Centenary lamp. Eternal incandescent lamp 100 year old light bulb
Edison's oldest ever-burning incandescent light bulb is 116 years old!
Amazingly, it was turned on back in 1901, when the first aircraft in history had not yet taken off, and since then it has never stopped working. This unique American landmark has been located in the fire department of the Californian city of Livermore for more than a century.
She, as you might guess, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. It happened in 1972, shortly after local reporter Mike Dunstan learned from the station staff about the unusual longevity of the old lamp.
The "centenary bulb", as it is commonly called in the US, even has its own official website (centennialbulb.org), on the main page of which you can see an online broadcast of an amazing light source. A webcam installed specifically for this purpose transmits a photo of a light bulb to the Internet every few minutes. Every day, hundreds of curious people visit this resource in the hope of seeing that the “centenary lamp” has finally gone out (why do they need this?), but this has not yet happened.
The webcam was installed here in 2010, and since then it has broken down twice, but the amazing lamp is timeless.
The miracle device was made in the 1890s by the American Shelby Electric Company by hand. Glass for a 60-watt light bulb was blown in the traditional way. Its carbon filament, which is 8 times thicker than the spirals of modern lamps of this type, was created using the technology of Thomas Edison, but under the auspices of Adolphe Shaye, Edison's direct competitor.
The secret of the longevity of the "centenary lamp"
The unusually high resource of the old woman is explained by the fact that in those days, manufacturers worked conscientiously and created durable lamps, that is, they strove for this, not yet focusing on the sophisticated deceitful needs of the market.
It's no secret that today industrialists practice the so-called, that is, they produce any products, including light bulbs, with a deliberately short service life, so that they quickly fail, and buyers run to stores for a replacement. By the way, it was incandescent bulbs that became the first product that they began to specifically make of insufficient quality for long-term operation. To this end, at one time, manufacturers of incandescent lamps even gathered for an international consultation, where they agreed to reduce the life of an Edison lamp to a certain (compared to the previous short period) number of hours. And only the USSR at that time did not participate in this deal of the century, which is why Ilyich's light bulb was practically unburnable for a long time (the older generation born in the USSR still remembers this well).
The secret of the longevity of the “centenary lamp” also lies in the fact that it is never extinguished, that is, there are simply no off-on cycles. Namely, they, as you know, most often lead to the burnout of incandescent bulbs.
And, finally, the lamp in Livermore, although it initially worked with a given power of 60 watts, today this figure is only 4 watts, which, you see, is extremely small for effective lighting, but it is economical in terms of longevity of the lighting device.
In 2001, firefighters solemnly celebrated the centenary of "America's Little Pride." At the same time, a kind of "committee of the century-old light bulb" was created, dealing with the issue of preserving its performance for as long as possible - at any cost. It would be better, of course, if manufacturers of modern light bulbs also took care of the durability of their products ...
Centenary Lamp- this is the name of the longest-burning lamp in the world. It is located in the Fire Department of Livermore, California and has been burning continuously from 1901 to the present. The fire department claims that this lamp has been burning continuously for at least 116 years and has only been turned off a few times during that time. An unusually high lamp life was provided mainly by operation at low power (4 watts), in a deep short distance, with a very low efficiency. Due to its durability, the "Centenary Lamp" was entered into the Guinness Book of Records and is often cited as evidence of the existence of "planned obsolescence" of later production incandescent lamps.
The lamp has its own official website, where you can look at it online at any time of the day through specially installed cameras.
The lamp was produced by the private Shelby Electric Company, which disappeared in 1912 as a result of a takeover by the General Electric Corporation. The lamp was created in accordance with the work of Edison's competitor - Adolphe Chaie. Its filament was made of carbon (it is 8 times thicker than modern lamps). There is a version that this explains the incredible longevity of the lamp. At the beginning of the 20th century, manufacturers decided to abandon such a manufacturing technology and such incandescent lamps did not receive mass production.
Story
The "centenary lamp" originally had a power of 30 or 60 watts, but at the moment it is very dim, emitting about the same amount of light as, for example, a 4-watt night lamp. The lamp was handmade in a facility in Shelby, Ohio, in the late 1890s. There is evidence that the lamp was used in at least four places.
