Inflammation of the thyroid gland: symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory processes in the thyroid gland

Types of thyroiditis Causes of inflammation of the thyroid gland Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland How to treat inflammation of the thyroid gland?

Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland are due to the causes of the disease. In general, the pathological process is accompanied by the growth of connective tissue and an increase in the size of the organ. Uniform growth is called strumitis, uneven - thyroiditis. Treatment for thyroid inflammation depends on the type of disease.

Types of thyroiditis

Depending on the cause and clinical picture, the following types of the disease are distinguished:

subacute thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland after a viral infection); fibrous thyroiditis (chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, characterized by a strong growth of its tissue and compression in the neck); autoimmune thyroiditis (a disease of autoimmune origin; develops as a result of the formation of antibodies to normal thyroid cells); acute thyroiditis (occurs against the background of acute or chronic infectious diseases, after injuries, radiation therapy or hemorrhage in the thyroid gland).

Causes of inflammation of the thyroid gland

The most common autoimmune chronic thyroiditis. Why a malfunction occurs in the body and antibodies to healthy cells are formed is unknown. Consider the risk factors:

“bad” heredity (as a rule, members of the same family, twins get sick); violation of endocrine and immune stability (may occur during adolescence, during pregnancy, after childbirth, during menopause, aging); unfavorable ecological situation (work in hazardous production, life near industrial enterprises, use of pesticides in agriculture); prolonged exposure to large amounts of iodine (an excess of iodine stimulates the formation of antibodies to normal gland cells); exposure to radiation in small doses; bacterial and viral infections; thyroid adenoma; endemic goiter; thyroid cancer.

Subacute thyroiditis develops due to a viral infection. The disease is often diagnosed after an outbreak of a virus. It can be influenza, measles, mumps and others. Risk factors:

heredity; chronic infection in the nasopharynx.

The causes of fibrous thyroiditis are not fully understood. Some researchers note the negative impact of infectious diseases, others consider pathology the last stage of autoimmune chronic thyroiditis. Risk factors:

Graves' disease; endemic goiter; surgical treatment of the thyroid gland; diabetes; allergy; diseases of autoimmune etiology; heredity; age after forty years (in women).

Causes of acute thyroiditis:

acute or chronic infections (pneumonia, tonsillitis, etc.); hemorrhage in the thyroid gland; thyroid injury; radiation therapy.

Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland

The clinical picture of the disease of each type has its own characteristics. Signs of inflammation of the thyroid gland of an autoimmune nature:

an increase in the thyroid gland (usually uniform; with a significant increase, the patient feels pressure in the neck); the gland is mobile and dense; difficulty swallowing; weakness and palpitations; causeless weight loss; excessive sweating; irritability.

As the pathological process develops, symptoms of hyperthyroidism are observed first, followed by hypothyroidism.

Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland of the subacute type:

severe pain in the front of the neck, radiating to the lower jaw, back of the head, ears; aggravated by tilting and turning the head, chewing, swallowing; enlargement and significant hardening of the thyroid gland; redness and fever of the skin over the gland; enlarged lymph nodes in the neck; severe fever, chills; sweating, weakness all over the body; headaches; irritability; hand tremor; hotness and moisture of the skin; weight loss.

Fibrous thyroiditis begins to manifest itself only in the last stages:

difficulty swallowing, breathing, speech; hoarse voice; strong and uneven enlargement of the gland; its immobility, density and painlessness; headache, tinnitus; pronounced pulsation of blood vessels in the neck area; visual impairment.

With a long-term course of the disease, signs of hypothyroidism may be observed.

Clinical picture of acute thyroiditis:

pain in the neck, radiating to the back of the head, jaw and aggravated by swallowing and moving the head; enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes; a significant increase in temperature, chills; on palpation - an increase in part or proportion of the thyroid gland.

How to treat inflammation of the thyroid gland?

Treatment of inflammation of the thyroid gland of any kind is carried out by one of two methods:

medication; operational.

In subacute and fibrous thyroiditis with a clinical picture of hypothyroidism, treatment is carried out with hormonal preparations. With a significant increase in the thyroid gland, surgery is indicated.

Acute thyroiditis is treated with antibiotics and drugs to relieve associated symptoms. An additional intake of vitamins of group B and C is also shown. In case of purulent inflammation of the tissue, surgical treatment is carried out.

Self-treatment of thyroiditis is contraindicated. The consequences of inflammation of the thyroid gland will be minimal if you consult a doctor in time. Remember, the thyroid gland is responsible for the functioning of many systems in our body.

What causes thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland can affect a person of any gender and age, but according to statistics, the disorder is most common in women over 45 years of age. This is due to the peculiarities of hormonal changes before menopause. Causes that lead to inflammation of the thyroid gland:

1 infection. The source of bacterial infection in most cases are neighboring organs. The thyroid gland becomes inflamed against the background of chronic tonsillitis, rhinitis or pneumonia. Pathogenic microorganisms spread with the blood stream, so even a distant focus of infection can serve as a source. With a viral infection, symptoms of hypothyroidism appear. A blood test shows that the production of thyroid hormones exceeds the norm. 2 Autoimmune reaction. Inflammation of the thyroid gland develops as a result of an adverse reaction from the immune system. For some unknown reason, the immune system begins to produce antibodies in response to thyroid tissue. This type of disease is called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 3 Riedel's thyroiditis occurs for an unspecified cause. The glandular tissue of the thyroid gland under the influence of unknown factors begins to be replaced by fibrous tissue, and this leads to an inflammatory process. With Riedel's thyroiditis, the function of the thyroid gland does not change relative to the norm; antibodies or infectious agents are not detected in the blood of patients. 4Mechanical injury, heavy metal poisoning, frostbite, heat burn, exposure to ionizing radiation and other external factors. 5 Serious lack of iodine in daily food, severe iodine deficiency. This reason is still common, despite the fact that most people have access to foods high in iodine. To prevent thyroiditis, it is recommended to follow a diet containing selenium and iodine. For an adult, in order to get the required amount of trace elements, it is advisable to consume fish or seaweed once a week.

Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland will be different for each type of thyroiditis.

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Clinical manifestations

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There are 3 types of reactions that the thyroid gland gives in response to organic changes:

hypothyroidism - decreased hormone synthesis; hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) - the synthesis of hormones proceeds more actively than necessary; euthyroidism - the absence of changes in the level of hormones produced.

Symptoms indicating hypothyroidism:

low body temperature, chilliness, feeling of chills; pallor or yellowness of the skin; swelling of the face, feet, tongue, nasal mucosa; hearing loss, swelling of the ear canal; lowering the timbre of the voice due to swelling of the vocal cords; deterioration in performance, loss of concentration; drowsiness, loss of strength; reduced heart rate; memory impairment; pain and weakness in the muscles, myalgia, paresthesia; polyneuropathy, violation of tendon reflexes; decreased tone of blood vessels; indigestion due to biliary dyskinesia; atrophy of the gastric mucosa, gastritis due to low acidity of gastric juice; dyskinesia of the colon, atonic constipation; lack of appetite, dyspeptic disorder; anemia, avitaminosis B12; hair loss, slow hair growth; weakening and stratification of nails; weight gain leading to obesity.

