen depending on the type of mixture, climatic conditions, and the category of road and airdrome in accordance with the recommended appendices 2-4. 3.2. Crushed stone and gravel 3.2.1. For the preparation of mixtures, it is necessary to use crushed stone from natural stone obtained by crushing a mountain city in accordance with GOST 8267-82, as well as crushed stone from gravel in accordance with GOST 10260- 82, crushed stone from metallurgical slag in accordance with GOST 3344 -83, gravel according to GOST 8268-82. It is not allowed to use gravel from clay (marl) limestones, clay sandstones and clay shales. 3.2.2. For the preparation of mixtures, gravel or gravel of the following fractions should be mentioned: from 5 to 10; St. 10 to 20; St. 20 to 40 mm. Additional accelerates the use of crushed stone and gravel in the form of mixtures and adjacent fractions. 3.2.3. The presence of a grained layer of a honeycomb (flaky) form in crushed stone should not exceed for mixtures of type A - 15% by weight, B, B x - 25%, B, B x - 35%. 3.2.4. Strength grade and others are also shown by the properties of crushed stone and gravel, and, depending on the grade, type and type of mixtures, must correspond to those indicated in Table. 10.3.3. S ection 3.3.1. For the preparation of mixtures, natural and crushed sand should be mentioned and, in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8736- 85. 3.3.2. It is allowed to mention screenings of products of crushing of rocks and gravel that meet the requirements of normative and technical documentation approved in the established order. 3.3.3. The indices and properties of crushed sand and screenings of products of crushed rocks and gravel depending on the mark and type and type of mixtures should correspond to those indicated in Table. eleven . 3.4. Sand and gravel mix 3.4.1. To prepare mixtures, sand and gravel mixtures should be used that meet the requirements of GOST 23735-79. 3.4.2. The gravel, which is part of the sand and gravel mix, should not meet the requirements of Table. 10.3.5. Mineral powder 3.5.1. To prepare the mixture, it is necessary to use activated and inactivated mineral powder and meeting the requirements of GOST 16557-78.

Table 10

Indicators of properties of crushed stone and gravel

Standards for mixes of brands

Name

indicator

Hot and warm types

Cold types

Porous and highly

Hot and warm types

Cold types

Porous and highly

Hot and warm types

porous

porous

Mark of crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks by strength during crushing in the cylinder, not lower

The same for crushed stone from sedimentary rocks, not lower

Mark of crushed stone from metallurgical slag, not lower

Gravel of crushed stone from gravel, not higher

Gravel grade, not higher

Wear grade, not lower: a) crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks b) crushed stone from sedimentary carbonate and non-carbonate rocks c) crushed stone from gravel or gravel

Not rated

Not rated

Mark on frost resistance for all types of crushed stone and gravel, not lower: a) in harsh and moderate climatic conditions b) in mild climatic conditions

Notes: 1. In mixes for dense type B asphalt concrete grades II, as well as for porous and highly porous, mark and I asphalt concrete, grade 400 sedimentary carbonate rocks are allowed provided that they are pre-treated with a mixture of bitumen with anionic surfactants of the type . Under the same condition, it is allowed to use grade III B grade dense asphalt mixes, as well as porous and highly porous grade II asphalt concrete, of grade 300 sedimentary carbonate rocks. 2. Severe climatic conditions are characterized by a monthly average temperature of more than the coldest month is below minus 15 ° С, moderate - from minus 5 to minus 15 ° С, mild - to minus 5 ° С. 3.5.2. It is allowed to use as mineral powders: ground basic metallurgical slag - in hot and warm mixtures of grades II and III for dense asphalt concrete, grades I and II - for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete and in cold mixtures of grade II; powder industrial waste - in hot and warm mixtures of grade III for dense asphalt concrete and grades I and II for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete. The properties of crushed main metallurgical materials and their slags and powder industrial wastes should correspond to those indicated in Table. 12.

Table 11

Indicators of properties of crushed sand and screenings of crushing products

rocks and gravel

	Standards for mixes of brands
	Hot, warm and cold types		Porous and highly	Hot, warm and cold types			Porous and highly	Hot and warm types
	A, B, B x, B, B x		porous	A, B, B x, B, B x			porous
The ultimate strength of the original rock in compression, MPa (kgf / cm 2), not less
Grade of initial gravel in crushability, not lower
Mass fraction of clay impurities,%, no more

  Note. For mixtures of type G grades I and II, crushed sands and screenings of crushing products only from igneous rocks should be used.

Table 12

	Standards for the types of materials
Name indicator	ground basic metallurgical slag	fly ash and ash mixes	cement plant fly ash
1. Grain composition,% by mass, not less than: smaller than 1.25 mm smaller than 0.315 mm smaller than 0.071 mm
2. Porosity,% by volume, not more than
3. Swelling of samples from a mixture of mineral powder with bitumen,% by volume, not more than		Do not standardize
4. The coefficient of water resistance of samples from a mixture of powder with bitumen, not less
5. The indicator of bitumen intensity, g, not more
6. The content of water-soluble compounds,% by weight, not more than	Do not standardize
7. Humidity,% by mass, not more than
8. The content of alkali metal oxides (Na 2 O + K 2 O),% by mass, not more than	Do not standardize	Do not standardize
9. Loss on ignition,% by weight, not more than			Do not standardize
10. The content of free calcium oxide CaO,% by weight

4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

4.1. When preparing mixtures and arranging them from their road and airfield coatings and substrates, the requirements of building codes and safety rules in construction should be observed; Safety regulations for the construction, repair and maintenance of roads, approved by Mnntransstroy on April 28, 1977 and the Minavtodor of the RSFSR on February 25, 1977 and agreed with the Central Committee of the trade union of road transport and highway workers on January 25, 1977; Safety and sanitary regulations for the construction and repair of urban roads, work at asphalt plants  and production bases of road maintenance organizations, introduced by order of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR of June 11, 1976 and agreed with the Central Committee of the trade union of workers in local industry and public utilities on April 29, 1976.

