8 educational institution opened by pastor Ernst Gluck. Almanac “Day by Day”: Science. Culture. Education. House on Maroseyka

Marina Flerovskaya

As you know, the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries were marked by major changes in the life of the Russian state. After the “Great Embassy” (1697-1698), his communication intensified and ties with Western European countries strengthened; Russian missions were established in some of them, which meant that people who spoke foreign languages ​​were needed. Foreigners who were in the service of the Ambassadorial Prikaz worked with small groups of Russian youths. The same order sent Russians abroad to study languages ​​and improve their skills, which required enormous expenses.

The nobility also sought to teach languages ​​to their children. Foreigners were invited to high-born families, which was extremely displeasing to Peter I, who wrote: “Many people still want to teach their children liberal sciences and send them here to foreigners; others even keep in their houses foreign teachers who don’t know our Slovenian language.” right (correctly - M.F.) speak, besides, teaching this to other faiths harms little children, and damages one’s speech from lack of art.”

At the beginning of the 18th century, under the Ambassadorial Order, it was decided to create a so-called “German school” in which Russian young men would be taught “various European languages” for the needs of public service.

On July 23, 1701, by decree of Peter I, Nikolai Schwimer, a native of Saxony, who was the “rector” of the school at the New German Settlement, was hired into the Ambassadorial Prikaz as a translator from Latin, Swedish and German. He should have “taught the Slovenian speech and writing of Russians to all ranks of people and children who are given to that teaching, and teach with constant diligence, and for this purpose give him an inn... and how will they learn the sciences there and they should be in the Ambassadorial Prikaz as translators” *. In November 1701, Schwimer was given a building in the German settlement for a school and given six students - the sons of clerks: Vasily Kudrevsky, Pyotr Gubin, Fyodor Bogdanov, Semyon Andreev, Ivan Gramotin and the son of the Meshchanskaya settlement draftsman Samoilu Kopyev (some documents mention another one - Yakov Gramotin).

* All quotes given in the article are taken from the study “On German schools in Moscow in the first quarter of the 18th century (1701-1715). Documents from Moscow archives collected by S.A. Belokurov and A.N. Zertsalov.” M., 1 907.

Vasily Kudrevsky, who had previously studied at the Greek-Latin school, at the end of 1701 or the beginning of 1702 filed a petition for the assignment of “feed money”, and from April 18, 1702, “for diligence in German and Latin learning” he was assigned daily food “10 money per day" from the Ambassadorial Prikaz, which was in charge of the school and allocated funds for its maintenance.

The rest of the students also studied diligently, showing not only a love of learning, but also an ability for languages. This is what Schwimer wrote in December 1702 in response to a petition from school pupils about the provision of daily food.

“Ivan Gramotin. A decent little fellow, meek, diligent... he was the last to come, but he surpassed all of them with his zeal and diligence... This fellow speaks German in German, encouraging others to his zeal...

Samoilo Kopyev. And this one is sharp, kind and helpful in learning, writes in Latin and German, speaks German...

Fedor Bogdanov. A smart little guy who loves learning...

Peter Gubin. And he promises a fair amount of hope for himself to be a kind and learned husband, a good child... hardworking. Reads and writes in Latin and German."

At the beginning of 1703, Schwimer was released from work at the school, and his students were transferred to Pastor Ernst Gluck (Glick) - a very interesting, talented, erudite, enthusiastic man. But how did a pastor who devoted himself to the noble cause of enlightenment get to Russia?

We know that Ernst Gluck was born on November 10, 1652 in Wetten (Duchy of Magdeburg, Saxony) in the family of a priest, studied at the Universities of Wittenberg and Leiden, studied theology and oriental languages. In 1673, he settled in Livonia, preached the word of God, studied the Latvian language and decided to translate the Holy Scriptures for Latvians. However, having taken up this, he discovered that he did not know Greek and Hebrew well enough, and to improve his skills in them he went to Hamburg to the famous Orientalist Ezard Chardo. In 1680, Gluck returned to Livonia, became a garrison preacher in Dünemünde, three years later - a pastor in Marienburg, a city located near Moscow lands, and in Seltinghof (Seltinghof), and then probot (senior Protestant priest in Northern Germany - M. F.) in the Kokankhauz district.

In 1684, with the superintendent of Livonia, John Fischer, his fellow student and friend, Gluck visited the King of Sweden, under whose rule Livonia was at that time, and introduced him to his projects for translating textbooks into Russian and establishing Russian schools in Latvian parishes in Livonia. The king showed interest in the projects (perhaps partly for political reasons), approved them and intended to carry them out, but died soon after.