With hyperthyroidism, there are other changes in how you feel. Typical complaints:

increased body temperature, sensation of heat, fever; sweating; increased anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating; weight loss against the background of a good appetite; nausea, vomiting, intestinal gas, loose stools; thinning hair, the appearance of gray hair; the tone of the blood vessels is above the working norm; blood pressure above the working norm; heart rate more than necessary; violation of thermoregulation; high muscle tone, cramps.

With a reduced or increased level of hormones, the reaction from the heart and blood vessels may be atypical. For example, with hyperthyroidism, bradycardia is possible, and with hypothyroidism, tachycardia. In making a diagnosis, the analysis of thyroid hormones, and not the secondary manifestations of the disease, is of decisive importance. The listed signs of thyroiditis are manifested in patients of both sexes. Besides:

1 Women have irregular menstrual cycles, delayed or absent ovulation, ovarian dysfunction, decreased libido. The work of all organs of the endocrine system is closely coordinated with each other, so patients almost always have diseases of the reproductive system. 2 Men are diagnosed with erectile dysfunction, impaired spermatogenesis, lack of sexual desire. Obesity often occurs in a female pattern, and when analyzed for sex hormones, a reduced amount of testosterone is noted. IMPORTANT TO KNOW! Wrinkles around the eyes are afraid of this, like fire!

With euthyroidism (normal levels of thyroid hormones), all of these symptoms are absent. The patient suffers only from an enlarged thyroid gland, pain or discomfort in the neck. Inflammation of the thyroid gland by prevalence is:

1 Focal. Only certain parts of the gland are involved in the process, inflammation of the thyroid gland has clear boundaries. 2 Diffuse. The entire gland is involved in the process.

If inflammation of the thyroid gland leads to hyperplasia (enlargement) of the gland itself, then there are complaints about:

feeling of "coma in the throat"; difficulty swallowing, breathing; a feeling of unpleasant skin tension in the anterior surface of the neck; lowering the timbre of the voice; reflex coughing, compulsive swallowing.

When inflammation of the thyroid gland is detected, the symptoms cause a lot of inconvenience and anxiety. If you suspect thyroiditis, you need to be examined by an endocrinologist.

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Diagnostic measures

To detect inflammation of the thyroid gland, the patient is prescribed:

ultrasound examination of the gland; if necessary, biopsy and histological examination of the removed material; blood test for T3, T4 and TSH.

According to the indications, an ECG and other studies are performed. The work of the thyroid gland is closely related to the work of the pituitary and hypothalamus, so computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is often prescribed to examine these areas of the brain. When the data obtained allow you to get a complete picture of the clinical picture, the doctor prescribes the most effective treatment. The disease must be monitored in dynamics, so the attending physician establishes the regularity of preventive examination.

Pathology therapy

If inflammation leads to a decrease in hormone synthesis, hormone replacement therapy is selected. If thyroiditis leads to the production of hormones in an enhanced mode, drugs are selected that inhibit the activity of the thyroid gland. When neoplasms are detected, there are 2 treatment options:

1Conservative treatment with means to normalize hormonal levels. 2 Surgical removal of all affected gland tissues - strumectomy. For the destruction of individual foci, cysts or nodes, minimally invasive intervention methods are recommended: laser coagulation, injection of an alcohol solution. Sometimes a resection of the isthmus or lobe of the gland is needed, and in some cases the removal of the organ completely. After the operation, the patient takes maintenance hormonal therapy so as not to face hypothyroidism.

Surgery is an extreme measure, but sometimes necessary to save human life and health. Indications for surgery:

compression of nerve endings and blood vessels of the neck; narrowing of the esophagus and trachea, which leads to difficulty swallowing food or breathing.

Thyroiditis occurs as a result of malignant or benign neoplasms. The decision about the operation also depends on how likely the malignant degeneration of tissues is. The endocrinologist evaluates the possibility of malignancy based on histological data. The inflammatory process is not always accompanied by a change in the synthesis of hormones. With Riedel's thyroiditis, the function of the gland remains within the normal range, so the treatment consists in a special diet and prevention of further spread of inflammation.

Recovery prognosis

If the request for medical help occurred in a timely manner, then the damage caused to the patient's health will be minimal.

With the help of modern medicines, it is possible to regulate the functioning of the thyroid gland and cause an improvement in well-being in victims of thyroiditis. In the event that conservative treatment is not enough, prompt measures are taken to prevent complications. The patient's task is to take a responsible attitude to his condition, contact an endocrinologist at the first sign of malaise and follow the recommendations of the attending physician.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) is a pathological condition that disrupts the functioning of the organ and leads to health problems. The disease ranks second in prevalence, giving way to diabetes. The pathology affects people of different sex and age. Thyroiditis is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid tissue of the thyroid gland, pain and discomfort in the throat, as well as general signs of intoxication of the body.

Causes and pathogenesis

The causes of inflammation of the thyroid gland depend on the type of disease. The acute purulent form of thyroiditis is provoked by infectious diseases (tonsillitis, sepsis, etc.). The cause of non-purulent pathology is hemorrhage in the tissue of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy and traumatic damage to the organ.

A viral infection can provoke a subacute form of the disease. As a rule, the causative agent is the influenza virus, measles, mumps, chicken pox, etc. The cause of autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland is a genetic predisposition to the disease and impaired functioning of the immune system.

Classification

Inflammation of the organ is classified depending on the origin and symptoms.

Acute thyroiditis is a rare form of inflammation that can affect the entire surface of an organ or a specific area. Occurs against the background of infections (tonsillitis, pneumonia or tonsillitis) or as a result of long-term treatment of diffuse goiter with iodine. The disease can proceed in a purulent or non-purulent form.

Subacute inflammation is diagnosed mainly in middle-aged women (30–35 years). There are several subspecies: lymphocytic, pneumocytic and granulomatous thyroiditis.

The chronic form is characterized by specific diseases of tuberculosis-syphilitic etiology, autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis and fibro-invasive Riedel's goiter.

Autoimmune thyroiditis, in turn, can be of different forms.

Latent - the thyroid gland increases in size, but its functioning is not disturbed.
Hypertrophic - the organ increases, while the change in size may be uniform or differ in certain areas as a result of the formation of nodes. As the disease progresses, hypothyroidism develops, corresponding signs appear.
The atrophic form is characterized by the preservation of the normal size of the thyroid gland (in rare cases, it even decreases). The patient has all the signs of hypothyroidism, since the organ produces fewer hormones.

Symptoms

The main symptom of acute purulent inflammation of the thyroid gland is pain in the throat. Often, pain radiates to the back of the head, neck and head, and also intensifies during head movement or when swallowing food. There are common symptoms of acute intoxication: an increase in local lymph nodes, fever up to 40 ⁰С, chills, weakness and deterioration in general well-being. The patient suffers from tachycardia, pain and aches in muscles and joints.

The non-purulent acute form of inflammation is manifested by increased sweating, palpitations, sudden weight loss and tremor of the upper extremities. The organ increases in size and becomes very painful. As a result of the examination, a significant increase in the level of hormones is revealed.

The subacute form of thyroiditis is characterized by an increase in the organ, there is severe pain in the neck, swelling and swelling. The skin becomes red due to high temperature or increased blood flow to the thyroid gland. Lymph nodes do not change.

In the advanced form of thyroiditis, the destroyed cells are replaced by connective tissue, which provokes the development of fibrosis. Patients complain of weakness, drowsiness, puffiness (especially on the face), and the skin becomes too dry.