5. RULES OF ACCEPTANCE

5.1. Acceptance of mixtures is carried out in batches. 5.2. When accepting and shipping hot and warm mixtures, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of one composition produced at one installation during a shift, but not more than 400 tons. 5.3. When accepting cold mixtures, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of one composition produced by the plant during one shift, but not more than 200 tons. After acceptance, the mixture is placed in a warehouse where it can be mixed with another cold mixture of the same composition. 5.4. When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to cars, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of the same composition shipped to one consumer during the day. When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to rail or water vehicles, the party considers the quantity of a mixture of the same composition shipped in one train or in one barge. 5.5. The amount of mixture supplied is determined by weight. The mixture shipped to wagons or cars is weighed on a rail or truck scale. The mass of the cold mixture shipped to the ships is determined by the draft of the ship. 5.6. For quality control, mixtures are taken at the manufacturing plant and tested one sample from each batch. Sampling is performed according to GOST 12801-84. When controlling the quality of mixtures, the following indicators are determined: temperature of the finished mixture; grain composition and bitumen content; water pumps; swelling; the compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C for all mixes and at a temperature of 50 ° C for hot and warm mixtures; water resistance coefficient; caking (only for cold mixes). The caking index should be determined 2-3 times per shift. 5.7. The manufacturer is also obliged to periodically check the mixtures according to the following indicators: porosity of the mineral core; residual porosity; ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C after heating (only for cold mixtures) and at 0 ° C (for hot and warm mixtures); water resistance coefficient during prolonged water saturation; adhesion of bitumen to the mineral part of the mixtures. Periodic monitoring should be carried out less than once every six months and with each change in the materials used in the preparation of mixtures, as well as in the design of mixtures. 5.8. The consumer has the right to carry out a verification check of the compliance of asphalt concrete mixtures with the requirements of this standard, while observing the sampling procedure established by this standard and GOST 12801-84, and using the test methods specified in GOST 12801-84. 5.9. For control tests of asphalt concrete mixtures shipped to automobiles, three samples are taken from each batch directly from the car bodies. For control tests of cold asphalt mixtures. shipped to rail or water vehicles, three samples are taken from each wagon or barge. Each sample of the mixture is taken from different places of the car or barges and at different depths. Samples are not mixed and tested separately. Upon receipt of unsatisfactory test results of at least one sample, repeated tests of the military quantity of the sample are performed. In case of unsatisfactory results of repeated tests, the batch is rejected. 5.10. In the case of heterogeneity of hot and warm mixtures, visually assessed by the presence of grains of mineral material uncovered with bitumen, accumulation of bitumen and mineral powder, as well as if the temperature of the mixture does not meet the requirements of Table. 9 cm are rejected.

6. TEST METHODS

6.1. Tests of asphalt mixtures - according to GOST 12801-84. 6.2. Testing methods of materials used for the preparation of mixtures should comply with: GOST 11501-78, GOST 11503-74, GOST 11504-73, GOST 11505-75, GOST 11506-73, GOST 11507-78, GOST 11508- 74, GOST 11510-65, GOST 11511-65, GOST 11512-65 and GOST 43 33-48 for bitumen, GOST 8269-76 for crushed stone and gravel, GOST 8735-75 for sand, GOST 12784-78 for mineral powder.

7. MA RKI ROVKA, T REPORTING AND STORAGE

7.1. Upon shipment to the consumer, the manufacturer must accompany the mixture with a passport, which must include: the name of the manufacturer; number and date of issue of the passport; name and address of the consumer; type, type and brand of the mixture; mixture weight; temperature hot mix; departure time of the hot mixture; shelf life (for cold mix); designation of this standard. 7.2. Hot and warm mixtures are transported to the place of installation by cars, while the mixture loaded into each car is accompanied by a passport. 7.3. Cold mixtures are transported by automobiles, railroad cars or barges, with the mixture in each vehicle accompanying the passport. 7.4. In the summer, cold mixtures can be stored in open areas, in the autumn-winter period - in closed warehouses or under a canopy in piles with a height of not more than 2 m.

8. MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTIES

8.1. The manufacturer guarantees compliance of the produced mixture with the requirements of this standard, subject to the conditions of transportation and storage. 8.2. Guaranteed shelf life of cold mixtures using bitumen SG 70/130 - 4 months, using bitumen MG 70/130 and MGO 70/130 - 8 months from the date of preparation.

and names of mixtures	Types of Mixtures	Type of asphalt concrete
Hot and warm: coarse			5,0 ¾ 6,0_
			5,5 ¾ 6,5_
		Porous	4,0 ¾ 6,0_
		Highly porous	2,5 ¾ 3,0_
fine-grained			5,0 ¾ 6,0_
			5,5 ¾ 6,5_
		Porous	4,5 ¾ 6,0_
		Highly porous	2,5 ¾ 3,5_
sandy
		Highly porous
Cold: fine-grained
sandy

  Note. The numerator contains the content of bitumen for mixtures with continuous grain composition, the denominator ¾ with intermittent grain composition.

Area of \u200b\u200bapplication of asphalt concrete in the device of the upper layers of road surfaces

	asphalt	I, II, III p, I s		III, IV p, I s, II s
zone		Mix brand	Bitumen grade	Mix brand		Mix brand
					BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300
	Tight from hot and warm mixes		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 MGO 130/200
	From cold mixes	Do not use			SG 70/130
	Tight of hot mixes						BN 90/130
	From cold mixes	Do not use			SG 70/130		SG 70/130 MG 70/130 MGO 70/130

  Note: 1. The BN 40/60 brand must comply with the technical conditions approved in accordance with the established procedure. 2. For urban roads and highways and roads, asphalt concrete should be used from mixtures of road and grades recommended for roads of categories I and II; for roads of industrial and warehouse areas - recommended for roads of the third category; for other streets and roads - recommended for roads of the fourth category.

and reconstruction of runways

and main taxiways of aerodromes

	asphalt
zone		Mix brand	Bitumen grade	Mix brand		Mix brand
	Tight of hot mixes		BND 90/130		BND 90/130		BND 90/130
	Tight of hot mixes		BND 60/90 BND 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 60/90 BN 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 60/90 BN 90/130
	Tight of hot mixes		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130

Area of \u200b\u200bapplication of asphalt concrete during construction

and reconstruction of the upper layers of coatings of other taxiways, parking lots and aprons of airfields

	asphalt
zone		Mix brand	Bitumen grade	Mix brand		Mix brand
	Tight from hot and warm mixes		BND 90/130		BND 90/130 BND 130/200		BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200
	Tight of their hot and warm mixes		BND 60/90 BND 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130		BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 SG 130/200
	Tight of hot mixes		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90		BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130
	From cold mixes	Do not use			SG 70/130		SG 70/130 MG 70/130 MGO 70/130

.

