Float alternating vowel. For example: believe, position, term. Alternating E and I
Alternating a and o
1. At the root gar- - gor- under stress it is written a, without stress - o; zag A r, y A r - tan e ly, eel e t.
Exceptions: V y garki, And tan, etc. And gar (special and dialect words).
2. At the root zar- - zor- under the stress a vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - a: zar-revo, z O ryka - zarn And tsa, ozar I t.
Exception: zorev A t.
3. At the root kas- - kos (n) - it is written o, if followed by a consonant n, in other cases - a: touch, tangent - touch, touch.
4. In the root clan- - clone - a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - o: kl A bow, bow O n - bow And bow, bow e tion.
5. In the unstressed root lag- - false- a is written before g, and before w - o: preposition A yes, add A adjective - prepositional And yeah, cover e tion.
Exception: P O log (semantically no longer associated with the root lag- - false-).
6. The root poppy is contained in verbs that mean “immerse in liquid”: dip a cracker in tea, dip a pen in ink. The root mok- is contained in verbs meaning “to let liquid through”: get wet in the rain, get wet y be written. The rule applies to derivative words: dipping, blotting paper, raincoat.
7. At the root, a vowel sound can be stressed or unstressed: pl A swim, swim y honor, float O j. The root pilaf is contained in the words swimmer and swimmer; the root is floating - in the word quicksand.
8. The root equal is found in words with the meaning “equal, identical, on a par”: equation, compare, equal (become equal). The root is even- - in words with the meaning “even, straight, smooth”; equalize, peer, equalize, level. Wed: trim (make equal) - trim (make even); leveled (made equal) - leveled (made equal).
9. In the root, it grows - it is written a before the subsequent combination st (also before sch), in other cases it is written about: grow, growth - grown, thicket, shoot.
Exceptions: industry (although there is no cm); sprout, outgrowth, moneylender, Rostov, etc. (although there is cm).
10. In the unstressed root skak- - skoch- before k is written a, before h - o: podskak A t-jump And t.
Exceptions: jump, jump y.
11. In the root tvar- - tvor- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - o: tver, tv O creativity - creativity And yeah, creative e c.
Exception: y creature (semantically no longer associated with the root creature- - creation-). In the roots of some verbs, when forming aspect pairs, there is an alternation of both unstressed and stressed o: persuasion And ugh A rip, waste O nut - zatr A earn money O thief - earn money A poke.
Alternating e and i
12. In the roots ber- - bir-, der- - dir-, mer- - mir-, per- - pir-, ter- - tyr-, shine- - blist-, zheg- - zhig-, stel- - stil -, even- - chit- is written and, if followed by the suffix -a-: collect, lift, freeze, lock, erase, shine, burn, subtract, spread; otherwise it is written e: take, tear, die, lock, erase, shine, burnt, deduct, spread.
Exceptions: combine, combination.
Alternation of a(i) and im, a(i) and in
13. In roots with alternation a(ya) - im, a(ya) - in are written im and in, if followed by the suffix -a-: compress - compress, understand - understand, begin - begin. Compare: attentive, conjure, remind, accept, etc. In derivative forms it is preserved by it, even if the suffix -a- is not followed, for example: I will remove, remove, raise, raise, etc.
ALTERNATING VOWELS IN THE ROOT OF A WORD
Writing alternating vowels a/o, e/i, a(i)/im, a(i)/in the root of a word may depend on:
1) from the suffix following the root;
2) from stress;
3) from the letter following the vowel;
4) on the meaning of the word.
Vowel spelling depending on the suffix following the root
1. In roots with alternating e/i (-bir- - -ber-, -blist- - -brist-, -dir- - -der-, -zhig- - -burned-, -world- - -mer-, -pir- - -per -, -steel- — -steel-, -tir- — -ter-, -read- — -even-) is written And -A-, in other cases - e : deputy And army - deputy e talk, st And army - st e howl, bl And become - bl e weave.
Exceptions: combine, combination, couple.