Symptoms of a chronic form of inflammation of the thyroid gland may be absent for a long time. In some cases, the patient feels a lump in the throat and experiences discomfort during swallowing. With the progression of the disease, the breathing process is disturbed, which is caused by increased pressure of the enlarged thyroid gland on the lungs. Hoarseness of voice, headaches, vision problems and tinnitus appear. The thyroid gland grows unevenly, during palpation, nodular formations are felt in separate areas.

Diagnostics

If alarming symptoms appear that indicate a malfunction of the thyroid gland, you should be examined by an endocrinologist. During the initial examination, the doctor conducts a visual examination of the patient, palpates the organ, assessing its size, and collects an anamnesis. To get a complete picture of the state of the thyroid gland, a number of diagnostic procedures are prescribed.

General and biochemical blood tests reveal an increased content of leukocytes and ESR.
Blood test for hormone levels. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is required.
The immunogram allows you to determine the autoimmune nature of inflammation.
Scintigraphy and ultrasound of the organ make it possible to assess its size and identify structural changes.
Fine-needle biopsy is performed to obtain biological material, which is further subject to histological examination. This procedure eliminates the possibility of a malignant course of the disease.

Treatment

The doctor prescribes treatment for inflammation of the thyroid gland after a complete examination, establishing the cause of the pathology and its form.

Therapy for autoimmune thyroiditis consists of taking medications. With increased activity of the thyroid gland, thyrostatics and beta-blockers (Tiamazol, Mercazolil, etc.) are prescribed. They inhibit the function of the organ, and it synthesizes fewer hormones. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Metindol, Valtaren or Indomethacin will help to reduce the production of antibodies. In combination with the above medicines, adaptogens, vitamin-mineral complexes and drugs that regulate the functioning of the immune system are necessarily prescribed.

With reduced thyroid function, the patient is prescribed synthetic hormones. Their intake will stop the course of the disease and ensure a long-term remission.

For the treatment of subacute inflammation of the gland, glucocorticosteroids are used. Such drugs remove inflammation, stop pain and relieve swelling. In some cases, steroid medications (Prednisolone) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used.

Treatment of acute thyroiditis includes the use of beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. It is strictly forbidden to use radiotherapy or surgery.

Therapy for the acute purulent form of this disease includes taking antibiotics of the penicillin or cephalosporin group, antihistamines (Clemastin, Chloropyramine) and vitamins B and C. For detoxification, a saline solution or reopoliglyukin is administered intravenously.

In the treatment of inflammation of the thyroid gland, the patient must monitor his diet, especially in the chronic form of the disease. Compliance with the diet and taking prescribed medications will achieve the most positive effect and long-term remission. Changing the diet does not imply a decrease in its energy value. So, if the daily intake of kilocalories is less than 1200, then the patient's condition will worsen significantly.

The patient is advised to exclude millet and soy products from his diet, and in case of autoimmune thyroiditis, meat should be abandoned. Smoked meats, spicy and fried foods, mayonnaise, ketchup, convenience foods and instant food should not be introduced into the diet. The basis of the daily menu should be vegetables and fruits, root vegetables, herbs and dairy products with a low percentage of fat.

You should eat every three hours in small portions. Nutrition should be as balanced and healthy as possible.

Prognosis and possible complications

Inflammation of the thyroid gland has a favorable prognosis with timely treatment. The duration of therapy is 2-10 weeks, depending on the form of pathology and the presence of concomitant diseases.

Of particular danger is acute purulent thyroiditis, since there is a high risk of opening an abscess and spreading pus to neighboring tissues and organs. This process can lead to the development of sepsis, and can also cause vascular damage. There is a very high risk of damage to the brain (threatening the development of encephalitis or meningitis) or lungs (may cause a lung abscess or pneumonia).

Prevention

Timely treatment of infectious processes in the body will help prevent inflammation of this organ. In addition, it is important to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right and be outdoors regularly. Those who have a predisposition to the disease should visit an endocrinologist at least once a year for a preventive examination. If there are risk factors or a hereditary predisposition, you need to consult a specialist every 6 months.

Attention!

This article is posted for educational purposes only and does not constitute scientific material or professional medical advice.

Endocrine pathology is not uncommon in the modern world. Especially sad is the fact that hormonal disorders are diagnosed in every fifth inhabitant of the planet and are increasingly found in young people.

The current medical information and video in this article will help you understand why the main signs of thyroid gland in women occur - a lump in the throat, shortness of breath, metabolic disorders, and what diseases they may be associated with.

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ, like a butterfly, located on the front surface of the neck. Despite its small size, its influence on the functioning of all body systems and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment is very large.

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced by thyroid cells:

regulate metabolism;
start the processes of protein synthesis and ribonucleic acids;
stimulate growth and development in childhood;
accelerate the transmission of electrochemical impulses in the brain tissues;
increase body temperature, increase heart rate;
contribute to a feeling of vivacity and energy.

Every cell in the human body has receptors for thyroid hormones. Therefore, violations of the production and triiodothyronine causes gross malfunctions in the work of most internal organs - from the nervous system to the gonads.

Syndromes of thyroid damage

So how does the thyroid gland "hurt"? Consider the main syndromes of organ dysfunction occurring in women.

Hypothyroidism - low levels of hormones

Often the signs are associated precisely with hormonal disorders, in which the hormone is secreted either insufficiently or in excess.

Typical signs of hypothyroidism in women:

Organ system	Symptoms
Nervous system	Drowsiness Fatigue, reduced performance Apathy and tearfulness Depression Decreased memory and concentration Change in temperature sensitivity: poor cold tolerance, chilliness Paresthesia - goosebumps
Muscles, joints	muscle weakness Joint and muscle pain
Skin, hair, nails	Dryness, thinning of the skin Hyperkeratosis - excessive keratinization of the skin in the elbows, palms, soles Hair loss, baldness Dryness, brittle hair Interstitial edema, puffiness and swelling of the face, upper torso
The cardiovascular system	Bradycardia - slow heart rate Increase in angina attacks in patients with coronary artery disease Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
Blood system	Violation of hematopoietic processes Decreased levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin
Digestive system	Decreased appetite Feeling of a full stomach Bloating constipation
Metabolism	Metabolic slowdown Uncontrolled weight gain Increased blood cholesterol levels Decreased glucose tolerance (increased risk of type ll diabetes)

The main reasons for its formation are discussed in the table:

The main causes of hypothyroidism
Cause	Why does the breach occur?
Lack of iodine in the body	The most common reason against which the prerequisites for the development of the disease are created. A similar problem is faced by patients living in regions with an unfavorable environmental picture. Lack of iodine is manifested due to a violation of the rules of a healthy diet.
Disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus	The pituitary gland and hypothalamus act as the main links of the endocrine system, therefore, violations in their work can cause the development of serious malfunctions in the thyroid gland.
Removal of the thyroid gland	The problem can manifest itself not only as a result of the removal of the gland, but also after injuries. The lack of hormone production is observed with oncological lesions of the thyroid tissue.

Note! With severe hypothyroidism, pregnancy is almost impossible due to the powerful suppression of reproductive function and the cessation of ovulation - the release of the egg from the ovarian follicle. However, hormonal disorders are reversible, and with adequate therapy, the ability to conceive is fully restored.