A rationally selected mixture of mineral materials [crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder] with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state.

The laying temperature of the a / b mixture is at least 120 ° C.

Fine-grained a / b mixture with the number of grains up to 20 mm.

High-density a / b of the hot mixture has a residue. porosity of st. 2.5 to 5.0%;

A / b: Type A (depending on the gravel content of St. 50 to 60%).

Asphalt mix: Brand I.

Asphalt concrete mix type D, grade II, dense asphalt concrete in accordance with GOST 9128-2009

It is used for the installation of upper layers of coatings in new construction and overhaul of roads of category III, pedestrian zones and sidewalks. Characteristics of the mixture:

sandy asphalt mix on natural sand, with the size of mineral grains up to 5 mm;

temperature of the asphalt mixture during shipment from 145 to 155 ° C.

The physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete meet the requirements of GOST 9128-2009.

Asphalt concrete mix type B, grade II dense asphalt concrete in accordance with GOST 9128-2009

It is used for the installation of upper layers of coatings during new construction and overhaul of roads of category III, streets, driveways, sites, pedestrian zones. Characteristics of asphalt mix and asphalt concrete:

fine-grained asphalt mix, with a grain size of up to 20 mm;

dense asphalt concrete with residual porosity of st. 2.5 - 5.0%;

temperature of the mixture during shipment from 145 to 155 ° C.

MIXES ASPHALT CONCRETE AND ASPHALT CONCRETE

1. Definitions Asphalt mix  - a rationally selected mixture of mineral materials (crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder) with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state. Asphalt concrete  - compacted asphalt mixture. Asphalt is often called the word asphalt. 2. History  Initially, in the 19th century, city streets were paved with stones (cobblestone pavement). Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, in France, Switzerland and the USA and in a number of other countries, paving is started from bitumen-mineral mixtures. In 1876, for the first time in the United States, cast asphalt prepared using oil bitumen. For the first time, asphalt concrete pavement was used to cover the sidewalks of the Royal Bridge in Paris in the 30s of the XIX century. In the early 1930s, sidewalks on the Moran bridge across the Rhone River in Lyon were covered with asphalt in France in the Department of En. The booming road network required new types pavementthat could be built as fast as subgrade. So, in 1892, in the USA, the first road construction was made of concrete with a width of 3 m by industrial method, and 12 years later using a tarmac with the free flow of hot bitumen 29 km of the road. Asphalt turned out to be the most suitable material for paving. Firstly, it becomes more even, and therefore less noisy and has the necessary roughness. Secondly, on laid asphalt concrete, you can immediately open the movement and not wait until it hardens, unlike cement concrete, which gains the necessary strength only on the 28th day. Thirdly, the coating of asphalt concrete is easily repaired, washed, cleaned, any marking is well supported on it. In the summer of 1839, sidewalks were covered in St. Petersburg over 45.5 linear fathoms 5 feet wide (97.08 * 1.52 m) and part of the bridge 8.5 feet long and 6.5 feet wide (2.59 * 1 , 98 m) at the dam of the Tuchkov bridge. The first in Russia to establish the production of asphalt was engineer I.F. Buttats. The cost of 1 square. m of coverage cost 14 rubles. For the first time, Russian asphalt was mined at the Syzran plant in 1873 (on the right bank of the Volga 20 km higher than Syzran). In 1876, the Moscow City Duma allocated 50 thousand rubles to conduct an experiment on the installation of asphalt concrete pavement. Several sections of new material were built on Tverskaya Street. 3. Main parameters and types  Asphalt mixtures (hereinafter referred to as mixtures) and asphalt concrete are divided into crushed stone, gravel and sand depending on the type of mineral component. Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen used and the temperature during installation, are divided into:

hotprepared using viscous and liquid petroleum road bitumen and laid with a temperature of at least 120 ° C;

coldprepared using liquid petroleum road bitumen  and stacked with a temperature of at least 5 ° C.

Hot mixes and asphalt concrete, depending on the largest size of mineral grains, are divided into:

coarse-grained with a grain size of up to 40 mm;

fine-grained - up to 20 mm;

sand - up to 5 mm .;

Cold mixtures are divided into fine-grained and sandy. Asphalt concrete from hot mixtures, depending on the value of residual porosity, is divided into types:

high density residual porosity from 1.0 to 2.5%;

dense - from 2.5 to 5.0%;

porous - from 5.0 to 10.0%;

highly porous - from 10.0 to 18.0%.

Asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should have a residual porosity of more than 6.0 to 10.0%. Crushed stone and gravel hot mixes and dense asphalt concrete, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types:

"A"   - with crushed stone content from 50 to 60%;

"B"   - from 40 to 50%;

"IN"   - from 30 to 40%.

Crushed stone and gravel cold mixtures and the corresponding asphalt concrete, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types Bx and Bx. Hot and cold sand mixtures and their corresponding asphalt concrete, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types:

"G and Gh"   - on sands from crushing screenings, as well as on their mixtures with natural sand when the content of the latter is not more than 30% by weight;

"D and Dh"   - on natural sands or mixtures of natural sands with screenings of crushing when the content of the latter is less than 70% by weight.