2. In roots with alternating a(i)/im, a(i)/in are written -in-, -im- , if followed by the suffix -A-: zan them at - zan I t, szh them at - szh A t.
3. In the roots -kas- - -kos-, -lag- - -false- is written A , if the root is followed by a suffix -A- , in other cases - O : To A sit down - to O dream, sentence A ha t - sentence O live
Vowel spelling depending on stress
1. In the roots -gar- — -gor-
under stress it is written A
, without accent - O
: zag A r - zag O army.
2. In the roots -zar- — -zor-
A
, under stress are written A
or O
h A rya, z A rnitsa, but; h O ri, z Àrevo.
Exception: h O roar.
3. In the roots - clan- — -clone-, -creature- — -creation- in unstressed position it is written O , under stress are written A or O according to pronunciation: pokl O No, no A agree, bow Òn; TV O rѝt, tv A ry, shut up O R.
Exception : utv A ry.
4. In the roots - swim- — - swim- unstressed letter O written in just two words: pl O vec, swimmer. In other cases it is written A : popl A wok, pl A vnik, pl A granddaughter. In a word pl s wun is written s according to pronunciation.
Vowel spelling depending on the letter following the vowel
1. In the roots -growing- — -growing- is written A before st, sch , in other cases - O : R A st i, wed A schenie, p O sla.
Exceptions: R O drain, r O st, r O stockman, vyr O stock, R O stov, R O stislav; negative A sl.
2. In the roots -jump- — -jump- is written A before To ; is written O before h in unstressed roots: sk A to at - sun O h it.
Exceptions: sk A chok, sk A chu.
Vowel spelling depending on the meaning of the word
1. In the roots -mac- — -mok- is written A in words with meaning "immerse in liquid", O - with meaning “to let liquid through, to get wet”: m A kat (bread into milk); you m O whip (in the rain); prom O boiler room (paper), industrial O porridge.
2. In the roots -equal- — -equal- is written A in words with meaning "equal, identical", O- with meaning "even, straight, smooth»: Wed A opinion, wed A to listen; Wed O take heed.
Exceptions: R A vnina; R O vesnik, por O vnu, ur O Ven.
The topic of alternating vowels in roots causes confusion among schoolchildren. To remember all the alternations, you need to cram the rules, remember the exceptions, and do the exercises regularly.
In this article you will learn spelling rules, find exercises for alternating vowels in the root and answers to them.
Vowel alternation
In general, the letters also alternate. One morpheme can appear with different letters.
Vowel alternation is a feature of some roots that changes the vowel depending on certain factors. In other words, two words with the same root can have different vowels. For example, the word zag A p has the letter "A" at the root, and the word zag O say the letter "O".
This seems incomprehensible to schoolchildren. It seems that the words have the same root, but the roots are different... If you don’t want to get confused and make mistakes in exercises on roots with alternation, then read on to our article.
History of Alternating Roots
Where alternation came from in the Russian language is not entirely clear. It is believed that the tradition of the language first appeared, that is, the habit of writing that developed over the years. For a long time, people wrote the way they liked, so words with the same root had different vowels. When linguists decided to streamline the language and subject spelling to rules, the alternating roots had to be left as they were used to seeing them.
Philologists constantly discover roots that they did not know before. The base of exercises on roots with alternating vowels, which students have to solve, is also being updated.
There are several factors that influence the spelling of alternating letters:
- consonant following an alternating vowel;
- accent;
- suffix;
- semantic meaning.
Spelling of vowels A-O: adjacent consonant
The alternation of "A" and "O" depends on all four factors. You need to remember which roots depend on which indicator.
The following roots depend on the adjacent consonant: lag-lozh, skak-skoch, rast-rasch-ros.
After “G”, “K”, “ST” and “SH” write the letter “A” at the root. After “F”, “H” put the letter “O” at the root.
For example: location ah to be located - to be located cool to be expected ah at - assume cool it (but gender og), sk ak at - sun very good it. (but sk ah ok, sk ah y), p A sti - nar A to grow - to grow O merger (but p O drain, negative A sl, R O stov, r O stockman)
Spelling vowels A-O: stress, suffix
From accents six roots depend, alternating: plav-pilaf, zar-zor, pay-poy, gore-gar, clone-clan and tvor-tvar.
