Presentation on literature "Study of the cycle of stories by I. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"." Presentation on the topic “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev Project based on stories from the series Notes of a Hunter
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I.S. Turgenev "Khor and Kalinich". The diversity and complexity of the peasant characters in the story
According to his father, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev belonged to an old noble family, his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner. On her estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Oryol province), the childhood years of the future writer passed, who early learned to have a subtle sense of nature and to hate serfdom. Origin of the writer It is difficult to imagine more dissimilar people than the parents of the future writer. Sergey Nikolaevich Varvara Petrovna 2
“Notes of a Hunter” Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev spent almost his entire life in Europe, only coming to Russia for a short time. However, he dedicated his best works to Russian people and Russian nature. In the 40-50s of the 19th century, the writer created several works, combined into one collection “Notes of a Hunter”. The themes of the stories in the collection are varied: here are descriptions of landowners who oppress serfs, and bright images of ordinary men who managed to maintain kindness and sincerity in inhuman conditions, and beliefs, fairy tales of the Russian people, and, of course, beautiful pictures of the nature of central Russia. In all the stories there is the same hero - Pyotr Petrovich, a nobleman from the village of Spasskoye. He talks about the incidents that happened to him during the hunt. Turgenev endowed his narrator with subtle observation, a special sense of beauty, which helps to convey various situations to the reader more accurately and colorfully. The collection brought the author wide fame. 3
Brief historical and literary information 1818 October 28 – birthday of I.S. Turgenev. 1847 January - the first story from the series “Notes of a Hunter” “Khor and Kalinich” was published. 1852 - “Notes of a Hunter” was published as a separate book, containing 25 stories and essays. 4
“Khor and Kalinich” “Ermolai and the miller’s wife” “Raspberry water” “District doctor” “My neighbor Radilov” “Ovsyannikov’s homestead” “Lgov” “Bezhin meadow” “Kasyan with the Beautiful Sword” “The mayor” “Office” “Biryuk” “ Two Landowners" "Lebedyan" "Death" "Singers" "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev" "Date" "Tatyana Borisovna and Her Nephew" "Hamlet of Shchigrovsky District" "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin" "The End of Chekrtophanov" "Living Relics" "Knocking" "Forest" and steppe" "Notes of a Hunter" 5
The main theme and idea of "Notes of a Hunter" Topic: depiction of the simple Russian people, serfs, assessment of their high spiritual and moral qualities, showing the moral impoverishment of the Russian nobility Idea: protest against serfdom 6
Trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district M.N. Musin-Pushkin burns “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. Caricature by L. Waxel. 1852 7
8 Genre – story
Historical background By the beginning of the 19th century. There were two forms of serfdom: corvee and quitrent. Corvée is the free forced labor of a dependent peasant working with personal equipment on the farm of the land owner. Corvee work could include field work, carriage duties, construction and handicraft work, and wood cutting. Quirk is one of the duties of dependent peasants, which consists of paying tribute to the landowner in food or money. 9
10 Questions for discussion: How is the landowner Polutykin portrayed in the story? What meaning does the author’s assessment of “an excellent person” take on? At the end of the story, the phrase sounds: “Shoot your own black grouse and change the headman more often.” What assessment do you think Turgenev gives to the landowner through the mouth of a serf? How is Khor depicted in the story? What is the meaning of the narrator's comparison of Chorus and Socrates? Why doesn’t Khor want to free himself from serfdom?
11 Questions for discussion: What meaning does the phrase take on in the context of the story: “Peter the Great was primarily a Russian man, Russian precisely in his transformations. What’s good is what he likes, what’s reasonable is what you give him, but where it comes from is all the same to him”? Which principle predominates in the image of Khor - rational or sensual? Find the answer to the question in the text. Which episode of the story is depicted in P.P.’s illustration? Sokolov? What character traits do Khor show in his relationship with Kalinich?
12 Questions for discussion: What is Kalinich like in the story by I.S. Turgenev? How does the landowner Polutykin speak about him? In contrast to Khoryu, Kalinich symbolizes the poetic side of the Russian national character. How does it manifest itself?