Mixtures and asphalt concrete, depending on the indicators of physical and mechanical properties and the materials used, are divided into grades indicated in the table:

The brand of the mixture and asphalt concrete determines the indicators of physical and mechanical properties, water saturation, grain compositions and porosity of the mineral part. Characteristics of grades of mixtures and asphalt concrete in accordance with GOST 9128-97. "Mixtures of asphalt concrete road, airfield and asphalt concrete" (230kB) 4. Material Requirements  Crushed stone from dense rocks and gravel, crushed stone from slag, which are part of the mixtures, by grain composition, strength, content of dust and clay particles, clay content in lumps must meet the requirements   The content of lamellar (flaky) grains in crushed stone and gravel should be no more than the mass:

15% - for mixtures of type A and high-density;

25% - for mixtures of types B, Bx;

35% - for mixtures of types B, Bx.

Gravel-sand mixtures according to the grain composition must meet the requirements of GOST 23735, and gravel and sand, which are part of these mixtures, - GOST 8267-93. "Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work." (179kB)  and GOST 8736-93. "Sand for construction work." (106kB)  respectively. For the preparation of mixtures and asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel fractions from 5 to 10 mm, from 10 to 20 (15) mm, from 20 (15) to 40 mm, and also mixtures of these fractions are used. Mineral powder, which is part of mixtures and asphalt concrete, must meet the requirements of GOST 16557. It is allowed to use industrial waste as porous and highly porous asphalt concrete, as well as for dense asphalt concrete of grades II and III. industrial production  (crushed basic metallurgical slag, ash ash, ash and slag mixtures, dust-entrainment of cement plants, etc.). For the preparation of mixtures, viscous petroleum bitumen is used in accordance with GOST 22245 and liquid in accordance with GOST 11955, as well as polymer-bitumen binders and modified bitumen  by technical documentationagreed upon in the established manner.

Asphalt, price  which depends on many of its characteristics - this is a viscous non-crystalline material, in its bulk consisting of hydrocarbons. In terms of chemical composition, asphalt is at least 80% carbon and about 15% hydrogen, the remaining 5% include

oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and a number of different metals.

Most of all in natural asphalt (up to 75%) contains bitumen, which is an artificial, residual product of oil refining, which differs in a solid or viscous consistency.

The composition of petroleum bitumen includes several groups of substances that have different solubilities: asphaltenes, asphaltene acids, neutral resins, petroleum oils, carbenes and carbides (substances that cannot be dissolved using organic compounds).

Asphaltenes provide characteristics such as hardness and high softening temperature of bitumen, resins give them elasticity and cementing properties, oils - frost resistance.

Asphalt is a complex material: it is considered colloidal and is a dispersion of a material having a high molecular weight in a liquid with a lower molecular weight.

Asphalt is a very flexible material, it adheres well to other surfaces, is wear-resistant and waterproof, and is also extremely resistant to the effects of a large number of salts, acids and alkalis. With all its remarkable properties, it tends to collapse when used improperly. Before as buy asphalt, carefully study the properties of the mixtures offered to you. The influence of water, the influence of temperature extremes and ultraviolet radiation lead to a slow splitting of asphalt into carbon dioxide and water.

Asphalt has excellent thermoplastic properties: hard asphalt, for example, is a plastic material that can easily be molded and processed in the mold in hot or cold state under high pressure.

At ambient temperature, asphalt is a liquid with very high viscosity characteristics, unsuitable for processing. In this case, asphalt can be converted to give it a composition suitable for processing. You can do this using the following methods:

Heating: asphalt is heated for use on large and medium areas (road surfaces, roofing of large buildings, etc.);

Mixing with petrochemical solvents (dilution) is the most expensive operation in which solvents are used to reduce the viscosity of asphalt;

Emulsification in water to create an emulsion is the cheapest process that does the least harm to the environment.

Buy asphalt concrete  It is worth only carefully studying the documentation from the manufacturer of the material.

Properties of asphalt emulsions

Asphaltic emulsions are dispersions of very finely ground bitumen located in an aqueous medium. Such emulsions are characterized by low viscosity - they are used at ambient temperature, that is, this material is ideal for the construction industry and is used very widely. There are two classes of asphalt emulsions: chemical (emulsions with an alkaline emulsifier) \u200b\u200band clay.

Asphalt emulsions are most often used in the construction of road surfaces for freeways, the installation of roofing, as well as adhesive and sealing compounds in the construction industry.

One of the main advantages of adhesives and sealants on a bitumen basis is their low cost. Bitumen is several times cheaper than synthetic polymers and rubbers, so the benefit of its use both as an independent material and in mixtures with other polymers does not raise any doubts.

Using emulsions, gluing, coating, impregnation of surfaces, the creation of moisture-proof coatings, and surface insulation are carried out. Use bitumen emulsions and as adhesives when laying the roof,

the creation of building shells, insulation of buildings, as well as other operations that require the rapid evaporation of water from joints.

Emulsion viscosity is the main criterion for its use. As a rule, when creating a coating or sealing the surface, it is necessary to give the emulsion a higher viscosity to obtain a film of the required thickness. Asphalt emulsion, which is used when bonding the layers of the shell, must have sufficient fluidity so that the layer is as uniform as possible. Therefore, to obtain the desired properties, it may be necessary to dilute the emulsion with water.

MIXES ASPHALT CONCRETE ROAD, AERODROME AND ASPHALT CONCRETE
SPECIFICATIONS
GOST 9128-97

Date of introduction from 1991-01-01

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

This standard applies to asphalt mixes and asphalt concrete used for coating and founding roads, airfields, city streets and squares, roads of industrial enterprises in accordance with applicable building codes. The scope of asphalt concrete in the device of the upper layers of the coatings of roads, city streets and airfields is given in Appendix A, B and C.

The requirements set forth in 5.2 - 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9 - 5.15, sections 4, 6 and 7 are mandatory.

2. Normative references

3. Definitions

The following terms and definitions apply in this Standard:

Asphalt mix  - a rationally selected mixture of mineral materials [crushed stone (gravel) and sand with or without mineral powder] with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state.

Asphalt concrete  - compacted asphalt mixture.