In an unstressed position in the roots -pl A v-, -z A p-, -p A th - write the letter "A".
For example: s O rka - z A rya, prip O th - p A yka, pl A vat (but s O roar, pl O vec, pl O sneeze).
In unstressed position in roots -r O r-, -tv O r- and -cl O n- put the letter "O":
For example: zag A r - zag O roar, TV A ry - TV O rhenium, class A bother - bow O thread (but bulge A rki, prig A ry, utv A ry).
The roots kas-kos, lag-lozh depend on the suffix . If there is a suffix “A” after the root, then write the letter “A” at the root.
For example: to A With A to be - to O dream, exc. O live - forever A appropriately .
Spelling vowels A-O: root meaning
Only two roots depend on the semantic meaning: equal-even and mak-mok. In meaning, they are more likely to be different roots than two variants of the same root. However, they are considered roots with alternating vowels.
Root p A vn is used in the meaning “to equalize, to become equal.”
For example: ur A heed the rights, wed A attentive analysis.
Root p O vn is used in the meaning “to level, to make even.”
For example: other O heed (bangs), cf O get down to earth, p O vesnik Exceptions: p A vnina (p O explicit), p A opinion (become p O obviously).
Root -m A k- is used in the sense of “dipping into liquid.”
For example: prom A swipe with a napkin, m A drop cookies into tea.
Root m O k means “to let liquid through.”
For example: prom O beat to the bone, deputy O Wash your shirt before washing.
Vowel alternation A-O
Try to test your knowledge by solving exercises with answers to alternating roots.
Fill in the missing letters:
1) Put(_)a pin, naively put(_)gay, correctly express(_)thoughts, put(_)the toys in place, accidentally fell(_)fell, do not touch(_)hands, lay on( _) commitments are made, sit (_) on the sofa, contact (_) contact, cash (_) payment, Cathedral Street (_) offer (_) help; the famous pl(_)chikha, steel is smelted, pl(_)weight of the ship; old boots are wet (_) washed, wet (_) hands with a napkin, wet (_) to the skin;
2) R(_)involvement in the rows, dis(_)remove the concrete, compare(_)introduce two variants of the root, uncompared(_)attentive judgments, remove(_)remove the tan, increase the level of(_)life, p( _) pay attention to the best students, ur (_) take note of the pit, picturesque river (_) valleys; thick pores, congenital fusion of fingers, become weeds, pores grow as thick grass, modern branch of production, increased styles of strength.
Answers to exercises on alternating “A” and “O” in the root of a word:
1) Mean O lived a pin, naively gender A hey, that's correct A full of thoughts, floor O put the toys in place, accidentally O I woke up and didn't wake up A site by hand, cash A obligations are located A hang out on the couch, idiot O dream, cash O wife payment, Sobornoe st. O proposal, proposal A they are asking for help; famous square O sneeze, out A steel, pl A registration of the vessel; old prom boots O cabins, prom A wipe your hands with a napkin, prom O beat to the bone;
2) P A opinion in the ranks, size O listen to concrete, wed A understand two variants of the root, not A attentive judgments O take on the tan, increase your level O vein of life, p A pay attention to the best students, ur O listen to the pit, picturesque p A vnina; thick pores O sl, congenital sr A stretching fingers, charging A become weeds, then A thick grass, modern reflection A sl production, nar A styles of strength.
Alternating vowels e-i: spelling rules
Spelling is determined using one indicator - the suffix "A". If there is this suffix after the root, then we put the letter “I”. If there is no suffix, then we write the letter "E".
It is necessary to memorize the roots in which such alternation occurs. Namely: ber-bir, der-dir, mer-mir, per-pir, ter-tir, shine-blist, zheg-zhig, steal-steel, even-cheat.