Turgenev shows a social conflict in the book, pits two national images against each other, two Russias - official, feudal, deadening life, on the one hand, and folk-peasant, living and poetic life, on the other. All heroes gravitate towards one of two poles - “dead” or “alive”. 13
In “Notes of a Hunter”, the image of Khor reflects a certain type of Russian national character, testifying to the viability of a rational, solid, businesslike principle. The image of Kalinich in “Notes of a Hunter” reveals a whole series of “free people” from the people: they cannot constantly live in the same place, doing the same thing. Two heroes - poetic and reasonable, representing different but complementary sides of the nature of the Russian person. This is a harmonious unity, this is a happy union in the Russian character of the social and the natural. Conclusions: “Notes of a Hunter.” "Khor and Kalinich". Artist P. Sokolov. 1890s 14
How does the narrator appear in “The Choir and Kalinich”? The narrator makes the characters sympathetic because he treats people with respect. He searches for the essence of what he saw and heard, comes to generalizations and conclusions, i.e. “explores” the life that interests him. 15 N.D. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky. Sketch "I.S. Turgenev on the hunt." 1879
16 Homework: 1. Comparative table “Khor and Kalinich” (determine the criteria yourself!!!) 2. Read the story “Singers” 3. Answer the questions on page 258 4. Retelling pp. 259-260, questions on p. 260-261.
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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter” Completed by: 10th grade student Svetlana ShisheninaSlide 2
Brief biography of Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich. (28.X.1818-22.VIII.1883) Prose writer, poet, playwright, critic, publicist, memoirist, translator. Born into the family of Sergei Nikolaevich and Varvara Petrovna Turgenev. Turgenev spent his childhood on his parents' estate Spassky-Lutovinovo, near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province; his first teacher was his mother's serf secretary Fyodor Lobanov. By the age of 14, Turgenev spoke three foreign languages fluently and managed to become acquainted with the best works of European and Russian literature.
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First works During his student years, Turgenev began to write. His first poetic experiments were translations, short poems, lyric poems and the drama “The Wall” (1834), written in the then fashionable romantic spirit. In 1843, Turgenev was enrolled in the minister's office, but soon lost faith in his hopes, lost all interest in the service and resigned two years later. In the same year, Turgenev’s poem “Parasha” was published, and a little later, Belinsky’s sympathetic review of it. These events decided the fate of Turgenev: from now on literature becomes the main business of his life. Following “Parasha”, the poetic poems “Conversation” (1844), “Andrey” (1845), “Landowner” (1845) appear, but after them, with almost the same regularity, prose stories and stories are written - “Andrey Kolosov” (1844), “Three Portraits” (1847). In addition, Turgenev also wrote plays - the dramatic essay “Carelessness” (1843) and the comedy “Lack of Money” (1846). An aspiring writer is looking for his path. In him one can see a student of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, but a student close to creative maturity.
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Turgenev's Love In 1843, Turgenev met the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot-Garcia), whose love for whom would largely determine the external course of his life. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850, he lived abroad (in Germany, France; Turgenev was a witness to the French Revolution of 1848): he communicated closely with P. V. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, met J. Sand, P. Merimee, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; writes the stories "Petushkov" (1848), "Diary of an Extra Man" (1850), the comedy "Bachelor" (1849), "Where it breaks, there it breaks", "Provincial Girl" (both 1851), the psychological drama "A Month in the Country" (1855). In 1863, a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot took place; until 1871 they live in Baden (at the end of the Franco-Prussian War). Pauline Viardot
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“Notes of a Hunter” During Turgenev’s transition from poetic experiments to “Notes of a Hunter,” his friendship with Belinsky played an exceptional role. It lasted about five years, and only the death of the great critic in 1848 interrupted it. All Belinsky’s efforts in the last period of his life were aimed at uniting writers who continued Gogol’s traditions of denouncing the autocratic system. Turgenev’s stories seemed to be a response to Belinsky’s call to empathize with the oppressed people, to show the immorality of slavery, which prevented the “fertile grain of Russian life” from germinating. Turgenev's passion for hunting greatly contributed to his literary activity. They lived in Spassky until late autumn, engaged exclusively in hunting, without thinking about literature. Hunting brought the writer closer to the people and revealed to him pictures of village life. Looking into remote villages, Turgenev closely peered into the life of peasants and landowners, eagerly absorbing folk speech. After which Turgenev returns to St. Petersburg again.
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Hunting helped him penetrate deeply into the innermost secrets of nature. The observations made by the writer during his stay in the village were so abundant that he had enough material for several years of work, which resulted in a book that opened a new era in Russian literature. The story he wrote for the first issue of Sovremennik was called “Khor and Kalinich.” In literary circles and among readers, “Khor and Kalinich” aroused unanimous approval and immediately raised the author highly in general opinion. It became clear that Turgenev had entered his true path.