Hyperthyroidism - excess thyroxine

On the contrary, it is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones. As a rule, this is associated with autoimmune disorders (for example, with diffuse toxic goiter). Symptoms of such a pathology will be directly opposite to hypothyroidism.

Signs of hyperthyroidism in women:

Organ system	Symptoms
Nervous system	Insomnia Light sleep Irritability Hyperexcitability Change in temperature sensitivity: heat intolerance
Muscles, joints	muscle weakness Twitching of limbs, tongue
Skin, hair, nails	Humidity of the skin excessive sweating Hair loss, baldness Layering, brittle nails
The cardiovascular system	Tachycardia - increased heart rate Arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation)
Digestive system	Appetite increase Diarrhea
Metabolism	Acceleration of metabolism Weight loss

In modern medicine, there are several causes leading to hypothyroidism:

An increase in the size of the organ occurs with Graves' disease. Such a pathology is a violation of an autoimmune nature, in which the intensity of hormone production increases significantly.
Hyperthyroidism can manifest itself against the background of tumors of the thyroid gland of a benign and malignant nature. If problems with thyroid symptoms in women appear sharply, we can talk about the malignant nature of the changes.

This is interesting. Thyroxine is a powerful stimulant of brain activity, so patients with an excess of it can boast an excellent ability to memorize and concentrate.

Goiter - when not to breathe

Goiter is a pathological increase in the size of the thyroid gland, which can reach a significant size. Signs of the thyroid gland in a woman in this case are caused by compression of neighboring organs (trachea, esophagus) and the sensation of a foreign body that interferes with swallowing.

The characteristic symptoms of goiter are:

lump, discomfort in the throat;
violation of the passage of food through the esophagus, first when swallowing solid food, then puree and liquid;
respiratory failure: shortness of breath during physical exertion, and then at rest, a feeling of pressure that does not allow breathing;
change in the size and configuration of the neck, visible to the naked eye.

Note! The most common cause of an enlarged thyroid gland is endemic goiter caused by iodine deficiency in food. The prevention of this condition is good nutrition and the intake of multivitamin complexes containing this trace element.

endemic goiter

Endemic goiter is one of the most common diseases that occur with hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Its main cause is associated with a lack of iodine in the body, since this trace element is necessary for the production of the hormones T3 and T4.

In addition to the signs of hypothyroidism described above, as the disease progresses, the patient may experience symptoms of an enlarged thyroid gland:

a feeling of pressure in the neck;
coughing;
visual increase in the size of the neck, smoothness of its contours;
violation of the processes of breathing and swallowing;
bouts of suffocation.

In the photo - a patient with endemic goiter of the 5th degree

In the early stages, endemic goiter and symptoms of iodine deficiency in women can be cured by prescribing iodine preparations (Iodomarin, Iodofol), as well as by including foods rich in this trace element in the daily diet:

fishes;
seafood;
seaweed;
red meat;
buckwheat;
oatmeal.

Severe hypothyroidism is corrected by taking Euthyrox or L-thyroxine, synthetic analogues of the hormone thyroxine. The dosage is selected individually, depending on the initial endocrine status.

Note! The instruction provides for the use of hormone replacement therapy only as directed by a doctor. To control treatment, it is necessary to take tests for thyroid hormones (T3, T4 + TSH) 1 time in 2-3 months.

With a significant increase in the size of the thyroid gland, which interferes with normal breathing and eating, doctors recommend removing the affected organ, followed by lifelong hormone therapy.

Diffuse toxic goiter

This pathology is common and is associated with hyperfunction of the organ. Signs of thyroid dysfunction in women are varied, but the most important of them is an increase in its size.

Factors that predispose to the disease:

hereditary predisposition;
the presence of foci of infection in the body;
a history of autoimmune diseases;
hormonal changes (menopause, adolescence, etc.).

The photo shows an enlarged thyroid gland.

Symptoms of thyroid disorders in women are manifested in the following:

At an early stage: tachycardia, weight loss with good appetite, insomnia, hand trembling, etc.
In the stage of developed symptoms: a noticeable tremor of the hands, fussiness, a decrease in skin turgor, darkening of the skin in the face area, there is a pathological shine of the eyes and a wide opening of the palpebral fissures, an increase in the thyroid gland is felt on palpation, while it is painless and well mobile. The pulse is noticeably quickened even at rest. When measuring blood pressure, an increase in the upper value (that is, systolic pressure) is noted. In addition, there are changes in other systems: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage (fatty degeneration), muscle weakness, menstrual irregularities, swollen lymph nodes, etc.

Thyroid disorders in women can manifest themselves in the form of degrees of severity:

with mild degree there is a weight loss of no more than 10%, tachycardia no more than 100 beats per minute at a rate of 60-80;
with an average degree severity, along with tachycardia and weight loss, blood pressure is involved in the pathological process by more than 20% (its values are higher than normal);
severe form accompanied by severe tachycardia of more than 120 beats per minute, significant changes in all organs and systems.

Only a doctor (therapist, endocrinologist) can determine the disease and its form. During the visit, symptoms are revealed, the organ is palpated. The main diagnostic sign is an increase in hormones in the blood.

Thyroid adenoma

A very common benign neoplasm that occurs in women over 40 years of age. There are many morphological variants of this disease, but follicular, papillary and oxyphilic adenomas are most common.

These types differ from each other in the structure of the neoplasm. For example: follicular adenoma has a rounded shape, dense and elastic, mobile, encapsulated; papillary - similar in structure to a cyst, inside it is a brown liquid and papillary growths; oxyphilic - consists of large cells, with a large cytoplasm and nucleus.

A characteristic manifestation of adenoma is the presence of an oval or round node in the thyroid gland, with clear edges and a smooth surface.

Important! With adenoma, the functionality of the gland is not disturbed! If the size of the adenoma increases, there is a feeling of squeezing the neck, shortness of breath, dysphagia, as well as a visible deformity of the neck.

Body weight decreases, excessive sweating, tremor, exophthalmos, cold and heat intolerance, fatigue, anxiety and irritability, insomnia appear. In addition, changes in the work of the cardiovascular system are possible - sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, angina attacks, arterial hypertension, heart failure. Mandatory manifestations of the disease are menstrual disorders and infertility.

Thyroid cyst

Benign formation, often rounded, with smooth walls and liquid contents. The development of the cyst occurs slowly, without causing subjective sensations. The first signs appear when the size of the cyst exceeds 2 cm, in some cases it is noticeable visually.

The disease can be manifested by such symptoms: sore throat, a feeling of tightness in the neck, a change in the timbre of the voice, hoarseness, a slight increase in body temperature, chills, headache and swollen lymph nodes. If the size of the cyst exceeds 3 cm, it can be palpated with one's own hands, the deformation of the neck is clearly expressed.

thyroid cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer remains low - no more than 1% of all malignant tumors. This pathology develops 3-4 times more often in women than in men.

Thyroid cancer does not always manifest itself clearly, and for a long time it may go unnoticed by the patient. One of the first signs that makes a woman alert and see a doctor is a palpable dense nodule on her neck.

Attention! Most often, the nodules that the patient discovers during self-examination of the neck are benign in nature and do not lead to uncontrolled growth. However, it is important to make sure the neoplasm is safe by contacting a doctor.

Types of thyroid cancers:

Other symptoms of thyroid cancer may include:

swelling in the neck;
enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes;
hoarseness of voice;
dyspnea;
difficulty swallowing;
sore throat and neck.