Ernst Gluck did not abandon his intentions, as evidenced by a letter sent to Moscow in 1699. In it, the pastor reports that he has produced school books in Russian and is translating the Slavic Bible into Russian. Thus, in Russia they were already well aware of Gluck’s educational activities.

In 1700, the Northern War began. On August 25, 1702, Russian troops captured Marienburg. Gluck with his family, his children's teacher and servants were captured. B.P. Sheremetev informed Peter I about this, and the sovereign ordered to bring Gluck to Moscow, obviously deciding to use his knowledge and experience. On January 6, 1703, the prisoners were taken to Moscow under the jurisdiction of the Discharge Order. They were placed “under guard” in the courtyard of the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery, located between Ilyinka and Varvarka in Ipatievsky Lane, and the clerk T. Shishlyaev was ordered to “supervise that Apt and all the Polonyanniks with all caution.”

By a decree of January 19, 1703, it was commanded that “taken in full ... in Marienburg ... Apt, who was there among the most senior pastors and knows many school, mathematical, and philosophical sciences in different languages, to take over for his great sovereign affairs with his wife and children and with servants from the Rank to the State Ambassadorial Prikaz." The next day, Ernst Gluck was transferred to the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and he was given a salary, that is, he was accepted into the public service.

In February 1703, Schwimer's students were transferred to Pastor Gluck to teach Latin, German and other languages, and at the beginning of March three more young men were added - the brothers Abraham, Isaac and Fedor, the sons of the steward P.Ya. Veselovsky.

Classes continued into the summer months, and they were so successful that by the end of the year Ernst Gluck, writing in a letter to F.A. Golovin, asks “to review our teaching work and test our students: as soon as we see what we see with our eyes, we believe, and from these things we have begun it will be easy to reason about future ones.” The last words indicate that Gluck has already matured a plan to create a larger educational institution than the school entrusted to him, since he asks Peter I for instructions on the publication of some translated books, and among them “The Prelude to the Knowledge of Russian, German, Latin and French languages”, since “without books it is not possible to keep up with the useful sciences, and soon in school matters it will clearly be that students and hunters in your state will acquire colic and what kind of crawling.”

It should be noted that according to the decree of Peter I of June 18, 1704, Gluck was to be given “one hundred rubles from the Ambassadorial Prikaz from the cash treasury” for teachers’ salaries. The names of the teachers are not mentioned in the document. There is reason to believe that they were Jan Merlot (Lambart), who may have translated the French grammar ("The Prelude to Knowledge"), Gluck's son - Christian Bernard Gluck, Livonian Gustav Wurm, captured in Marienburg along with Gluck and before being sent to school who taught Russians in the German Settlement, Johann Paus, who received a professorship in Halle and arrived in Moscow in January 1702 to teach children in the German Settlement to help Pastor Sharsmith, as well as Christopher Buchner, sent by Andrei Izmailov to Moscow from Copenhagen on November 13, 1703 " for teaching Russian children different languages" and on December 8, accepted into service by decree of Peter I.

It is possible that Ernst Gluck presented a project for a school he had conceived, where they were supposed to teach not only foreign languages, but also other subjects. The basis for this is an extract from the case of Gluck’s proposal, preserved in the archives, but undated. It says: “The Marienburg preposit or apt... conveys that he can serve his royal majesty in science with many different tricks, namely: Latin, German, Hebrew and other eastern languages; also in the Slovenian language rhetoric, philosophy, geometry, geography and other branches of mathematics and politics, history and other civil sciences belonging to; yes, he is skilled and can teach healing. And he hits the great sovereign with his forehead in order to show him which house to give in the German settlement and to establish classes in it... foreign schools, and in those schools ordered Russians to study those sciences from him, how many of them there will be, and for that science he can take to his aid other teachers in all knowledge and languages ​​and begin to supervise them and teach himself. And he, in the hope of the mercy of the great sovereign "He accepted one teacher of the French language and is translating French grammar into the Slovenian language for the most convenient teaching. And if he receives a decree about this ... then he can bring fruit with that knowledge to the Moscow state."