4. Main parameters and types

4.2. Mixtures, depending on the viscosity of the bitumen used and the temperature during installation, are divided into:
  hot, prepared using viscous and liquid petroleum road bitumen and stacked with a temperature of at least 120 ° C;
  cold, prepared using liquid petroleum road bitumen and stacked with a temperature of at least 5 ° C.

4.3. Hot mixes and asphalt concrete, depending on the largest size of mineral grains, are divided into:
  coarse-grained with a grain size of up to 40 mm;
  fine-grained with a grain size of up to 20 mm;
  sand with a grain size of up to 5 mm.

Cold mixtures are divided into fine-grained and sandy.

4.4. Asphalt concrete from hot mixtures, depending on the value of residual porosity, is divided into types:
  high density residual porosity from 1.0 to 2.5%;
  dense with residual porosity of st. 2.5 to 5.0%;
  porous with residual porosity of st. 5.0 to 10.0%;
highly porous with residual porosity of over 10.0 to 18.0%.

Asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should have a residual porosity of more than 6.0 to 10.0%.

4.5. Crushed stone and gravel hot mixes and dense asphalt concrete, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types:
  And with the content of gravel St. 50 to 60%;
  B with the content of crushed stone of St. 40 to 50%;
  In with the content of gravel St. 30 to 40%.

Crushed stone and gravel cold mixtures and the corresponding asphalt concrete, depending on the content of crushed stone (gravel) in them, are divided into types Bx and Bx.

Hot and cold sand mixtures and their corresponding asphalt concrete, depending on the type of sand, are divided into types:
  Г and Гх - on sands from crushing screenings, as well as on their mixtures with natural sand with the content of the latter not more than 30% by weight;
  D and Dx - on natural sands or mixtures of natural sands with screenings of crushing when the content of the latter is less than 70% by weight.

4.6. Mixtures and asphalt concrete, depending on the indicators of physical and mechanical properties and the materials used, are divided into grades listed in table 1.

Table 1

5. Technical requirements

5.1. Mixtures shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements of this standard. technological regulationsapproved in the prescribed manner by the manufacturer.

5.2. Grain compositions of the mineral part of mixtures and asphalt concrete should correspond to those specified in table 2 - for the lower layers of coatings and substrates; table 3 - for the upper layers of coatings.

table 2
Percentage by weight

	Grain size, mm, smaller
	5,0	0,63	0,071
Dense types: A B	40 to 50 50 to 60	12 to 50 From 20 to 60	4 to 10 6 to 12
Porous	40 to 60	10 to 60	0 to 8
Highly porous crushed stone	40 to 60	10 to 60	4 to 8
Highly porous sand	90 to 100	25 to 85	4 to 10

Table 3
Percentage by weight

Type and type of mixtures and asphalt concrete	Grain size, mm, smaller
	20	15	10	5	2,5	1,25	0,63	0,315	0,14	0,071
Hot high density	90-100	70-100 (90-100)	56-100 (90-100)	35-50	24-50	18-50	13-50	12-50	11-28	10-16
Dense types:	Continuous Grain Compounds
A	90-100	75-100 (90-100)	62-100 (90-100)	40-50	28-38	20-28	14-20	10-16	6-12	4-10
B	90-100	80-100	70-100	50-60	38-48	28-37	20-28	14-22	10-16	6-12
IN	90-100	85-100	75-100	60-70	48-60	37-50	28-40	20-30	13-20	8-14
G	-	-	-	80-100	65-82	45-65	30-50	20-36	15-25	8-16
D	-	-	-	80-100	60-93	45-85	30-75	20-55	25-33	10-16
	Intermittent Grain Compounds
A	90-100	75-85	62-70	40-50	28-50	20-50	14-50	10-28	6-16	4-10
B	90-100	80-90	70-77	50-60	38-60	28-60	20-60	14-34	10-20	6-12
Cold types:
Bh	90-100	85-100	70-100	50-60	33-46	21-38	15-30	10-22	9-16	8-12
Bx	90-100	85-100	75-100	60-70	48-60	38-50	30-40	23-32	17-24	12-17
Gh and Dh	-	-	-	80-100	62-82	40-68	25-55	18-43	14-30	12-20

Notes
1. The requirements for grain compositions of the mineral part of the asphalt concrete mixtures are indicated in parentheses, while the design documentation limits the size of crushed stone to be used
2. During acceptance tests, it is allowed to determine the grain composition of the mixtures from the control sieves in accordance with the data in bold.

Table 4

Name of indicator	Value for brand asphalt concrete
	I			II			III
	for climatic zones
	I	II, III	IV, V	I	II, III	IV, V	I	II, III	IV, V
Compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C, MPa, not less than for high-density asphalt concrete	1,0	1,1	1,2
dense types: A B IN R D	0,9 1,0 - 1,1 -	1,0 1,2 - 1,3 -	1,1 1,3 - 1,6 -	0,8 0,9 1,1 1,0 1,1	0,9 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,3	1,0 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5	- 0,8 1,0 0,9 1,0	- 0,9 1,1 1,0 1,1	- 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2
Compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C for all types of asphalt concrete, MPa, not less	2,5	2,5	2,5	2,2	2,2	2,2	2,0	2,0	2,0
Compressive strength at a temperature of 0 ° C for asphalt concrete of all types, MPa, no more	9,0	11,0	13,0	10,0	12,0	13,0	10,0	12,0	13,0
Water resistance, not less dense asphalt concrete high density asphalt concrete dense asphalt concrete with prolonged water saturation high-density asphalt concrete with prolonged water saturation	0,95 0,95 0,90 0,95	0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90	0,85 0,90 0,75 0,85	0,90	0,85	0,80	0,85	0,75	0,70

Note.
In addition, when selecting compositions of asphalt concrete mixtures, shear and crack resistance are determined, while the norms for these indicators should be given in the design documentation for the construction of coatings based on specific operating conditions.

5.3. The physical and mechanical properties of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixtures of various grades used in specific road-climatic zones should correspond to those indicated in table 4.

5.4. Water saturation of high-density and dense asphalt concrete from hot mixtures should correspond to that indicated in table 5.