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How Belinsky valued “Notes of a Hunter” is eloquently evidenced by his dying review of Russian literature for 1847, where he wrote: “Not all of his stories are of equal merit: some are better, others are weaker, but between them there is not a single one that is was not interesting, entertaining or instructive. “Khor and Kalinich” still remains the best of all the hunter’s stories, followed by “The Burmister”, and after “Ovsyannikov’s Palace” and “The Office”. One cannot help but wish that Turgenev would write at least whole volumes of such stories.” Before Turgenev’s book, Russian literature had never known such richness and diversity of “types.” Peasant women and village children only rarely came into the field of view of former writers. With the stories “Date”, “Ermolai and the Miller’s Wife”, “Bezhin Meadow” and “Living Relics” Turgenev filled this gap.
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PROJECT for 6th grade students
MAOU "Aland Secondary School" Coordinator - literature teacher Moiseenko A.A.
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Verbal and pictorial portraits of peasants
According to the stories of I.S. Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter
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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev on the hunt. Sketch by artist N.D. Dmitreev-Orenburgsky. 1879
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The first story in the collection, “Khor and Kalinich” (1847), presents two types of peasants. The ferret is a wise owner - he runs his business successfully, gets rich, and raises his children correctly. The author half-jokingly and half-seriously compares him with a great financier. The polecat deeply judges people and circumstances, so it is interesting for a young hunter to talk with him. Kalinich represents a different type of people. He is an artistic person, subtly understands and feels nature, so he wanders through the forest with pleasure, without any self-interest, with his master-hunter.
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In the story “The Singers” (1853), Turgenev shows an extremely gifted singer from the people, Yashka the Turk. This young factory worker sings in such a way that he moves listeners to tears - the regulars of the Prytynny tavern and the author himself, an educated man who has heard wonderful professional singers in his lifetime. Yashka did not study anywhere, but by nature he has an extraordinary musical talent, which manifested itself in a competition with a contractor (the so-called minor contractor who is responsible only for part of the work) from Zhizdra. All the listeners present in the tavern are simple, uneducated people, but the author notices how responsive their souls are to beauty. They all smile and even dance when they listen to the cheerful dance song of the rower. And then, listening to the drawn-out lyrical song of Yashka the Turk, they cry, responding to the sad melody. The listeners unanimously, including the self-confident, dapper rower, recognized the victory of Yashka the Turk. Why? Perhaps they intuitively sensed the difference between true talent and craftsmanship. Or maybe a Russian person is closer to “light sadness” than carefree fun.
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"Singers"
In the middle of the room stood Yashka the Turk, a thin and slender man of about twenty-three, dressed in a long-skirted blue nankeen caftan. He looked like a dashing factory fellow and, it seemed, could not boast of excellent health. His sunken cheeks, large restless gray eyes, a straight nose with thin, mobile nostrils, a white sloping forehead with light brown curls thrown back, large but beautiful expressive lips - all this face revealed an impressionable and passionate man.
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"Bezhin Meadow"
The story is dedicated to the peasant boys of an old, feudal village in the mid-19th century. It was no coincidence that the story was created after the story “Singers” that appeared before it. In them, the Russian peasant world is shown in its talent and spiritual beauty and at the same time the tragedy of the situation is exposed.
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FEDYA, PAVLUSHA, ILYUSHA, KOSTA AND VANYA - FIVE BOYS WHO GUARD A HERD NEAR THE SNEGED RIVER ON BEZHINOY MEADOW. EACH OF THEM IS A CHARACTER, EACH HAS A UNIQUE SOUL,
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ILYUSHA's face
“It was rather insignificant: hook-nosed, elongated, slightly blind, it expressed some kind of dull, painful solicitude; his compressed lips did not move. The knitted eyebrows did not move apart; it was as if he was squinting from the fire. His yellow, almost white hair stuck out in sharp braids from under a low felt cap. Which he kept pushing over his ears with both hands. He was wearing almost new bast shoes and onuchi. A thick rope, twisted three times around the waist. She carefully pulled together his neat black scroll.”
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BONES -
“A boy of about ten years old aroused my curiosity with his thoughtful and sad gaze. His whole face was small. Thin, freckled, pointed at the bottom. Like a squirrel; lips could barely be distinguished; but its large size made a strange impression. Black eyes glittering with a liquid sheen; they seemed to want to express something for which there were no words in the language - in his language, at least. He was short, frail in build, and dressed rather poorly.”
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FEDYA
“...there was a boy with beautiful and delicate, slightly small features, curly blond hair, light eyes and a constant half-cheerful, half-absent-minded smile. ...he was wearing a motley cotton shirt with a yellow border; a small new army jacket, worn saddle-back, barely rested on his narrow shoulders; A comb hung from a blue belt. His boots with low tops were just like his boots—not his father’s.”