It was originally installed in the premises of the fire department in 1901, and then moved to a garage in downtown Livermore, which was owned by the fire and police departments. When the fire departments were merged, the lamp was moved once again, this time to the newly built city hall, where the fire department was moved. Her unusual longevity was first noted in 1972 by reporter Mike Dunstan. (Mike Dunstan) while chatting with the old-timers of Livermore. in the newspaper Tri Valley Herald he published an article where it was written verbatim: "The light of the lamp may be the oldest." Dunstan applied to the Guinness Book of Records, edition "Ripley's Believe it or Not", and corporation General Electric, which confirmed that this is indeed the most durable light bulb that is reliably known.
In 1976, the fire department moved to another building. The legendary lamp was removed by cutting off the wire, as there was a fear that twisting it could damage it.
The lamp was unplugged for only 22 minutes when the handover ceremony took place, in a specially designed box and with a full escort of fire trucks. "Ripley's Believe it or Not" made a statement that a small forced break in the operation of the lamp cannot affect the record for the duration of continuous burning
In 2001, the 100th anniversary of the lamp was solemnly celebrated. In addition to being out of service for the duration of the move, there were other short breaks in its operation (for example, during a week in 1937 for repairs, as well as during occasional power outages).
On the evening of May 20, 2013, already being monitored by a special webcam, the light went out. The public was inclined to believe that she had burned out.
The next morning an electrician showed up to confirm this assumption.
However, it was determined that the light bulb did not burn out when the power supply was replaced with an extension cord.
It turned out that the power supply was defective. About seven hours later, the light came on again.
The Centenary Lamp is currently overseen by the Centennial Light Bulb Committee, Livermore Fire Department, Livermore Heritage Guild, Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory. According to the Livermore Fire Department, the Centenary Lamp will be kept burning no matter how long it takes before it burns out.
It deservedly bears the title of the oldest light bulb in the world, because it has been burning for more than a century. To be exact, 117 years. The resource of an ordinary incandescent lamp does not exceed 2000 hours, modern LED lamps have a margin of safety several times greater, reaching up to 50 thousand hours. But 1 million 25 hours is an absolute record and far from the limit. What's the secret?
A bit of history
Thomas Edison invented the world's oldest light bulb. This happened in 1879, when he was conducting experiments to improve carbon filaments.
Edison worked for almost a year - he managed to increase the resource to 1200 hours, after which mass production of lighting fixtures began.
At that time, the Parisian Shaye was only 11 years old. His childhood and youth fell on a period when the popularity of lighting was growing rapidly. Chaye's father owned a small company producing incandescent lamps, and his son, who showed a keen interest in products, decided to connect his life with physics.
Science interested him as a foundation for creating a light bulb that burns for 100 years, and the opportunity to make good money on the invention. Chaiet studied in parallel at the German and French academies, and after graduation he worked in a large specialized company in Germany.
Then there was a move to America and the opening of their own production. Shaye's factory was called the Shelby Electric Company.
Experiment in public
The physicist and the inventor succeeded in what they had planned. In 1897, representatives of Shelby Electric declared that their products were 20% brighter than those of competitors, and their resource was almost a third longer.
During testing, incandescent lamps from different manufacturers were installed side by side and connected to the same electrical network. Then they began to gradually increase the voltage. One by one, the lamps burned out and exploded. A few minutes after the start of the experiment, the laboratory was illuminated only by Shelby devices. None of the lamps failed.
As soon as the article came out, the company received twice the usual orders - employees had to work at night to fulfill them. The release continued actively for the next decade, after which things began to decline.
The owner of the company did not want to modernize production, as a result of which Shelby could not compete with other firms. In 1914, she stopped the production of lamps.
Light bulb from Livermore
The 100-year-old light bulb, as it is popularly called, is one of those produced by Shelby Electric. In 1901 it was bought and turned on for the first time. But she became famous much later.
In 1972, a California newspaper printed a curious story. According to the head of the fire inspection Livermore, they have an unusual light bulb in the room that has been burning continuously for several decades. Firefighters made legends about it, but no one knew when it was lit.
Young enterprising reporter Mike Dunstan, having heard an unusual story, decided on his own investigation. He found dozens of eyewitnesses, collected their written and oral memories, and reconstructed the history of the world's longest light bulb.
Dunstan found out that the buyer of the legendary model was Dennis Bernal, and the seller was Livermore's first energy company. It happened at the end of the 19th century - the journalist could not establish the exact year.
Then the lamp illuminated the garage, the city hall, and in 1901 it hit the city fire department. It burned around the clock at low power - only 4 W, used as night lighting. Operating conditions - deep underburning and low efficiency.