Table 5
Percentage by volume

Note.
The water saturation indicators of asphalt concrete used in specific road and climatic zones can be specified within the specified limits in the design documentation for construction.

5.5. The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from hot mixtures should be,%, not more than:
  high-density ................................ 16;
  dense types:
  A and B ............................................ 19;
  B, D and D ......................................... 22;
  porous ........................................ 23;
  highly porous macadam ........... 24;
  highly porous sand ................ 28.

5.6. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties of porous and highly porous asphalt concrete from hot mixtures should correspond to those indicated in table 6.

5.7. The physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures of various grades should correspond to those indicated in table 7.

Table 6

Note.
For coarse-grained asphalt concrete, the compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C and water resistance are not standardized.

(Amended, 1999 Amendment)

Table 7

5.8. The porosity of the mineral part of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should be,%, no more, for types:
  Bh ............................. 18;
  In ............................. 20;
  Gh and Dh .................... 21.

5.9. Water saturation of asphalt concrete from cold mixtures should be from 5 to 9,% by volume.

5.10. Traceability of cold mixtures, characterized by the number of strokes according to GOST 12801, should be no more than 10.

5.11. The temperature of hot and cold mixtures during shipment to the consumer and to the warehouse, depending on the performance of bitumen, should correspond to those indicated in table 8.

Table 8

Type of mixture	Mixture temperature, ° C, depending on the bitumen index
	needle penetration depth 0.1 mm at 25 ° C, mm					viscometer viscosity with a hole of 5 mm at 60 ° C
	40-60	61-90	91-130	131-200	201-300	70-130	131-200
Hot	150 to 160	145 to 155	140 to 150	130 to 140	120 to 130		110 to 120
Cold						80 to 100	100 to 120

Notes.
1. When using surfactants or activated mineral powders, it is allowed to reduce the temperature of hot mixtures by 20 ° C.
2. For high-density asphalt concrete and asphalt concrete with polymer-bitumen binders it is allowed to increase the temperature of the finished mixtures by 20 ° C, while observing the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 to the air of the working area.

5.12. Mixtures and asphalt concrete, depending on the value of the total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff in the used mineral materials, are used for:
  And eff up to 740 Bq / kg - for the construction of roads and airfields without restrictions;
  And St. 740 to 2800 Bq / kg - for the construction of roads outside settlements and areas of prospective development.

5.13. Mixtures must pass the test for adhesion of bitumen to the surface of the mineral part.

5.14. Mixtures should be homogeneous. The uniformity of hot mixtures is estimated by the coefficient of variation of the compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C, cold mixtures - coefficient of variation of water saturation. The coefficient of variation should be as specified in table 9.

Table 9

5.15. Material requirements

5.15.1. Crushed stone from dense rocks and gravel, crushed stone from slag, which are part of the mixtures, by grain composition, strength, content of dust and clay particles, clay content in lumps must meet the requirements of GOST 8267 and GOST 3344. The content of lamellar (flaky) form grains in crushed stone and gravel should be,% by mass, not more than:
  15 - for mixtures of type A and high-density;
  25 - for mixtures of types B, Bx;
  35 - for mixtures of types B, Bx.

Gravel-sand mixtures according to the grain composition must meet the requirements of GOST 23735, and the gravel and sand that are part of these mixtures must comply with GOST 8267 and GOST 8736, respectively.

For the preparation of mixtures and asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel fractions from 5 to 10 mm, more than 10 to 20 (15) mm, more than 20 (15) to 40 mm, and also mixtures of these fractions are used.

Strength and frost resistance of crushed stone and gravel for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must comply with those indicated in table 10.

5.15.2. Natural sand and from crushing screenings of rocks must meet the requirements of GOST 8736, while the grade for sand strength from crushing screenings and the content of clay particles determined by the swelling method for mixtures and asphalt concrete of specific grades and types must correspond to those specified in table 11, and the total content grains less than 0.16 mm (including dust and clay particles) in the sand from the screenings of crushing is not standardized.

(Amended, 1999 Amendment)

Table 10

Name of indicator	Value for brand mixes
	I				II						III
	hot type		cold type		porous and highly porous	hot type			cold type		porous and highly porous	hot type
	high- dense	B	Bh	Bx		A	B	IN	Bh	Bx		B	IN
Brand, not lower crushability:
	1200	1200	1000	800	800	1000	1000	800	800	600	600	800	600
	1200	1000	800	600	600	1000	800	600	600	400	400	600	400
c) crushed stone from metallurgical slag	-	1200	1000	1000	800	1200	1000	800	800	600	600	800	600
d) crushed stone from gravel	-	1000	1000	800	600	1000	800	600	800	600	400	600	400
e) gravel								600	800	600	400	600	400
by abrasion:
a) crushed stone from igneous and metamorphic rocks	I1	I1	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	AND 2	AND 2	I3	I3	I4	Not the norm.	I3	I4
b) crushed stone from sedimentary rocks	I1	AND 2	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	I1	AND 2	I3	I3	I4	Not the norm.	I3	I4
c) crushed stone from gravel and gravel	-	I1	I1	AND 2	Not the norm.	I1	AND 2	I3	AND 2	I3	Not the norm.	I3	I4
frost resistance for all types of crushed stone and gravel:
a) for climatic zones I, II, III	F50	F50	F50	F50	F25	F50	F50	F25	F25	F25	F15	F25	F25
b) for climatic zones IV, V	F50	F50	F25	F25	F25	F50	F25	F15	F15	F15	F15	F15	F15

(Amended, 1999 Amendment)

Table 11

Name of indicator	Value for mixes and brand asphalt concrete
	I			II			III
	hot and cold type		porous and highly porous	hot and cold type		porous and highly porous	hot type
	A, B, Bx, Bx, high- dense	G, gh		A, B, Bx, C	G, D, DX		B, c	G, D
Grade on the strength of sand from screenings of crushing rocks and gravel	800	1000	600	600	800	400	400	600
The content of clay particles, determined by the method of swelling,% by weight, not more than	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	1,0	1,0	1,0

Note.
For mixtures of type G grade I, it is necessary to use sands from screenings for crushing eruptions of gravel rocks according to GOST 8736 with a grain content of less than 0.16 mm not more than 5.0% by weight.