In the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms, ultrasound, a biochemical blood test for thyroid hormones, a biopsy of thyroid tissue with subsequent histological examination are distinguished. Treatment (removal of the thyroid gland, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) depends on the stage of the disease and is selected individually by the oncologist.

Knots in the thyroid gland - a reason to beware

Nodules in the thyroid gland are a common problem that occurs in 80% of the world's population over 35 years of age. Despite the high prevalence, this syndrome requires special attention from the doctor: along with harmless colloid nodes, in 3-5% of cases, a neoplasm in the thyroid gland can be represented by cancer cells.

Unfortunately, at an early stage, the syndrome does not manifest itself in any way - most women do not even suspect that they have one or two small nodules. Clinical manifestations of the disease appear when the size of the tumor reaches 10-15 mm.

The characteristic signs of a nodular formation in the thyroid gland include:

the presence of a formation on the neck, which the patient can feel with her own hands;
discomfort when swallowing;
hormonal imbalance (not always).

Neck pain and high fever - maybe thyroiditis?

Thyroiditis is a disease accompanied by inflammatory changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland.

Thyroiditis can occur in the following forms:

acute;
subacute;
chronic.

In turn, acute and subacute inflammation can manifest itself locally or diffusely. It is also worth noting that acute thyroiditis occurs with or without suppuration.

Let us consider in more detail the symptoms of all known inflammations of the thyroid gland:

Acute thyroiditis- at the beginning of the disease, the gland thickens, after which an abscess forms. At the site of inflammation, hormone production is disrupted, but in most cases, inflammation does not occupy such a large part of the gland to cause hormonal disorders. Body temperature rises to 40 ° C, chills appear, heart rate increases. The disease is accompanied by pain sensations that become stronger during swallowing or coughing, and are localized in the thyroid gland, which radiate to the tongue, lower jaw, ears and neck. Inflammation is severe, with signs of intoxication of the body and painful enlargement of the gland.

Important! Purulent thyroiditis can be complicated by an abscess rupture into the trachea, esophagus or mediastinum, and sepsis may also develop due to the generalization of the infectious process.

Lymphocytic thyroiditis It is characterized by a subacute course and is a rather rare disease. Most often occurs in women after childbirth and causes an increase in the size of the gland. This type of thyroiditis is called asymptomatic, since for several months the thyroid gland does not cause any pain, but provokes the development of hyperthyroidism, and after - hypothyroidism. After the inflammation disappears, the normal functioning of the thyroid gland is restored. Usually no specific treatment is prescribed, except for drugs to reduce the symptoms of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Subacute granulomatous de Quervain's thyroiditis occurs a few weeks after a viral illness. It is manifested by general weakness, fever, soreness in the thyroid gland, which becomes more intense when turning the neck or palpation. In some cases, there is tearfulness and irritability, weight loss, and other symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, which appear if hormones enter the blood from the collapsing thyroid cells.
Pneumocystis thyroiditis occurs in patients with pneumonia and AIDS. This disease is characterized by signs of thyrotoxicosis, swelling and redness of the thyroid gland, the formation of a diffuse goiter, and vasodilation in the neck area. At the final stage of the disease, the level of iodine in the blood normalizes and the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland occurs.
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is a disease in which the immune system attacks its own cells, initially accompanied by symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, which can last up to 6 months. (tickling and feeling of a lump in the throat, increased sweating, irritability, discomfort in the thyroid gland), with the further development of the disease, the hormones temporarily return to normal, but the immune system continues to have a destructive effect on the thyroid gland. Sometimes the size of the thyroid gland can increase or decrease, and nodes can also form in it.

Since the cells of the gland are destroyed, over time, its function decreases, hypothyroidism develops, and the previous symptoms are replaced by depression and weakness, decreased memory and performance, metabolic failures, rapid weight gain, shortness of breath, decreased heart rate, poor cold tolerance and constant chills, dry skin and brittle hair and nails, menstrual disorders, the formation of cysts in the ovaries and mammary glands, the development of early menopause, infertility.

Chronic fibrous thyroiditis of Riedel manifested by the processes of destruction in the thyroid gland and the appearance of fibrous tissue in it. It develops gradually, there is a violation of swallowing, a feeling of a lump in the throat, a change in voice, a dry cough. When the disease progresses, the voice may completely disappear, it becomes difficult to breathe, due to the defeat of the surrounding organs and tissues by the fibrinous process, convulsions occur, and hypoparathyroidism develops.
Inflammation of the thyroid gland- symptoms in women, treatment not provided on time, with diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, septic mycosis, sarcoidosis cause chronic specific thyroiditis. These diseases are accompanied by the same symptoms as other chronic thyroiditis, but their course is complicated by the underlying diseases that provoked thyroiditis.

In order to identify the presence of thyroiditis, instructions are needed, following which the following diagnostic methods are shown:

collection of anamnesis;
palpation of the thyroid gland;
determination of cellular immunity;
detection of antibody titer of AT TPO and AT TG;
the level of free T3 and T4, TSH;
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
samples with radioactive iodine;
fine needle aspiration biopsy;
scintigraphy.

Examination plan for patients with thyroid diseases

The medical instruction involves the following examination in women with suspected thyroid disease:

Clinical blood test.
Clinical analysis of urine.
Biochemical blood test (determination of bilirubin, liver enzymes, creatinine, urea, total protein, amylase).
Analysis for thyroid hormones (T3 St., T4 St.), TSH.
Analysis for antibodies to TPO, TG, TSH receptors.
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.
Radioisotope scan of the thyroid gland.
Computed / magnetic resonance imaging.
Fine-needle puncture with tissue biopsy of the tumor node and subsequent morphological study of the obtained biomaterial.

Thus, the signs of a sick thyroid gland in women can be very diverse. It is difficult for a non-specialist to deal with all the signals that the body gives him, and it is not so easy to cope with the diagnosis of all symptoms and syndromes on his own.

If you suspect that you have one of the endocrine diseases or cannot understand what is wrong with you, be sure to consult a doctor. After a thorough clinical examination and additional examination methods, the endocrinologist will determine the cause of hormonal disorders and draw up a plan for further action.

The impact of thyroid disorders on reproductive ability in women

There is a strong connection between the reproductive and endocrine systems, and in the event of a malfunction in one of them, a failure can occur in the second. The endocrine system includes the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, adrenal glands and ovaries - that is, all the endocrine glands of the body are necessary for its work.

It synchronizes and provides the best conditions suitable for the development of germ cells suitable for fertilization. The slightest change in the work of any of the organs that make up the endocrine system can become a problem for the full functioning of the already reproductive system.

The thyroid gland, which produces the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, has an effect on the combination of sex hormones, ovulation and preparation for pregnancy, and in the case of fertilization, it affects the functioning of tissues and is of great importance in the processes of laying and developing the brain and the formation of the intelligence of the unborn child, the development of the skeleton, sexual development, as well as menstrual function and fertility.

The work of the reproductive system, in turn, affects the work of the thyroid gland, for example, female sex hormones create suitable conditions for the movement and interaction of thyroid hormones in the organs.

Violation of the thyroid gland can cause untimely puberty, failure in the menstrual cycle, lack of ovulation, infertility, problems with carrying a pregnancy, up to its termination, as well as fetal pathology. That is, problems in the thyroid gland can lead to problems for women's health in any period of reproductive age.