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At Pavlusha's
“The hair was tousled, black, the eyes were gray, the cheekbones were wide, the face was pale and pockmarked. The mouth is large but regular, the whole head is huge, as they say, the size of a beer kettle, the body is squat and awkward. The fellow was unprepossessing - needless to say - ... he looked smart and straight. And there was strength in his voice. He couldn’t flaunt his clothes: they all consisted of a simple, dirty shirt and patched ports.”
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"Biryuk"
“I looked at him. Rarely have I seen such a young man. He was tall, broad-shouldered and beautifully built. His powerful muscles bulged out from under his wet, dirty shirt. A black curly beard covered half of his stern and courageous face; Small brown eyes looked boldly from under fused eyebrows.”
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I.S. Turgenev more than once had to observe the humiliation of the human person.
Biryuk is a gloomy, gloomy, unsociable, lonely person with a gloomy and gloomy appearance. He is poor and unhappy, left with two children when his wife ran away. Biryuk, a “forced man,” releases the man, knowing that he committed the crime not for self-interest, not for profit, but out of despair. His sense of duty conflicts with compassion. Describing a captive and dispossessed people. , the writer shows that the hero was able to preserve his heart, his soul, the ability to empathize and respond with his whole being to kindness and affection... A hopeless life does not kill humanity in people.
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In the story "BURMISTER" (1847)
a completely hunted old peasant Antip is described, whom the mayor Sofron drives to despair: he turns over all three of Antip’s sons as recruits, takes a cow for arrears, and beats his old woman. Antip cannot resist Sofron, he hopes for a fair decision from the master and really complains about the bailiff to Mr. Penochkin, kisses his hands and cries. However, the master is in no hurry to judge fairly his two slaves - the poor man Antipas and the bailiff Sofron. This is how Turgenev shows the ordinary life of peasants, sad and hopeless.
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There is evidence that the Notes of a Hunter played a big role in Alexander II’s decision to free the peasants.
The writer himself wanted the words engraved on his monument after his death that his book Notes of a Hunter had contributed to the liberation of the peasants. The writer’s “Annibal’s oath” was fulfilled.
“I needed to move away from my enemy so that from my very distance I could hate him more and attack him... This enemy was serfdom. Under this name I collected and concentrated everything that I decided to fight against to the end - with which I vowed never to reconcile. This was my Annibal oath." I.S. Turgenev.
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First publication
In January 1847, a significant event occurred in the cultural life of Russia and in the creative destiny of Turgenev. In the updated magazine "Sovremennik", which passed into the hands of N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev, the essay "Khor and Kalinich" was published. His success exceeded all expectations and prompted Turgenev to create an entire book called “Notes of a Hunter.”
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Reason for popularity
Belinsky was the first to point out the reasons for the popularity of Turgenev’s essay: “It is not surprising that this little play was such a success: in it the author approached the people from a side from which no one had ever approached them before.”
V.G. Belinsky and I.S. Turgenev
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Artistic solution to the theme of the people
With the publication of "Khor and Kalinich" Turgenev made a revolution in the artistic solution to the theme of the people. In two peasant characters, he showed the fundamental forces of the nation that determine its viability, the prospects for its further growth and formation. In the face of the practical Khor and the poetic Kalinich, the image of their master, the landowner Polutykin, faded. It was in the peasantry that Turgenev found “the soil that preserves the vital juices of all development.” Turgenev found in the life of the people that significance, that national meaning that Tolstoy later laid as the basis for the artistic world of the epic novel.
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Khor and Kalinich
Khor is immersed in an atmosphere of forest isolation: his estate was located in the middle of the forest in a cleared clearing. And Kalinich, with his homelessness and spiritual breadth, is akin to the expanses of the steppe, the soft outlines of gentle hills, the gentle and clear evening sky.
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Meaning
In “Notes of a Hunter,” two Russias collide and argue with each other: official, serf-like, deadening life, on the one hand, and folk-peasant, living and poetic life, on the other. And all the characters inhabiting this book, in one way or another, gravitate towards these two poles - “dead” or “alive”. In "Notes of a Hunter" Turgenev first felt Russia as a unity, as a living artistic whole. His book opens the 60s in the history of Russian literature and anticipates them. Direct roads from “Notes of a Hunter” go not only to “Notes from the House of the Dead” by Dostoevsky, “Provincial Sketches” by Saltykov-Shchedrin, but also to the epic “War and Peace” by Tolstoy.
Notes of a Hunter is a series of stories by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, published in the year. In the magazine "Interlocutor" published as a separate edition in 1852. Three stories were written and added by the author to the collection much later.