5.15.3. Mineral powder, which is part of mixtures and asphalt concrete, must meet the requirements of GOST 16557. It is allowed to use industrial waste (ground basic metallurgical slag, ash, ash and slag) as a mineral powder for porous and highly porous asphalt concrete, as well as for dense asphalt concrete of grades II and III. mixtures, dust-entrainment of cement plants, etc.), the properties of which correspond to those indicated in table 12.

5.15.4. Bitumen requirements

5.15.4.1. For the preparation of mixtures, viscous petroleum bitumen is used in accordance with GOST 22245 and liquid in accordance with GOST 11955, as well as polymer-bitumen binders and modified bitumen according to technical documentation agreed upon in the established manner.

Table 12

Name of indicator	Value for
	ground basic metallurgical slag	fly ash and shredded slag mixtures	dust-entrainment cement plants
Grain composition,% by weight, not less than smaller than 1.25 mm finer 0.315 mm finer 0.071 mm	95 80 60	95 80 60	95 80 60
Porosity,%, no more	40	45	45
Water resistance of samples from a mixture of powder with bitumen, not less than	0,7	0,6	0,8
Bitumen consumption rate, g, not more than	100	100	100
Loss on ignition,% by mass, not more than	Not the norm.	20	Not the norm.
The content of active CaO + MgO,% by mass, not more than	3	3	3
The content of water-soluble compounds,% by weight, not more than	6	6	6

5 15.4.2. The scope of the grades of bitumen is given in Annexes A, B and C.

Liquid mixtures of grade SG should be used for cold mixtures of grade I. It is allowed to use bitumens of the MG and MGO classes provided that activated mineral powders are used or mineral materials are pretreated with a mixture of bitumen with surfactants.

For cold mixtures of grade II, liquid bitumen of classes SG, MG and MGO should be used.

6. Acceptance rules

6.1. Acceptance of mixtures is carried out in batches.

6.2. When accepting and shipping hot mixtures, a batch is considered the amount of a mixture of the same composition produced at one installation during a shift, but not more than 600 tons.

6.3. When accepting cold mixtures, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of the same composition produced by the plant during one shift, but not more than 200 tons.

If after acceptance the mixture is placed in a warehouse, then it is allowed to mix it with another cold mixture of the same composition.

When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to cars, a batch is considered to be the amount of a mixture of the same composition shipped to one consumer during the day.

When a cold mixture is shipped from a warehouse to rail or water vehicles, the party considers the quantity of a mixture of one train to be shipped to one train or to one barge.

6.4. The amount of mixture supplied is determined by weight. When shipped to wagons or cars, the mixture is weighed on a rail or truck scale. The mass of the cold mixture shipped to ships is determined by the draft of the vessel.

6.5. Acceptance and periodic tests are carried out to verify the quality of the mixtures according to the requirements of this standard.

6.6. When acceptance tests of mixtures are taken according to GOST 12801 one combined sample from the party and determine:
temperature of the shipped mixture when discharged from the mixer or storage hopper;
  grain composition of the mineral part of the mixture;
  water saturation - for all mixtures;
  ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 50 ° C, 20 ° C and water resistance - for hot mixtures;
  ultimate compressive strength at a temperature of 20 ° C, including in a water-saturated state, and caking (2-3 times per shift) - for cold mixtures.
The above indicators for cold mixtures are determined before heating.

6.7. With periodic quality control of mixtures determine:
  porosity of the mineral part; residual porosity;
  water resistance with prolonged water saturation;
  compressive strength: at a temperature of 20 ° C after heating and after prolonged water saturation for cold mixtures;
  at a temperature of 0 ° C - for hot mixtures; adhesion of bitumen to the mineral part of the mixtures;
  shear and crack resistance subject to the availability of these indicators in the design documentation;
  homogeneity of mixtures.

The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides in mixtures and asphalt concrete is taken according to the maximum value of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides contained in the used mineral materials. These data are indicated in the quality certificate by the supplier enterprise.

In the absence of data on the content of natural radionuclides, the manufacturer carries out incoming inspection of materials in accordance with GOST 30108 by the forces of a specialized laboratory.

6.8. Periodic monitoring is carried out at least once a month, as well as with every change in the materials used in the preparation of mixtures; the homogeneity of the mixtures, estimated by a coefficient of variation of 5.14, is calculated monthly.

6.9. For each batch of the shipped mixture, the consumer is issued a quality document that indicates the results of acceptance tests and periodic tests, including:
  - name of the manufacturer;
  - number and date of issue of the document;
  - name and address of the consumer;
  - type, type and brand of the mixture;
  - mass of the mixture;
  - shelf life of the cold mixture;
  - water resistance for hot mixes;
  - caking for cold mixtures;
  - water saturation;
  - water resistance with prolonged water saturation for hot mixtures;
  - compressive strength at 20 ° C before heating and after heating for cold mixtures; at 50 ° С and 0 ° С for hot mixtures;
  - residual porosity and porosity of the mineral part of the mixture;
- shear and crack resistance subject to the availability of these indicators in the design documentation;
  - specific effective activity of natural radionuclides;
  - designation of this standard.

When the mixture is shipped to the consumer, each car is accompanied by transport documentation, which indicates:
  - name of the manufacturer;
  - address and name of the consumer;
  - date of manufacture;
  - time of release from the mixer;
  - temperature of the shipped mixture;
  - type and quantity of the mixture.

6.10. The consumer has the right to carry out a verification check of the compliance of asphalt mixtures with the requirements of this standard, observing the standard methods of sampling, sample preparation and testing specified in GOST 12801, using the following sampling procedure.

6.11. For control tests of asphalt concrete mixtures shipped to automobiles, 9 combined samples from each batch are taken directly from the car bodies. For the control tests of cold asphalt mixtures, shipped to railway or water vehicles, 9 samples are taken from each wagon or barge. Each sample of the mixture is taken from different places of the car or barge.