The effect of hypothyroidism on the female reproductive system

The lack of thyroid-stimulating hormones can lead to violations of the synthesis and transport of sex hormones. With their long-term deficiency, the prolactin level increases, which can lead to infertility due to the lack of ovulation.

Noticeable changes in thyroid function are fairly easy to detect and examine. But there are subclinical forms of the disease, in which the level of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the blood remains within the normal range, and small deviations are present only in the TSH analysis data. Subclinical hypothyroidism can only be detected by the results of a blood test.

Hypothyroidism in women of childbearing age causes problems with the length of the menstrual cycle, the amount of discharge, that is, menstruation can be either up to 2 days with a moderate amount of blood (oligomenorrhea), or may be completely absent for several cycles (amenorrhea). An abnormality is also possible, in which menstruation lasts more than 7 days with a moderate amount of blood (polymenorrhea), or heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia).

One study of the relationship of hypothyroidism involved 170 women. According to the data obtained, in 40 women with hypothyroidism syndrome, menstruation is irregular. 17 had oligomenorrhea, 6 had hypomenorrhea (reduced number of periods that were due on time), 5 had amenorrhea, and 12 women in the study had menorrhagia/hypermenorrhea.

The results of the study show that in women suffering from hypothyroidism, menstrual irregularities are three times more common than in healthy women.

It was also found that the most common disorder is oligomenorrhea. A severe form of hypothyroidism is accompanied by a decrease in sexual desire and the cessation of ovulation. More information can be found in the video in this article.

The effect of hyperthyroidism on the female reproductive system

The presence of thyroid hormones in the body in excess of the norm negatively affects the female reproductive ability, because the long movement of female sex hormones in the blood will contribute to hyperplastic processes in the layers of the endometrium, secondary polycystic ovaries or amenorrhea may develop.

The mild form of the disease is characterized by metabolic disorders and tachycardia with the preservation of working capacity. As for the moderate and severe forms of hyperthyroidism, in this case there are many more markers of this syndrome and it is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.

The subclinical form appears much less frequently than in the case of hypothyroidism, and the doctor may suggest vegetovascular dystonia, since the TSH is in the lower limits of the norm, and T4 is slightly elevated.

Although some studies of patients with hyperthyroidism show that amenorrhea does not always occur. Menstrual irregularities occurred only in 22% of cases. Hypomenorrhea was present in 24 out of 214 patients, polymenorrhea was observed in 15 patients, oligomenorrhea was observed in 5 patients, and hypermenorrhea in 2.

Amenorrhea was not found among the patients. According to the results of endometrial biopsy, in most of the patients participating in the study, the process of ovulation occurred according to a normal schedule.

However, in the event of pregnancy, hyperthyroidism must be controlled, as this syndrome can have a great negative impact on the process of bearing a child. In connection with thyrotoxicosis, premature birth, growth restriction of the unborn baby, eclampsia, heart failure and even stillbirth are possible.

A woman who has difficulty conceiving, as well as miscarriages, should undergo a screening procedure to check the health of her thyroid gland. In case of problems found, the instructions issued by the doctor must be strictly observed.

How is the treatment of pathologies

When thyroid diseases are detected in the early stages, positive dynamics are achieved by therapeutic methods.

Attention! Hormonal preparations are used to treat diseases of the endocrine system.

A simplified instruction for actions for doctors when pathologies of the thyroid gland are detected is as follows:

if the disease has a genetic etiology due to hormonal agents, a decrease in the activity of the immune system is produced;
when tumors are detected, surgical intervention is performed;
when endemic goiter is detected, the patient's body is provided with iodine artificially.

The described instruction is extremely relative, it should be borne in mind that in case of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, special methods of exposure are used, which must be considered.

How is hypothyroidism treated?

The diagnosis is made after the initial examination and laboratory examination. Often, ultrasound of the thyroid gland is used as an auxiliary method. After obtaining the necessary results, the endocrinologist determines the direction of therapy.

Attention! Synthetic analogs of thyroid hormones are used to provide the body with the necessary compounds.

To ensure the effectiveness of therapy, it is necessary to develop an optimal plan for taking hormonal drugs for a particular patient. The patient should undergo a second examination, which involves passing tests for hormone levels in 2 weeks. If the plan is defined correctly, the first results will be noticeable.

A full course of therapy will ensure the normalization of blood cholesterol levels and help get rid of excess weight.

Of course, hypothyroidism is not a sentence, but the patient must be prepared for the fact that maintenance therapy will be needed constantly.

Therapeutic methods for hyperthyroidism

Pathology is treated with the use of antithyroid drugs, the purpose of which is to reduce the amount of hormones produced.

Attention! During the entire course of drug exposure, it is important to control the state of the thyroid gland.

If the disease is severe, a total removal of the gland is performed, to maintain hormonal balance, the patient will have to take hormones all his life.

How to prevent the manifestation of problems?

The main reason for the manifestation of thyroid pathologists is hereditary predisposition.

Of course, it is impossible to overcome and prevent the influence of this factor, but as practice shows, the disease is more often manifested in patients belonging to the following groups:

persons suffering from nicotine, alcohol or drug addiction;
patients facing a lack of iodine in the body;
people who are constantly in stressful situations.

The most vulnerable organ of the endocrine system is the thyroid gland in women, problems can manifest themselves quite sharply. Diseases can provoke the manifestation of serious violations in terms of the health of the female body. Timely detection and proper treatment will help prevent the development of dangerous complications.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) includes diseases of various origins. All of them are united by the presence of an inflammatory process. The disease affects people of different sex and age. The risk group includes those living in areas with a polluted environment, who have recently had infections, and who have deviations in mental development.

Types and causes of thyroiditis

Inflammation of the tissues of the thyroid gland has different pathological forms:

Acute - is divided into diffuse and focal, purulent and non-purulent thyroiditis.
Subacute - it is diffuse and focal, appears some time after the infection.
Chronic - classified into Riedel's goiter, autoimmune goiter, postpartum and specific thyroiditis. The latter is divided into tuberculous, septicomycotic and syphilitic thyroiditis.

Possible causes of inflammation of the thyroid gland:

consequences of radiation therapy;
organ injury;
penetration into the endocrine system of a viral infection;
in human water and food;
stress;
excessive physical and emotional stress.

A common cause of chronic thyroid disease is a hereditary predisposition to thyroiditis. The immune system begins to produce thyroid gland, after which the organ ceases to produce and secrete into the blood. Against this background, the work of all body systems is disrupted.

Activation can occur as a result of liver failure caused by the hepatitis C virus, long-term use of antiviral and hormonal drugs, excessive sun exposure.

Symptoms of thyroiditis

Signs of thyroiditis of the initial stage are hardly noticeable. Weakness, joint pain and sore throat are usually attributed to a mild cold. If pathological changes are aggravated by an infection or other irritating factor, the symptoms of thyroiditis become clearer.

Acute thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland of a non-purulent acute type accompanies:

fever, chills, sweating;
organ enlargement;
neck pain radiating to the back of the head;
feeling of constriction when swallowing food.

The purulent form of thyroiditis of the thyroid gland is characterized by swelling of the local lymph nodes, tachycardia, painful aching muscles. Body temperature is kept at 40°C. The patient may feel sick, vomit.