The legendary lamp was turned off only 2-3 times. The last time was 22 minutes in 1976. Prior to that, it did not burn for almost a week, when in the 30s of the last century the reconstruction took place in the fire station.
A light bulb that has been burning for 100 years is a city landmark, anyone can watch it online. Recently, a webcam has been installed in the fire department and is aimed at a unique device. Representatives of the Guinness Book of Records determined her age and determined that she is the oldest in the world.
An ordinary light bulb glorified the unremarkable town of Liverm. Tens of thousands of people watch it online, thousands come to look at the unique ceiling lamp that burns and does not go out. Firefighters are happy to organize excursions to her.
In 2001, local residents celebrated the light bulb's 100th anniversary. The celebration was held with a barbecue, competitions and live music. Musical accompaniment was provided by three ensembles at once.
What's next?
Firefighters are not going to change the popular light bulb that made their station and city famous. But even when it burns out, it will not go into the trash. Several museums want to immortalize the electric centenarian in their exhibits. First in line is the Ripley Museum.
What is the secret of such an impressive service life? Physicists have not figured it out.
Some things made in ancient times surprise with their durability. In turning industries, you can still find machine tools manufactured in the second half of the 19th century, when the first electricity appeared. They require a transformer, but they can still be used for their intended purpose for simple tasks. It is erroneously considered that the main centenarians in this area relate only to mechanics, but there are also quite functional devices that have survived to this day. One of the most striking examples is the so-called centenary lamp, which has been burning almost continuously, interrupted by emergency blackouts, since 1901. It was first screwed into a cartridge in 1901. Since then, it has never been withdrawn for revision of the base and contact parts. She has her own website and broadcast on the worldwide web.
A bit of history
Initially, the device had a relatively low power, experts give different numbers based on exact copies of this product. This is about 50 to 60 watts, it shone quite brightly. It was made by hand, the flask was made by glassblowers, and the incandescent body was rolled by workers on a special machine in the city of Shelby, USA. The date of manufacture is around 1890. The lamp lay in the warehouse for another 11 years before being screwed into place, because the number of consumers in those distant times was extremely small.
This device first came across in the press in 1972, when a local journalist heard of its existence. He first wrote in a local newspaper, but in parallel turned to the Guinness Book of Records. He personally made an appointment with the head of General Electric to talk about the phenomenon. Record experts have indeed confirmed the age of the device. She survived many moves and even a small fire, but at the same time all the workers carefully kept the relic. It is even forbidden to unscrew it from the cartridge, so as not to provoke extinction.
There were interruptions in work, but all of them are connected with shutdowns due to accidents on the lines. In 2013, the press exploded with reports that the lamp had gone out, but that it was just the uninterruptible power supply. When the webcam appeared, there were rumors about the substitution of the device, but this was not confirmed. The Livermore Fire Department now keeps the fire going around the clock until it fails.
Doubles and fakes
The appearance of the lamp has been recreated from various copies sold as the original. The scammers said that it was just a lucky batch, that all the lamps released that year were so durable. The cost was really impressive, because it was extremely difficult to check the product for originality. As a result, buyers treated such statements as another attempt to sell a souvenir, and it never came to serious auctions.
Modern manufacturers do not try
Often, conspiracy theorists cite this lighting device as direct evidence that current factories deliberately underestimate the resource by installing ultra-thin spirals in incandescent lamps. This is partly true, but with such a thick heating body in a modern electrical network, everything will burn out quickly enough from powerful overheating. The glow occurs in the warm spectrum, which indicates a relatively low temperature. Therefore, the secret of durability is beyond doubt. If everything is heated to white heat, then it is not known how long the lamp will last. And in the age of constantly developing technologies, it is stupid to talk about such service life. Your neighbors will buy more economical and brighter models, and you will use an outdated and outdated device.
Not a hundred years, but a very long time
We cannot offer such lamps, because they are not produced by modern manufacturers. But in the ProfElectro online store you have access to the best progressive LED technologies that allow you to illuminate any room. These are the most durable light bulbs that function flawlessly for 5 years or more. This is a useful purchase that allows you to significantly reduce energy costs.
In the United States of America, the average incandescent light bulb (i.e., one heated by a wire filament) has a lifespan of about 1,000 to 2,000 hours. LED lamps, which are now increasingly replacing incandescent lamps, are said to last between 25,000 and 50,000 hours - just an incredible difference.