For example: zab e ret - forget And R A yes, come e rushing - coming And R A yes, deputy e rli - deputy And R A no, zap e r - zap And R A yes, no e rsya - you And R A yes, bl e stit - bl And st A oh yeah e g - vyzh And G A ut, post e pour - dist And l A subtract e t - calc And T A t.
Exceptions: op. e T A t, op e T A tion.
Vowel alternation E-I
Test yourself by solving exercises with roots alternating “E” and “I”.
1. The glass is blowing, the stars are melting, mushrooms are gathering, toys are falling, dying with laughter, dying of admiration, otp(_) they open the door, open the gate, wipe the face, wipe the dust, pull out the tape, pull out the teeth; flex(_) muscles, wag(_) tail, remember(_) about household chores, pronounce spell(_)nations.
Glass bl e stit, stars bl And melt, mushrooms And paradise, personal e root toys, mind And heaven with laughter, deputy e r from admiration, ot e break the door, otp And the gates are opening, e rub your face, prot And they're throwing up dust e rip off the tape, yep And teeth are rotting; size And hiring muscle And tail wagging And they nag about household chores, pronounce the vow And knowledge.
And another exercise on spelling roots with alternating E and I:
2. Ripping through old clothes, crawling across the road, sleeping in the sun, freezing up in fear, locking myself in a room, harmonious commotion, exhaustion (_)to pick up from the table, to (_)to pick up the scotch tape, to (_)pick cherries, to die of laughter, dying out(_)looking, unlock(_)to pick up the castle, election campaign, pull out(_)wounded T-shirts, pick(_)up clothes, pull out(_)a tooth, apply pressure(_)to a wound, wipe(_)dust, come(_)find typos, get(_)stressed about _) mothering.
Pereb e we recycle old clothes And barks across the road, bl e sleep in the sun, deputy e I was crying out of fear, e hanging out in the room, harmonious op. e dancing, exhausting e get off the table, sd And take the tape, fuck And pick cherries, mind And laugh out loud, you And paradise view, otp And army castle, hut And ral campaign, exhibition And early t-shirts, linen e decide clothes, vyd e they pull a tooth, press it And open the wound, get out And dig up the dust, come e rushes to typos, busy And swearing predprin And swearing.
And the last exercise on alternating vowels in the root of a word (“A” and “O”, “E” and “I”):
1. R(_)stislav Ivanovich picked over the fish he caught in the morning. Its scales glowed brightly in the sun.
2. An election campaign was held in R(_)st-on-Don. Soon the residents of the Republic will go to elect deputies.
3. We are dying with impatience to see the brilliant performance of this actress.
4. Hearing the steps, everyone first froze in fear, and then immediately rushed out into the street, without even locking the door.
5. After moving into the apartment we bought, we had to sort through old things, sweep (_) the floor and wipe away centuries-old dust.
Perform more root exercises in alternation, so you will remember them better. Orally or even in writing, group roots according to characteristics when doing homework. This will help you remember spelling rules.
Learn the theory, don’t forget about practice, and success awaits you!
I. REPEATMENT.
UNStressed VOWELS AT THE ROOT OF A WORD
II. EXPLANATION OF NEW MATERIAL.
At the stage of explaining new material, a multimedia system is also used.
On the screen there is a table with alternating vowels at the root of the word, with pictures that help to better perceive the material.
VOWELS IN ROOTS WITH ALTERNATING
There are words with the same root that have different vowels at their roots. That's what it is roots with alternation. It must be well remembered that “the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in these roots does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition.” When writing the vowel in these roots, we will use special rules. These rules can be combined into 4 groups.
1st group
An unstressed root is always written the same way(and percussion - in different ways: the way it is heard):
Please pay attention: the rule applies only to words that are the same root and have the same meaning. Look at the picture:
Zar I. In the sky once mountains are zar prostrate. On the shore mountains it's a fire. Willows on clone were over about zar flame-tainted water. The fisherman looks at float OK.
2nd group
The spelling of a vowel fundamentally depends on what consonants follow it:
growth
plant
grown
Attention! Don't confuse the root -grew- with attachment dis- !