The samples taken are not mixed and three samples are tested first. Upon receipt of satisfactory test results, the remaining samples are not tested. Upon receipt of unsatisfactory test results of at least one sample out of three, the remaining six samples shall be tested. In case of unsatisfactory test results, at least one sample out of six is \u200b\u200brejected.

7. Control Methods

7.1. Mixtures are tested according to GOST 12801.

7.2. Crushed stone and gravel from rocks, crushed stone from slag of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are tested according to GOST 8269.0 and GOST 3344, respectively.

(Amended, 1999 Amendment)

7.3. Natural sand and from screenings of crushing rocks are tested according to GOST 8735; the content of clay particles in the sand from the screenings of crushing is determined by the method of swelling according to GOST 3344.

7.4. Mineral powders and powdered industrial wastes are tested according to GOST 12784. The content of active CaO + MgO is determined according to GOST 22688, losses during calcination - according to GOST 11022.

7.5. Bitumen is tested in accordance with GOST 11501, GOST 11503, GOST 11504, GOST 11505, GOST 11506, GOST 11507.

8. Transportation and storage

8.1. Mixtures are transported to the place of laying by cars, accompanying each car with transport documentation.

8.2. When transporting cold mixtures by rail or water, each vehicle sent to the consumer is accompanied by a quality document.

8.3. Cold mixtures are stored in the summer in open areas, in the autumn-winter period - in closed warehouses or under a canopy in piles.

Shelf life:
  2 weeks - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grades SG 130/200, MG 130/200 and MGO 130/200;
  4 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grade SG 70/130;
  8 months - for mixtures prepared using bitumen grades MG 70/130 and MGO 70/130.

Area of \u200b\u200bapplication of asphalt concrete in the device of the upper layers of coatings of roads and city streets

Climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete	Motorway category
		I, II		III		IV
		mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade
I	Dense and high density	I	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300	II	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 IGO 130/200	III	BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 IGO 130/200
I, III	Dense and high density	I	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 90/130	II	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300	III	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BND 200/300 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200 BN 200/300 SG 130/200 MG 130/200 IGO 130/200
	From cold mixes	-	-	I	SG 70/130 SG 130/200	II	SG 70/130 SG 130/200 MG 70/130 MG 130/200 IGO 70/130 IGO 130/200
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130
	From cold mixes	-	-	I	SG 70/130 SG 130/200	II	SG 70/130 SG 130/200 MG 70/130 MG 130/200 IGO 70/130 IGO 130/200

Notes.
1. For city highways and main streets and roads, asphalt concrete from mixtures of types and grades recommended for roads of I, II categories should be used; for roads of industrial and warehouse areas - recommended for roads of category III; for other streets and roads - recommended for category IV roads.
2. Bitumen grades of BN grades are recommended to be applied in mild climatic conditions characterized by average temperatures of the coldest month of the year above minus 10 ° C.
3. Bitumen grade BN 40/60 must comply with the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

Scope of asphalt concrete at the device of the upper layers of runways and taxiways of airfields

Climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete
		in / to, I, II, III		IV		V
		mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade
I	Dense and high density	I	BND 90/130	II	BND 90/130	III	BND 90/130
I, III	Dense and high density	I	BND 60/90 BN 60/90	II	BND 60/90 BN 60/90	III	BND 60/90 BN 60/90
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90

Notes.

Area of \u200b\u200bapplication of asphalt concrete when arranging the upper layers of coatings of other taxiways, parking lots and aprons of airfields

Climatic zone	Type of asphalt concrete	Regulatory load category
		in / to, I, II, III		IV		V
		mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade	mix brand	bitumen grade
I	Dense	I	BND 90/130	II	BND 90/130 BND 130/200	III	BND 90/130 BND 130/200
II, III	Dense	I	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	II	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130	III	BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BND 130/200 BN 60/90 BN 90/130 BN 130/200
IV, V	Dense	I	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	II	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90	III	BND 40/60 BND 60/90 BND 90/130 BN 40/60 BN 60/90 BN 90/130

Notes.
1. Bitumen grades of BN grades are recommended to be applied in mild climatic conditions characterized by average temperatures of the coldest month of the year above minus 10 ° C.
2. Bitumen grade BN 40/60 must comply with technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

APPENDIX E
(informative)

Normative references

GOST 12.1 005-88 SSBT  General hygiene requirements for air in the work area.
GOST 3344-83 Crushed stone and sand slag for road construction. Technical conditions
GOST 8267-93  Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work. Technical conditions
GOST 8269.0-97  Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks and industrial wastes for construction work. Methods of physical and mechanical tests.
GOST 8735-88  Sand for construction work. Test methods.
GOST 8736-93  Sand for construction work. Technical conditions
GOST 11022-95  Solid mineral fuel. Ash determination methods.
GOST 11501-78  Oil bitumen. Method for determining the depth of penetration of the needle.
GOST 11503-74  Oil bitumen. Method for determination of conditional viscosity.
GOST 11504-73  Oil bitumen. Method for determining the amount of evaporated thinner from liquid bitumen.
GOST 11505-75  Oil bitumen. Method for determining elongation.
GOST 11506-73  Oil bitumen. The method of determining the softening temperature of the ring and ball.
GOST 11507-78  Oil bitumen. Method for determining the temperature of fragility according to Fraas.
GOST 11955-82  Oil bitumen. liquid road. Technical conditions
GOST 12784-78  Mineral powder for asphalt mixtures. Test methods.
GOST 12801-84  Mixes are asphalt concrete road and airfield, tar concrete mixtures, asphalt concrete and tar concrete. Test methods.

Instead of GOST 12801-84 by resolution of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1998 N 16 from January 1, 1999 GOST 12801-98 was put into effect

GOST 16557-78  Mineral powder for asphalt mixtures. Technical conditions
GOST 22245-90  Viscous petroleum bitumen. Technical conditions
GOST 22688-77  Building lime. Test methods.
GOST 23735-79  Sand and gravel mixtures for construction work. Technical conditions
GOST 30108-94  Building materials and products. Determination of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides.

(Amended, 1999 Amendment)