But hanging from the ceiling of a California firehouse, the lamp burned for 989,000 hours—nearly 113 years. Since its installation in 1901, it has rarely been turned off, and it has managed to outlive the many firefighters who have been working here for an entire era. For this, experts from General Electric and physicists around the world called her "eternal light."
Tracing the history of this light bulb, known as the Centennial Light, has led scientists to question whether it is one of the wonders of physics or a sign that modern light bulbs are far weaker than their predecessors. Its longevity is still a mystery.
A Brief History of the Light Bulb
Although in most cases it is customary to say that Thomas Edison "invented" the first light bulb in 1879, he was preceded by the experiments of many other inventors.
In 1802, British chemist Humphrey Davy created an incandescent light bulb by passing current through thin strips of platinum. Over the next 75 years, his experiments served as the basis for many developments aimed at creating durable, brightly glowing lamps based on heated filaments. Scottish inventor James Bowman Lindsay boasted in 1835 of his new light bulb allowing him to "read a book at a distance of one and a half meters", but soon abandoned his efforts to focus on wireless telegraphy. Five years later, a group of British scientists experimented with platinum filaments inside a vacuum tube. Although the high price of platinum made their device unaffordable and difficult to manufacture on a large scale, this design was the basis for the first patent for the incandescent lamp, obtained in 1841.
The American inventor John W. Starr, thanks to the introduction of carbon filaments in 1845, may have been credited as the inventor of the first electric light bulb, but died of tuberculosis the following year after its discovery, and his colleagues were unable to continue the scientist's work without his knowledge. and experience. A few years later, British physicist Joseph Swan used Starr's achievement to produce the first work lamp, and in 1878 became the first person in the world to decorate his home with incandescent bulbs.
Meanwhile in America, Thomas Edison was working on improving carbon filaments. By 1880, by using a higher vacuum and developing a fully integrated electric lighting system, he improved the life of his light bulb to 1,200 hours and began to produce his invention at a rate of 130,000 light bulbs a year.
In the midst of this innovation, a man was born who managed to create the most durable light bulb in the world.
The Shelby Electric Company
Adolphe Chaier was born to create the most unique light bulb. Born in 1867, Chaillet was constantly influenced by the growing lamp industry in Paris, France. At the age of 11, he decided to earn his own money, so he began to accompany his father, a Swedish immigrant and owner of a small company that produces incandescent lamps. He quickly learned, showing an interest in physics, and completed his studies at once in two academies of sciences - German and French. In 1896, after spending some time designing filaments for a large German power company, Chaiet moved to the United States.
Shaye worked for General Electric for a while, but then, thanks to his authority as a brilliant electrician, he managed to raise $100,000 (equivalent to $2,750,000 in 2014) from investors and opened his own Shelby Electric Company lamp factory. While his achievements in incandescent technology were well known, Chaye also wanted to prove to the American public that his lamps were the brightest and most durable lamps in existence.
In a risky move, he decided to publicly test the duration of his lamps: Popular light bulbs were placed side-by-side with his merchandise, all connected to a gradually increasing voltage source. An 1897 issue of the Western Electrician told what happened next:
“Lamp after lamp of various brands burned out and exploded until the lab was left lit only by Shelby lamps—none of them were visibly damaged, even under the extreme strain, during such a demonstrative test.”
Original Schie patent
According to The Electrical Review (1902), the brightness of light bulbs was attributed to Chaye's patented spiral carbon filament:
“It has practically been pointed out that the main idea of the inventor was to align the turns of the helix, as well as the bottom of the lamp, so that the greatest intensity of light was emitted downwards. The thread was wound in the form of a loop extended transversely from the axis of the lamp, or, in other words, an elliptical loop, the main axis of which ran across the longitudinal axis of the lamp. The lamp body was likewise flattened at its upper end so that its glass wall was substantially parallel to the lower lines of the filament hinges when the lamp was hung from the ceiling.
Referring to such achievements, Shelby claimed that his light bulbs last 30% longer and burn 20% brighter than any other bulb in the world. His company experienced explosive success: according to the Western Electrician magazine, they "got so many orders on the first of March that they had to work nights and drastically increase the size of the plant." By the end of the year, the company's productivity had doubled from 2,000 to 4,000 lamps per day, and "the benefits of using Shelby lamps were so obvious that they certainly did not go unnoticed even among the most skeptical consumers."
Over the next decade, Shelby continued to release new products, but as the light bulb market expanded significantly and new technologies (tungsten filaments) emerged, the company was unable to make the large cash investments needed to maintain competition in the market. In 1914, they were bought by General Electric, and Shelby light bulbs were discontinued.