3rd group
The spelling of a vowel depends on whether there is a suffix after the root -A-:
Attention! The girl has braided hair– there is no suffix after the root -A-, and the ending;
in addition, roots with alternation kos-/-kas- have the meaning “to touch”.
Exceptions:
R A vnina(This R O external, but not R A external there is a place for something, but it is written -A- ).
Be equal!(Team in formation - stand up smooth),
level(mark, R A private some value)
equally(on R A external shares).
-mac- – -mok-
-jump- – -jump-
Exception: sk A chock.
You can remember these roots in another way: -with how-- With -A-, -skoch-- With -O-; then there will be two exceptions: jump, jump.
(Each student has such a hint table on his desk.)
III. SECURING THE MATERIAL.
TRAINING EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Explain the spelling of alternating vowels in the root. The procedure is as follows:
1) Put emphasis in the word;
2) select the root;
3) justify the choice of vowel using information from the table;
4) emphasize the vowel in the root.
Task 2. Insert the missing letters. Explain your choice by referring to the table and following the order of the previous task.
DIFFERENTIATED TASKS
Option I (for weak students): easy cheating
Task 3. Write it off. Highlight roots with alternating vowels. Indicate the conditions for choosing spellings. Mark the exception words.
Grow corn, get ready to hunt, young shoots. branch industry, increasing speed, heavy rain, push through the thickets, freeze with admiration, grow a brilliant shift, the assumption disappears, lay grown flowers at the foot of the monument, misfortune touched him too, approached the thickets of reeds, the pie begins to burn, moneylender Rostislav lives in Rostov , addition and subtraction, put the proceeds in a fireproof cabinet, the beetle is located on a shiny lily pad, state the requirements, free application, improper bone fusion, plant cover, weak sprout.
Option II: complicated cheating
Task 4. Write it off. Highlight roots with alternating vowels. Mark the conditions for choosing spellings.
Settle down for rest, gather with friends, an argument breaks out, make the bed, effort, get in the company, clean the room, put your feet up, touch on a question, write an essay, the paper gets hot, burn your fingers, disgusting moneylender, wipe the dishes, rub a bruise, get burned from shame, grown drain, wipe the windows, burnt candle.
INDEPENDENT WORK
Task 5. Write it down and explain the spelling graphically.
Ira is very neat. Every morning she cleans the apartment, removes all the dirt, wipes off the dust, locks the closets, makes the beds, and then lights the lamp and admires how everything shines. She doesn't reckon with the fact that she's simply dying of fatigue.
But sometimes she gets offended by her lazy brother, runs away and says: “Let him clean up here at least once, remove the dirt! Is it really difficult for him to lock the closet, make the bed, wipe the table so that everything shines and shines? I wouldn’t die if I worked.”
CONTROL EXERCISES
Task 6. Test your spelling recognition skills. Fill in the table with these words.
Pleasure, offer, unsatisfactory, embrace, sunbathe, carnival, _color, arrange, delight, b_grove, r_stock, studio, listen, _aroma, freeze, vegetative, fountain, insight, age, bed.
Task 7. Insert the missing letters. Explain what determines the choice of vowel in words with alternation in the root. Select the correct explanation by placing a “+” sign in the table.
| The choice of vowel in words with alternation fundamentally depends | ||||
from the consonant at the root |
on the presence/absence of stress |
from the suffix -A- after the root |
from lexical meaning |
|
| Zag_r | ||||
| R_vnina | ||||
| Continue | ||||
| Wed_listen | ||||
| R_ness | ||||
| Impermeable | ||||
| For nothing | ||||
| Exchange_whip | ||||
| Attraction | ||||
| Lock_up | ||||
| Zag_mature | ||||
| Bl_stet | ||||
| Op_sl | ||||
| Submit | ||||
| Grown | ||||
| R_stock | ||||
| K_sanie | ||||
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IV. SPELLING TESTS
Option I
1. In which word is the letter written? A ?
a) Get warm;
b) burnt;
c) warm up;
d) vygorki.
2. In which word is the letter written? O ?
a) Z_rnitsa;
b) rage;
d) z_revo.