The resolution on the presented project is unknown, however, based partly on indirect, partly on later documents and events, it is clear that Gluck’s intention was supported. Proof of this is, firstly, the order of the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz F.A. Golovin, given to the clerks in July 1703: “To the Marienburg Apt... tell him to hold the French teacher whom he accepted and order him to teach students the French language in other sciences,” and secondly, that in March 1704 “German Apt with teachers and students” were transferred from the German settlement to Bolshaya Pokrovskaya street (later called Maroseyka) to the courtyard of the deceased boyar V.F. Naryshkin, transferred to the school. The yard was located on the corner of Pokrovskaya Street and Zlatoustinsky Lane. In its place today stands house number 11, where at the beginning of the twentieth century the Elizabethan gymnasium was located.

A modern building on Maroseyka 11, where the Gluck Gymnasium was once located.

The chambers occupied by the school required serious repairs: it was necessary to repair windows, ceilings, floors, doors, fix stoves and pipes, make benches, build an upper room for teachers who huddled in linen closets. According to the petition submitted by Gluck, 278 rubles were required for repairs. In addition, firewood had to be prepared for winter and stokers hired. In the first half of 1707, a noticeable reconstruction of the school yard was carried out and new light rooms were made for teachers.

The fire that broke out on the night of September 4, 1707 near the Salt Yard and engulfed Pokrovskaya Street severely damaged the school yard - all the wooden buildings burned out. The school had to be transferred first to the Pleshcheyev courtyard, then to the Novgorod courtyard, located near Kitai-Gorod on Ilyinka, almost opposite the Ambassadorial Prikaz.

The official establishment of a new educational institution in Moscow, which went down in history as Pastor Gluck’s gymnasium, was confirmed by a personal decree of February 25, 1705. It says: “...for the general benefit of the people, establish a school in Moscow in the courtyard of V.F. Naryshkin, who is in the White City on Pokrovka, and in that school there are boyars and okolnichy, and duma, and neighbors of every service and merchant rank to the people of their children , who will willingly come to that school of recorders, teach Greek, Latin, Italian, French, German and other different languages ​​and philosophical wisdom, and for that teaching from those students there will be no money and no money will be taken, and about that "Put decrees on the Graz gates. And then the school in every department will be in charge of the Ingerman chancellery."

According to the decree of March 7, 1705, the school accepted youngsters of “any condition” who were eager to learn. When registering, the applicant had to name the language chosen to study. The classes were free. There were eight foreign teachers at the school, either invited or by fate ending up in Russia.

In the first years of the school’s existence, the number of students was small: two were added to Ernst Gluck’s pupils, already familiar to us - the son of clerk Volkov, Peter, and the clerk’s son, Alexey Nikitin. In 1705, sixteen children of servicemen and two boyar sons enrolled in the school. In September, about thirty people already attended classes.

Gymnasium of Peter's times.

Gluck sought to attract public attention to the school and increase the number of students, for which he composed a rather ornate proclamation, the so-called “Invitation to Russian youths, like soft clay for all kinds of depictions.” Let us listen to the peculiar, spirit-of-the-time language of this pastor’s address.

“Hello, fruitful one, and only support and stanchions are required by the Didevins! By decree of our most powerful Monarch, I will love to teach you the termite words with the explanation of your mind.

The gates of wisdom were now unlocked.

... You yourself will find in your bosom the reasons for which it is worthy for you to obediently heed this calling and obediently bend your wit, and what will be useful to accept.

Once young youth is transformed, like wax, it often turns into anger.

And with true reproach in the first years he goes mad... Well, think about it, that piety is not born, but is acquired. Niva doesn’t carry wheat, but thistle and thistle. It is appropriate to purify your mind and apply the plow of insightful punishment: the seeds of the good sciences of scattering this order are also the path to the most abundant harvest.

These same gates are now being opened for you.

...When you don’t know the way to this gate, but the right hand is ready to lead the weak, help those floating and everyone who is lost...to bring a luminary; and so on this path be safe from error.”

The “Invitation” was followed by the “Catalogue of Teachers and Sciences”, from which one could learn that “John Reichmuth teaches geography and from the philosophy of activity, Itica and Politics, and also to the higher (senior - M.F.) students the Latin language, and teaches rhetorical expositions from the historical authors of Curtius Justin, from the poetic ones of Virgil and Oratius he will interpret...

Christian Bernard Glick teaches Cartesian philosophy, whenever there are students, also the Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldean languages ​​for the benefit of all hunters of Felogian sweets...

Otto Birkan will teach the first students to read and write in German and Latin and explain the science of arithmetic.