The Centennial Light
Seventy-five years later, in 1972, the head of the Fire Department in Livermore, California, told a local newspaper about an oddity: a bare Shelby light bulb hanging from the ceiling of his station has been burning continuously for decades. In truth, it had long been a legend in the fire department, but no one knew for sure how long it had burned or where it came from. Mike Dunstan, a young reporter for the Tri-Valley Herald, investigated the matter and what he found was truly impressive.
Tracing the light bulb's origin story through dozens of oral and written histories, Dunstan determined that it was purchased by Dennis Bernal of the Livermore Power and Water Co. (the city's first power company) around the end of the 1890s, and then taken over by the city's fire department in 1901, after Bernal sold the company. And, since only 3% of American homes were lit with electricity at the time, Shelby light bulbs were a hot commodity.
In its early years, the bulb known as the Centennial Light was only moved a few times, hung in the fire department for a few months and then, after a brief stay in the garage and city hall, moved to the Livermore fire station. "It was left on 24 hours a day to light a dark path for the company's employees," then-fire station chief Jack Baird told Dunstan. "It's part of a different era in the city and she still does her job very well."
Although Baird acknowledged that it did once turn off "for about a week when Roosevelt's Public Works Office remodeled the firehouse back in the 1930s," Guinness World Records officials did establish that the hand-blown lamp at 30 watts reached 71 years of service life and was "the oldest incandescent lamp in the world." This statement was followed by an immediate press reaction.
In addition to the reconstruction of the fire station in 1930, the light bulb went out a couple of times - in 1976, when it was brought to the new Livermore fire station No. a crowd eager to see it light up again, but as Deputy Fire Chief Tom Brandall recalls, "there was one frightening moment":
“We got to a new location, the city electrician installed a light bulb and connected it to the mains. It took about 22-23 minutes, and the light did not light up. The crowd looked at her with bated breath. The city electrician grabbed the switch, shook it, and it finally worked!”
After it was installed, video surveillance was carried out behind the lamp to make sure that the latter was really lit without interruption. In subsequent years, an online camera called "BulbCam" appeared on the Internet, demonstrating the operation of the lamp in real time. Last year, fans of the light bulb (of whom there are almost 9,000 on Facebook) were horrified when it stopped glowing.
At first it seemed that she had finally finished her work, but after nine and a half hours, it was discovered that the light bulb's uninterruptible power supplies had failed. As soon as their work was restored, the light bulb began to illuminate the room again. Thus, the 113-year-old incandescent lamp survived its power supply (however, it also survived three CCTV cameras).
Today, the lamp still shines, although one retired volunteer firefighter once said that “it doesn’t give much light anymore” (only about 4 watts). But the owners of a fragile piece of history treat it with great responsibility: Livermore firefighters take care of a small light bulb like a porcelain doll. “No one wants this light bulb to go out in front of them,” former fire chief Stuart Gary once said. "If it broke while I was still in charge, it wouldn't bode well for my career."
They don't act like they usually do.
Everyone from MythBusters to National Public Radio has come up with their own explanations for the Shelby light bulb's longevity. But, in general, there is only one answer - a complete mystery, because the Schieu patent left most of the process unexplained.
Some, like UC Berkeley electrical engineering professor David Tse, openly question the light bulb's authenticity. "It's impossible," he told the Chronicle in 2011. - It's a joke". Others, like engineering student Henry Slonsky, argue that this is most likely due to the fact that once everything was done with a huge margin of safety, it is today. "At that time," he says, "people were making everything much more durable than required."
In 2007, Annapolis physics professor Deborah M. Katz bought an old Shelby light bulb from the same year as Centenary Light and ran a series of experiments on it to determine its main differences from modern bulbs. In her findings, she reported that:
“I paid attention to the width of the filament, comparing it with the width of the modern filament of incandescent lamps. It turns out that the thread of modern lamps is a coil, with a diameter of about 0.08 mm, twisted from a wire with a thickness of about 0.01 mm. I didn't know this until I looked under a microscope: the width of a 100-year-old Shelby lamp filament is about the same as the width of the helical filament of a modern light bulb - 0.08 mm.