3. O ?
a) Bend over;
b) swear;
c) swear;
d) bending.
4. In which words is the letter written? A ?
a) Pl_vchiha;
b) float_vok;
c) swimmer;
d) pl_woons;
e) pl_wunets beetle.
5. In which words is the letter written? O ?
a) Wash it out in the rain;
b) wash in water;
c) blotting paper;
d) wash out all the ink;
e) Dip dumplings in sour cream.
6. In which words is the letter written? A ?
a) Understand;
b) opinion;
c) p_take (tracks);
d) p_uniform;
e) r_venovesie.
7. In which words is the letter written? A ?
a) Inspect;
b) pl_vuchy;
c) bow;
d) warm up;
d) understand.
8. Which row is the letter in? O written in all words?
a) Insight, in vain, location, tilt;
b) contact, create, inclination, offer:
c) urgent, plunging, navigating, evading;
d) get hot, pour, dissolve, dissolve;
e) zar_li, proposed, scorch, come.
9. In which sentences does the letter A is written in all words at the place of the gap?
a) A tanned shepherd drove his cow Zorka in the morning.
b) The river, illuminated by the rays of the sun, appeared before us in all its grandeur.
c) The young deer, having made a huge leap, quickly ran off into the thicket.
d) The wires should not have touched, but because of the wind they touched each other.
10. In which words is the letter written? e ?
a) Read a book;
b) get up;
c) b_become;
d) lay down;
Option II (for high school students)
1. In which words is the letter written? A ?
a) Adolescent;
b) p_stock;
c) R_stislav;
d) grow_st;
d) extension.
2. In which words is the letter written? O ?
a) skip;
b) upstart;
c) sk_chok;
d) give a hint.
3. In which words is the letter written? A ?
a) Offer;
b) position;
c) adjective;
d) offer;
4. In which words is the letter written? O ?
a) Attack;
c) tangent;
d) kicking;
d) touch.
5. In which word is the letter written? e ?
a) Gather (on an expedition);
b) washing powder;
c) heartbreaking (scream);
d) dying;
d) rub (eyes).
6. In which word is the letter written? e ?
a) Brilliant (debut);
b) people (students);
c) lock yourself with a key;
d) spreading fog;
d) marriage.
7. In which words is the letter written? O ?
a) Vodor_sli;
b) grown;
c) to_dream;
d) give a hint;
e) to be located.
8. In which words is the letter written? And ?
a) Continues (through the thickets);
b) choose the root;
c) incendiary (speech);
d) (stable) phrase;
d) fitting suit.
9. Which row is the letter in? A written in all words?
a) Inspect, por_sl, dig_out, smear;
b) tangent, float, wrap, branch;
c) to utter, to stand, to level, to bow;
d) touching, flammable (materials), position, tear;
d) bow, ember, z_rnitsa, affirm.
10. Which row is the letter in? And written in all words?
a) lean, lay down, die, pick up;
b) stop, lock up, burn, freeze;
c) sleep, unlock, lock, rest;
d) expand, choose, become, gather;
d) light up, spread out, tear apart, subtract.
11. Which sentence has a spelling mistake?
a) At first Mumu was very weak, frail and ugly, but little by little she got over it and straightened out.
b) Jumping in fright, the hare jumped over the pit and galloped ahead of the running dogs.
c) It took him a long time to choose a float and a spinner.
d) The dawn burst into flames and engulfed half the sky.
e) Oblomov took the pen and dipped it into the inkwell, but there was no ink.
T.V. REBYAZINA,
M.V. MIKHEEV,
school number 171,
Moscow
Alternating vowels in a root is when different letters are written in one root while maintaining its lexical meaning. In this case, it is impossible to check unstressed vowels with stress; their spelling is based on a number of special rules.