History In 1846, Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Panaev began publishing the magazine “Sovremennik” In January 1847, in the first issue of the updated magazine “Sovremennik”, which by this time was “ruled” by Nekrasov, Panaev and Belinsky in the secondary department “Mixture”, in small print , among notes on agronomic and economic topics, an essay from folk life “Khor and Kalinich” was published with the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter.” Apparently, neither the author nor the editors counted on resounding success and a series of sequels. However, it was with this story that Turgenev’s brilliant writing career began.
Turgenev took first place because he directed all the power of his high talent to the most painful place of the pre-reform public - serfdom. Encouraged by the great success of “Khorya and Kalinich,” he wrote a number of essays, which in 1852 were published under the general title “Notes of a Hunter.” The book was of great historical significance. There is direct evidence of the strong impression she made on the heir to the throne, the future liberator of the peasants.
Notes of a Hunter "Notes of a Hunter" includes essays, short stories, and short stories. Each individual essay or story is an independent, artistically complete work. But at the same time, the “notes” constitute a single cycle, distinguished by poetic integrity. The poetic integrity of “Notes of a Hunter” is achieved through the introduction of the image of the narrator and the presentation of a common problem in all essays and stories. The first essays from “Notes of a Hunter” were created by I. S. Turgenev during a period of close communication with V. G. Belinsky and N. A. Nekrasov, under their direct ideological influence.
“Khor and Kalinich” The story “Khor and Kalinich” begins the series “Notes of a Hunter.” This essay was published in the updated Sovremennik magazine, and with its publication Turgenev made a revolution in the artistic solution to the theme of the people. In two peasant characters, Turgenev presented the fundamental forces of the nation that determine its viability, the prospects for their further growth and formation. But further growth and development is impossible if serfdom exists, which has a detrimental effect not only on peasants, but also on nobles. Turgenev shows that this is a national evil. This problem is raised not only in “The Chorus and Kalinich”, but also in all other stories.
Characteristics of heroes. The ferret is one of the main characters of the story. He is a positive, practical person, an administrative head, a rationalist. Having settled in the swamp, Khor managed to get rich. He settled down, “accumulated some money,” got along with the master and other authorities, raised a large family, obedient and unanimous. Khor spoke little, chuckled to himself, he saw right through his master. Khor stood closer to people, to society, he was occupied with administrative and state issues. His knowledge was quite extensive, in its own way, but he could not read. Khor could not live without work, he was constantly doing something: either repairing a cart, propping up a fence, or revising harnesses. He lived in an estate that rose in the middle of the forest, in a cleared and developed clearing. This is how Khor appears before us...
Kalinich is also the main character of the story, but he is not at all like his friend Khor. Kalinich was one of the idealists, romantics, enthusiastic and dreamy people. He walked in bast shoes and managed to get by somehow. He once had a wife, whom he was afraid of, but had no children: Kalinich, unlike Khor, was in awe of his master, explained himself passionately, “although he did not sing like a nightingale, like a lively factory man.” Kalinich was gifted with such advantages that Khor himself recognized: “he charmed blood, fear, rabies, driving out worms; the bees were given to him, his hand was light.” Kalinich stood closer to nature, he was more touched by the descriptions of mountains and waterfalls than by administrative and government issues. He lived in a low hut and could not support the farm. He could read, sang well and played the balalaika
Only Khor and Kalinich liked music; it united them. Khor really loved the song “Share, you are mine, share!” and Kalinich knew this well. As soon as he starts playing, Khor begins to chime in with a plaintive voice. Here the theme of the musical talent of the Russian people manifests itself for the first time. This is how Kalinich appears before us. The story “Khor and Kalinich” in the series “Notes of a Hunter” reveals the inner strengths of the Russian person, the prospects for his further growth and development, reveals their giftedness, talent, and their high spiritual qualities. Turgenev leads the reader to the idea that all “living Russia, not only peasants, but also nobles, should take part in the fight against the national enemy.
Place in creativity and problems. Turgenev's stories and essays cover many other aspects of Russian life of that time. “Notes of a Hunter,” in its themes and in its author’s vision of the world, was a kind of overture to Turgenev’s further work. In the poetic pictures of native nature, in the lyrical images of Russian women, in sketches of the life of the Russian landed nobility filled with Turgenev’s humor and irony, the future author of such stories as “Asya”, “First Love”, the novels “The Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Sons” was discerned. . In the stories “The Burmister” and “The Office”, Turgenev appears as a satirist, an exposer of the serf-owner landowners, and a continuer of Gogol’s work.