Subacute form

Signs of inflammation of the thyroid gland of a subacute course are manifested by an increase in the endocrine organ. The skin of the neck in the area of the thyroid gland looks edematous and swollen. There are unpleasant sensations in the form of a lump or sore throat, pain syndrome, extending into the ear. Maintains subfebrile temperature (37-38°C). Muscle ache is constantly felt. Most develop tachycardia, excessive sweating, and difficulty swallowing.

chronic fibrous type

Fibrous-invasive thyroiditis (Riedel's goiter) is a rare pathology of unknown origin. Destroyed thyroid cells are replaced by fibrous tissue (a type of connective tissue).

Inflammation of the thyroid gland may not manifest itself for a long time, except for the sensation of a lump in the throat.

Exacerbation of chronic thyroiditis leads to focal or diffuse enlargement of the organ. It begins to put pressure on the trachea, soldering with neighboring tissues, which leads to impaired breathing and swallowing. The patient's voice disappears, a headache appears, the face swells, vision decreases, there is tinnitus.

Specific forms

Symptoms of specific forms of thyroiditis:

Tuberculous - the thyroid gland moderately increases, its tissues acquire a dense structure, local lymph nodes swell. In most cases, the organ functions normally. Less often, tuberculous thyroiditis manifests itself as a painless protruding seal, resembling malignant or benign. There are cases when an abscess is formed in the thickness of the thyroid gland with or without a fistula.
Syphilis - the thyroid gland almost does not increase, on palpation, its inactivity is felt due to fusion with other organs. The neglected form of syphilis thyroiditis is manifested by the presence of infiltrates in the thickness of the thyroid gland, against the background of which perforation of the esophagus and larynx is possible. A rapidly developing pathological process is accompanied by an increase in lymph nodes, impaired swallowing and breathing, and severe neuralgia.
Actinomycotic - the symptoms of this type of thyroiditis resemble the usual chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland until it loses its density. Gradually, the endocrine organ becomes soft. Purulent foci are formed in it. Due to infiltrates, fistulas appear on the skin of the neck, from where pus is released.
A specific disease of the thyroid gland is autoimmune lymphocytic chronic thyroiditis. The endocrine organ increases evenly and gradually. Most patients with thyroid disease are asymptomatic. In some at an early stage of development, there is moderate soreness in the thyroid region, and swallowing function is impaired. On palpation, the density of the tissue of the organ, the presence of small tubercles is felt.

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of any pathological condition of the thyroid gland includes:

Complete blood count - shows the level of leukocytes, which increases with thyroid disease. Deviation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) from the norm may indicate the viral origin of the disease, oncology, the presence of a purulent focus in the thyroid gland.
Biochemical blood test - used to detect antibodies to healthy thyroid cells. Helps to assess the hormonal background of the body, T3 and T4.
Doppler ultrasound - is performed to assess the state of blood flow in small vessels in order to detect neoplasms.
- is prescribed to check the functional state and assess the structure of the thyroid gland.
- used in order to identify the origin of neoplasms.

Treatment of thyroiditis

Thyroid therapy should be under the supervision of an endocrinologist, which will exclude the complication of the disease. A mild form of inflammation of the thyroid gland is eliminated with the help of anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs and symptomatic therapy.

Pronounced signs of thyroiditis are treated with steroid hormones or antibiotics, depending on the origin of the disease.

Conservative therapy

Treatment of inflammation of the thyroid gland of an acute form of a non-purulent type involves hospitalization of the patient. Recovery occurs after 3-4 weeks of taking beta-blockers (Propranolol, Anaprilin). Means eliminate arrhythmia, normalize blood pressure, improve blood supply to the vessels of the brain. Pain is relieved with analgesics (Promedol, Ketorol). Antibacterial treatment is indicated in difficult cases, penicillin drugs are used. Immunity is strengthened with multivitamins - Supradin, Vitrum.

With a subacute form of thyroid insufficiency, inflammation can be removed at home only by strictly following the doctor's recommendations. In the absence of adequate treatment, thyroiditis lasts at least 6 months. The endocrinologist prescribes:

Prednisolone is a drug of adrenal hormones, taken 1 time per day, 30-40 mg for 2-3 weeks. Then weekly dosage is reduced by 5 mg. The duration of the hormonal course is 2-3 months.
Metindol - has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, is indicated for mild inflammation of the thyroid gland. It is recommended to use in complex therapy for 3-4 days. Take up to 4 times a day, 0.025 g after meals.
Propranolol - to eliminate the symptoms of hyperfunction of the endocrine organ. Drink 20-40 mg three times a day.
Levothyroxine sodium - is prescribed in an individual dose in case of (deficiency of thyroid hormones).

Autoimmune lymphomatous thyroiditis is treated with hormone replacement therapy. Patients are prescribed Levothyroxine or L-thyroxine in an individual dosage. Every fourth month, a biochemical blood test for hormones and is prescribed. Pathology is not completely cured, it becomes chronic.

Surgical treatment

Treatment of thyroiditis of the fibrous-invasive type (Riedel's goiter) is not complete without surgical intervention. If the thyroid organ is completely covered with fibrous tissue, it is carried out, otherwise it will cause suffocation. When connective tissue is formed on one lobe of the thyroid gland, only the affected area is operated on, adhesions and adhesions with neighboring tissues are excised.

Sometimes surgical treatment of the thyroid gland is prescribed for autoimmune thyroiditis when tumors are detected, conservative therapy is ineffective, and the gland is excessively enlarged.

Diet and support methods

With inflammation of the thyroid gland, it is formed from such products:

Fruits, berries and vegetables. These foods contain fiber. The substance cleanses the body of toxins that are formed due to metabolism caused by thyroid insufficiency.
Marine fish of moderately fatty varieties. It is a source of unsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3) and vitamins necessary to strengthen the immune system.
Bread, cereal, pasta. Products contain complex carbohydrates, lower cholesterol, normalize blood sugar levels.
Hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds, dairy products. Prevent iodine deficiency and osteoporosis.

As an addition to the thyroid gland, with the permission of the endocrinologist, you can drink decoctions from the fruits of plants:

Calendula tea is useful for autoimmune thyroiditis.
Sage is indicated for the prevention of thyroid tumors.
Hawthorn infusion is recommended by herbalists to improve the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Complications of inflammation of the thyroid gland

In the absence of adequate treatment, acute and subacute thyroid pathology can lead to the formation of purulent foci. Such infiltrates break through not only outside, but also inside the body.

The penetration of pus into the tissues of the neck or retrosternal space leads to damage to the blood vessels. A purulent infection can cause sepsis, spread to the brain.

Forecast and prevention

Timely treatment of acute inflammation of the thyroid gland is a guarantee that recovery will occur after 1-2 months of taking the necessary medications. Pathology of the subacute type is cured within 60-90 days. An exception is its advanced forms - in this case, therapy for thyroid insufficiency lasts up to two years. Often the disease takes a chronic form. The fibrous-invasive type is characterized by many years of progression with the development of iodine deficiency.

Prevention of inflammation of the thyroid gland is the timely treatment of any infectious diseases. After recovery, it is recommended to periodically undergo an examination by an endocrinologist, take care of strengthening the immune system, taking vitamin complexes and eating right. It is better to give up bad habits forever and start leading a healthy lifestyle.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis) is a group of diseases characterized by the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the lobes of the thyroid gland. In the early stages of the disease proceed in an asymptomatic form, the endocrine gland is activated, begins to synthesize hormones in large quantities. Against the background of the inflammatory process, hyperthyroidism is replaced by hypothyroidism, the gland continues to increase in size.