Stefan Ramburg, dance master, teaches bodily splendor and comments on the rank of German and French.

John Sturmevel, a horse teacher, teaches hunters from the first children the cavalry rank to ride and horses in all sorts of schools and manners to become wise.”

As you can see, the “Catalogue” gives an idea of ​​the school program compiled by Gluck. The main place in it is given to the study of foreign languages. (We note that the above documents do not say a word about teaching religion.)

The "invitation" undoubtedly aroused interest in the new school, and the number of its students increased significantly, reaching seventy-seven in 1710. Among the students of the gymnasium were the children of officials, wealthy merchants, foreigners who settled in Moscow, as well as the court nobility (princes Golitsyn, Prozorovsky, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Buturlin, Golovin).

Ernst Gluck led the school from February 1703 to May 1705. On May 5, 1705, he died and was buried in the Old German Cemetery near Maryina Roshcha (where N.M. Karamzin saw his tombstone).

On May 29, 1705, teacher Johann Paus was temporarily appointed head of the gymnasium. Many were unhappy with this, especially Christian Bernard Gluck, who apparently expected to take his father’s place. And so, based on the petition of the teachers, the informative letter of P. Veselovsky and the interrogations of the students, by decree of Peter I1 of July 15, 1706, Johann Paus “for his much frenzy and corruption was refused from that school,” and the teacher Christopher Bitner, who headed the gymnasium until 1710, was appointed rector .

On September 10, 1706, the Izhora chancellery, which was in charge of the school, received a decree from Peter I, ordering “to be a translator, Peter Koet, for the management and supervision of the school... and to find in Moscow, from the steward or from the clerks of the Russian people, a kind person who would make that memorable (school. - M.F.) manage and supervise..." P. Koet, translator of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, recommended steward P. Veselovsky. So curators appeared at the school, and Koet helped Veselovsky mainly in keeping records of the funds allocated for the maintenance of the gymnasium and their expenditure, that is, he was the treasurer.

After Gluck’s death, the procedure for admission to the school changed somewhat - in October 1705 it was stated: “Whoever wants to be a student in that school, according to petition, should be registered in the Ingermanland office and sent to that school.” All students were divided into “fed” and “non-fed”, or “self-sufficient”. “Food” was given out according to petitions both for successes in science and “for the many works of the fathers.” The amount of food money depended on academic performance. On one of the lists of “feed” students it is marked: “Sign for teachers who is in what degree of science and who is lazy and stupid.” Feed money was given out only for days of study; it was deducted from those absent from classes (“netniks”). In case of "sorrow" (illness - M.F.), the students received money.

There was also a division into three age groups - younger, middle and older. In the younger group they studied Latin, a foreign language chosen upon entering school, and the beginnings of arithmetic. In the middle group, other general education disciplines were added to these subjects, including geography. Pupils of the senior group improved their languages, studied philosophy, and the higher branches of arithmetic.

General education subjects of the school curriculum (geography, philosophy, history, arithmetic, which included algebra, geometry, trigonometry), as well as dancing, fencing, horse riding, and “compliments,” were mandatory for all students, regardless of their chosen language.

Among the papers of Johann Paus, a schedule of classes in the gymnasium has been preserved, from which we learn that the students who lived at the school got up at 6 o’clock in the morning and began the day with prayer and reading church books. From 9 to 10 o'clock in the classes they studied "Pictures of the World" by Jan Amos Kamensky; from 10 to 12 o'clock they studied Latin and Latin grammar; from 12 to 1 o'clock the students had breakfast; from 1 to 2 o'clock they studied spelling and prepared for the next lessons; from 2 to 3 o'clock there were lessons in calligraphy, French and German grammar; from 3 to 4 o'clock, the younger students studied arithmetic, translated proverbs, read Virgil, Cornelius Nepos, and the older students improved in rhetoric and phraseology; From 4 to 5 o'clock the younger students had French lessons. The next hour was reserved for history classes and homework preparation.

After 6 pm, some of the students were sent home, probably the younger ones, while the rest studied arithmetic, rhetoric, “philosophy” or prepared assigned lessons.

Under Gluck's successors, the gymnasium steadily lost its general educational character. Thus, in 1708, only two or three school hours were allocated for general education subjects; the rest of the time, foreign languages ​​were taught, among which Italian and Swedish appeared. This led to the fact that in 1710 the gymnasium actually ceased to exist and split into four language schools - Latin, German, French and Swedish.