While the results of Katz's research are rather inconclusive, she suggests that the fact that the Shelby light bulb's filament is eight times thicker than a modern light bulb may be the secret to its longevity. According to her, modern lamps use thinner tungsten filaments, which give more light (from 40 to 200 watts) and burn harder, because of which they feel more voltage than old light bulbs like those that Shelby invented. "You can think of it as a low-metabolizing animal," she told Centennial Light watchers. “This feature allows it to use less energy, and therefore it can continue to work longer than others.” Katz also adds that the long operation of the light bulb, in particular, was facilitated by the fact that it was not turned off, as they do in ordinary life, because this process wastes the energy of the light bulb more than if it is allowed to work continuously (the thread must warm up each time, just like a car engine).
Shelby Light Bulb Properties (according to Justin Felgar)
Justin Felgar, one of Dr. Katz's students, further explored the light bulb and published his work in 2010 as The Filament of the Centennial Lamp. In it, Felgar writes that he was able to figure out one curious pattern: the hotter the Shelby lamp heats up, the more electricity passes through the filament of the Centennial Light (which is the exact opposite of what happens with modern tungsten filaments). Felgar claims that in order to determine the exact cause of the Shelby's filament fire resistance, it would be necessary to "tear off one piece" and run it through a particle accelerator at the Naval Academy, but this is a very expensive process, and therefore it still remains not verified.
Ultimately, Katz and her colleagues have no definitive answer to this mystery. “I thought that for sure all physical processes must eventually end,” she says. “But maybe something random happened to this particular light bulb.” Former Deputy Fire Chief Livermore agrees. “The reality is that it’s probably just another mistake of nature,” he told NPR reporters in 2003, “only one in a million light bulbs can continue to glow like this year after year.”
lamp cartel
Today, the average incandescent bulb lasts about 1,500 hours, while high-end LED bulbs ($25 each) emit light for about 30,000 hours. Whether or not a century-old light bulb had a secret working formula, it burned for 113 years - about 1 million hours. So why can't we create exactly the same long-lasting light bulb?
Lamp companies such as The Shelby Electric Company took pride in the long life of their products, so much so that the durability of their products was a constant focus of their marketing campaigns. But by the mid-1920s, the ways of doing business had changed somewhat and a new rule began to prevail in them:
"Products that don't wear out are a tragedy for business." This line of thought is called "planned obsolescence," in which manufacturers deliberately shorten the lifespan of their products, resulting in faster replacement.
In 1921, Osram, a multinational light bulb manufacturer, formed the "Internationale Glühlampen Preisvereinigung" (International Light Bulb Pricing Association) to regulate prices and limit competition. General Electric soon responded by founding the "International General Electric Company" in Paris. Together these organizations traded in patents and sales information to strengthen their position in the lamp market.
In 1924, Osram, Philips, General Electric and other major electric companies met and formed the Phoebus cartel under the guise of a common collaboration ostensibly aimed at standardizing light bulbs. Instead, they began to engage in planned obsolescence. To achieve the latter, the companies agreed to limit the lifespan of light bulbs to 1,000 hours—shorter than even Edison bulbs (1,200 hours). Any company that produces a light bulb that lasts more than 1,000 hours will be fined.
Prior to its dissolution during World War II, the cartel allegedly halted all research into light bulbs with a longer life span for twenty years.
Whether or not planned obsolescence is still on the agenda of light bulb manufacturers is highly debatable, and there is no definitive evidence that this has ever happened (or is happening). In any case, the production of incandescent lamps is gradually declining around the world: this trend began to be seen in Brazil and Venezuela in 2005, and many countries followed suit (the European Union, Switzerland and Australia sharply reduced the production of such lamps in 2009, Argentina and Russia in 2012 and the United States, Canada, Mexico, Malaysia and South Korea in 2014).
As soon as more efficient technologies (halogen, LED, compact fluorescent lamps, magnetic induction lamps) appeared, the old filament lamps became a relic of the past. But hanging from the white ceiling of Livermore Fire Station No. 6, an impossibly old light bulb is more relevant than ever and still refuses to go out of service.
The material was prepared by Natalia Zakalyk - based on an article from priceonomics.com
Going to make repairs? Do you want a beautiful mosaic in the bath? And the prices bite? Then your choice is to buy an inexpensive bathroom mosaic. Either way, it's not cheap, but it's worth it.
P.S. My name is Alexander. This is my personal, independent project. I am very glad if you liked the article. Want to help the site? Just look below for an ad for what you've recently been looking for.
Copyright site © - This news belongs to the site, and are the intellectual property of the blog, protected by copyright law and cannot be used anywhere without an active link to the source. Read more - "About Authorship"
Are you looking for this? Perhaps this is what you could not find for so long?