I. The spelling of vowels is fundamentally dependent on stress
| A and O under stress | unstressed position |
-ga r-: tan, soot, soot | -th r-: zagorat, zagorely, pogo relat excl.: burning, scorching, scorching |
-for r- And -zor-: roar, radiant, dawn | -for r-: illuminate, beyond the rya, beyond the rynitsa, illuminated, for the ryanka(bird), for roaring * |
-klan- And -clone-: bow, bow adamant | -klo n-: bow down, bow down leaning |
-tva r- And -your r-: creature, creativity, creative | -your r-: your creation, create, create excl.: utensil |
II. The spelling of vowels depends on the following consonant in the root
| -ra st-, -ra sch- | -ro With- |
before ST, SCH- A grows, grows, grown | before WITH- ABOUT grown up, grown up, inexpensively excl.: rostok, otra sl, grower, Rostov, Rostislav |
-ska To- | -sko h- |
before TO- A skating, skating, skating, skating | before H- ABOUT jump up, jump up, upstart excl.: ska h ok, okay h uh, ska h And |
| -la G- | -lo and- |
before G- A express, suppose, adjective | before AND- ABOUT exposition, assumption, versification |
III. Vowel spelling depends on suffix
“IrA” rule: I is written at the root if immediately followed by the suffix -a-.
| -bi ra- / -be r- | sobi r A t - collect, choose A t - choose ru |
| -di ra- / -de r- | udi r A t - remove ru, remove r A no - will separate |
| -ti ra- / -te r- | wipe p A et - wipe r, wash r A yu-ster |
| -pi ra- / -pe r- | opi r A lean - lean, lock A li - locked |
| -mi ra- / -me r- | die A t - die r, freeze r A t - frozen |
| -zhi ga- / -zhe g- | survive A t - above g, light up g A t - lit g |
| -sti la- / -ste l- | grow l A et - spread out, move l A t - stopped liv |
Bli st- / -ble st-, Ble sn- | bliss A damn A shining, shining A telny shine, shine, shine ble sleep, ble sleep, ble sk |
Chi ta- / -che t- | subtract t A t - subtract excl.: combination, combine |
The root is written A if the root is followed by the suffix -a-.
| -ka sa- / -ko s- | ka with A to dream - to dream, not comfortable with A taken, touch |
IV. The spelling of a vowel depends on the meaning of the root
-ra vn- "equal, identical, on a par" | -ro in- "flat, smooth, straight" |
ra heed, nature heed; employee salaries have increased expansion excl.: poro vnu | ro heed, ro he heed; the fighters have come to their senses(stand up straight) level excl.: ra vnina |
-ma k- "to dip, to immerse in liquid" | -mo k- “to become wet, to let in moisture” |
| whack, whack, whack | wet roll, wet roll, wet whip, waterproof |
* A few years ago the word for roaring was considered an exception to the general rule and was written with the root zor-. Today the rule is that you need to write through A: for roaring. This is what the Russian Spelling Dictionary recommends; this spelling also corresponds to the rules of the complete academic reference book:
§ 35. ... zar - zar. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written A .
From the “Explanatory Russian Spelling Dictionary-Reference Book” (authors E. V. Beshenkova, O. E. Ivanova, L. K. Cheltsova):
Words for the roar, for the duckweed, for the roar have changed the spelling in dictionaries in recent decades. Since 1999, the academic spelling dictionary has given the word for roaring. Until 1974, dictionaries recommended writing the word Zoryanka with the root zor-. The “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” in the 13th edition of 1974 approved the spelling as standard for the ryanka.
Word behind the roar since 1991 it is recommended to write only with the root zar-, although in the 1974 spelling dictionary both options were given, and in 1956 there were only zorevoy, in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov - glow.
How the spelling of a proper name became established Dawn Cannon(in St. Petersburg), although in the general case it is written behind the roaring gun. As an example, let’s take the title of V. Shukshin’s story, which is still written either “Glow Rain” or “Dawn Rain”.
In Sholokhov's works the word dawn only with the root zor-:
- - And by the morning we will sort out the results: who should grieve, and who dawn and stretch in your sleep.
- (M. A. Sholokhov. Virgin Soil Upturned.).
- - For a long time you're shining , Panteley Prokofich! - the sweaty mowers made noise.
- (M. A. Sholokhov. Quiet Don.).