Modern medicine is unable to identify the causes of inflammation of the thyroid gland.

Specialists identify a group of factors that increase the likelihood of developing an inflammatory process in thyroid cells:

Deficiency of iodine molecules (hypothyroidism develops).
Hormonal disruptions (the gland does not adequately respond to a decrease / increase in hormone levels).
Damage to the glands of the endocrine system (trauma, surgery).
Viral/infectious diseases.
Oncological diseases (the immune system becomes vulnerable).
Autoimmune diseases (natural defenses cannot cope with pathogenic activity).
Disturbances in the work of the endocrine system (the hypothalamus gives incorrect signals to the thyroid gland).
Hereditary factor (passed mainly through the female line).
Unfavorable environmental conditions (harmful substances accumulate in the body, gradually depleting the immune system).
ionizing radiation.

A systematic examination, the use of vitamin complexes, a visit to an endocrinologist will help eliminate the cause of inflammation of the thyroid gland.

According to the etiology of origin, thyroiditis is classified:

The acute form of thyroiditis develops against the background of diseases of an infectious nature, outpouring of blood into the cavity of the gland, pathogenic effects of ionizing radiation. Characteristic signs: the structure of the thyroid gland is strongly compacted, increases in size; the gland is easily palpable; drawing pain radiates to the temples.
Subacute thyroiditis is a “side effect” that progresses after a viral infection. Characteristic features: pain in the area of the thyroid gland; the organ is in a static position; manifestation of a response from the endocrine system (CVS, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, MPS).
Chronic thyroiditis is characterized by a rapid increase in the volume of the thyroid gland, which puts pressure on nearby organs of the neck. Characteristic signs: the appearance of a pronounced goiter; problems with breathing and food passage; increasing pressure in the region of the upper ribs.
Autoimmune thyroiditis is the response of the immune system in the form of antibodies to healthy thyroid cells. Often diagnosed in women in the postpartum period.

The further course of treatment is selected based on the type of disease and clinical indications (symptoms and treatment).

A distinctive feature of thyroiditis is the absolute asymptomaticity (in the early stages). In the later stages, the pathology goes from one extreme to another (hyperthyroidism - hypothyroidism).

Specialists identify a general group of symptoms inherent in thyroiditis in the early stages:

Increase in body temperature.
Weakness.
Apathy.
Swelling / redness of the mucous membrane of the throat.
Redness of the skin in the neck.
Unreasonable aggression, mood swings.
Change in body weight.
Increased sweating.
Sexual hypoactivity.
Jumps in blood pressure.
Short-term hearing loss, visual impairment.
Insomnia.
Lack of appetite.
Intolerance to physical activity.

Symptoms in women are pronounced: menstrual irregularities, inability to become pregnant, ovarian abnormalities.

Often, the inflammatory process is masked in the form of concomitant diseases (colds, tonsillitis).

Inflammation of the thyroid gland symptoms:

Change in the size (consistency) of the lymph nodes.
The appearance of pain in the region of the gland, periodically extending to the region of the occipital bone.
The appearance of a feeling of unpleasant squeezing of the organs of the neck at the time of swallowing food.
The manifestation of pain during sudden movements of the head.
Unreasonable increase in body temperature (chills).
Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland (rarely local).

Over time, the pain syndrome increases, ignoring such a vivid symptomatology threatens with serious complications.

Subacute thyroiditis

Signs of inflammation of the thyroid gland:

The appearance of pulling pain in the region of the thyroid gland (a feeling of heaviness in the region of the jaw).
The increase in pain syndrome at the time of chewing food, swallowing, turning the head.
Enlargement of the gland.
Characteristic compaction of organ tissues.
Allergic rash on the skin in the region of the thyroid gland (local sensation of heat).
Enlargement of lymph nodes in the region of the lower jaw.
Profuse sweating.
Headaches.
CNS disorders: aggression, irritability, causeless mood swings.
Tremor of the limbs.
Change in body weight.
Activation of the sebaceous glands (oily and moist skin).

A feature of subacute thyroiditis is the rapid course of the disease.

Symptoms of the disease:

Pressure is applied to the organs of the neck, the patient experiences a feeling of constriction at the time of chewing and swallowing food, breathing.
Hoarseness of the voice (the thyroid gland "oppresses" the vocal cords).
Asymmetric "growth" of the thyroid gland.
Consolidation of the organ.
Regular headaches, the appearance of characteristic tinnitus.
Temporary visual impairment.
Manifestation of the circulatory system at the anterior wall of the thyroid gland (pulsation of arteries and vessels).

A characteristic feature of chronic thyroiditis is that the disease manifests itself in the later stages. Often inflammation of the thyroid gland is accompanied by hypothyroidism.

Autoimmune thyroiditis

The disease manifests itself:

Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland (see photo).
Thickening of tissues in the lobes of the organ (the gland remains mobile).
Trouble swallowing (feeling tight).
Violation of the rhythm of the heartbeat.
Violation of metabolic processes (appetite remains at the same level).
Profuse sweating.
Nervous disorders (depression).

As Hashimoto's disease progresses, it progresses to hypothyroidism.

Treatment of inflammation is based on identifying the cause that led to the development of thyroiditis. If pathogenic bacteria have become the causative agents of the inflammatory process, the specialist prescribes the appropriate drugs. Antibiotics help relieve inflammation, suppress the focus of the epidemic, preventing the further spread of the inflammatory process.

The course of subacute thyroiditis is quite easy: the symptoms appear gradually, the pain syndrome is mild.

At the heart of drug therapy are anti-inflammatory drugs (suppress the focus of infection, relieve pain). In case of detection of extremely severe forms of subacute thyroiditis, the patient is prescribed hormonal drugs (cortisone).

Treatment of the thyroid gland in women in a delicate position requires constant monitoring by a gynecologist and endocrinologist.

The acute form of thyroiditis is characterized by the rapid development of the clinical picture, in the shortest possible time the inflammatory process affects the tissues of the thyroid gland, often leading to organ dysfunction. In the event of an abscess of the thyroid gland, an emergency operation is performed to remove the purulent sac. Against the background of an abscess, autoimmune reactions develop, the immune system begins to destroy the endocrine system. In the postoperative period, anti-inflammatory antibiotics are prescribed, hormone replacement therapy is performed. Additionally, a course of multivitamins is prescribed in order to strengthen the immune system. Inflammation of the thyroid gland treatment involves an integrated approach.

Autoimmune thyroiditis leads to partial destruction of thyroid tissue, as a result, the patient develops hypothyroidism. Treatment consists of lifelong hormonal therapy in order to restore the concentration of hormones in the blood. The patient is required to take a blood test, focusing on the current level of hormones, the endocrinologist makes adjustments to the dosage of the drug. During periods of exacerbation, the thyroid gland can become inflamed.

Unfortunately, chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland is not amenable to medical treatment. The affected area of the thyroid gland is excised surgically. In the case of diagnosing hypothyroidism, which developed against the background of removal of the gland, a course of hormonal preparations is prescribed.

Detection of the disease at an early stage helps to avoid harmful consequences for the body. It is strictly forbidden to treat thyroiditis at home. An annual comprehensive examination, a visit to an endocrinologist, a balanced diet is the key to a healthy thyroid gland.