Students left the gymnasium - some moved to other schools with permission (for example, in 1711, four enrolled in the Mathematical School, three of them were ordered to return, ten were sent “to engineering science”, in 1713 two students moved to the Hospital School), others without permission gave up studying.

On July 13, 1714, V. Polikarpov reported about the escape: “Fourteen students left Moscow on their own, one was “settled” in the Kostroma district, thirteen “studied on a small salary and fell behind from school, and due to the departure of 28, the number of students is now small.” In 1715, the school had only six students and two teachers - Vroom (teacher of German and Latin) and French teacher Hagen. On October 3, 1715, a message was sent to the St. Petersburg Senate: “And from that... there are no teaching dates in those schools.” The students of the gymnasium, who received “feed money” until September inclusive, were forbidden to leave Moscow. In January 1716, two of them were sent to the Latin School, four to “typesetting training” - students of typesetters of civil books in the Moscow printing house. the existence of a school founded in 1701. In fourteen years, about two hundred and fifty students who spoke Latin, German, French, and Swedish came out of its walls. As a rule, graduates of the gymnasium ended up in the public service: for example, Samoilo Kopyev in 1709 was sent as a translator to Embassy field office. In July of the same year, Abraham Veselovsky left for Hamburg to comprehend the “naive sciences”, after which he served as the Russian ambassador to Austria, one of his brothers, Fedor, was ambassador to England, the other was accepted into the Ambassadorial military office and in January 1710 he was sent to Copenhagen to the Russian ambassador, Prince V. L. Dolgorukov.Other graduates of the school served Russia faithfully.

Johann Ernst Gluck(German Johann Ernst Glck, Latvian Ernsts Gliks; November 10, 1652, Wettin near Magdeburg, Saxony - May 5, 1705, Moscow) - German Lutheran pastor and theologian, teacher and translator of the Bible into Latvian and Russian.

Biography

Born in the city of Wettin near Makdeburg, in the family of a Lutheran pastor. He studied at the gymnasium in Altenburg, then studied theology at the University of Wittenberg and Leipzig.

In 1673 he moved to Vidzeme, Livonia, for preaching work. At that time, Vidzeme belonged to Sweden, where the independent reign of King Charles XI began. The increased activity of Lutheran circles, which come up with a wide program of cultural activities, including religious education, has made the issue of a quick and reliable translation of the Bible into the Latvian language urgent. Gluck was not ready for this task associated with the knowledge of Hebrew and Greek and left for Germany, where he studied ancient languages ​​in Hamburg under the guidance of the famous Orientalist Sebastian Ezard.

In 1680 he returned to Livonia, in the same year he was ordained as a pastor at the Dynamünde garrison, translated the Large Catechism, then took up translating the Bible. In 1683, he completed the translation of the New Testament and was appointed pastor in Marienburg (modern Aluksne in Latvia). Gluck's educational activities were not limited only to translating the Bible; he organized schools in which Latvian children could receive education in their native language, and then teach in the parishes where he was provost. In Marienburg, he established a public school and began to work for the establishment of schools for training teachers in the provost parishes. On his initiative, a Russian school was also opened for the children of Old Believers who fled persecution from Russia.

In Marienburg, Martha Skavronskaya (wife of Johann Kruse by the will of Pastor Gluck) lived in his house as a servant (according to the official version accepted in the Romanov house - as a pupil), who was widowed and became the mistress and subsequently wife of the first Russian Emperor Peter I. In 1724 Under the name Catherine I, she was crowned on the Russian throne, becoming the first Russian empress.

In 1687 he was appointed provost of Kokenhausen (Koknese).

Pastor Gluck in Russia

On August 25, 1702, during the Northern War and the entry of Russian troops into Swedish Livonia, Pastor Gluck was captured and transported to Pskov, and on January 6, 1703 to Moscow. The first weeks were alarming; he was kept as a prisoner in Kitai-Gorod, in the courtyard of the Ipatiev Monastery. Then he was settled in the house of Pastor Fagesius in the German settlement, without a guard, under the pastor's signature.

In February 1703, the captive pastor was assigned to teach foreign languages ​​to several Russian children in Moscow, who were to serve in the Ambassadorial Prikaz: three Veselovsky brothers - Abraham, Isaac and Fyodor Pavlovich, to teach German, Latin and other languages, then transferred to Schwimer's students to continue their education in the German settlement. Peter I appreciated Gluck’s knowledge and experience and willingly supported his proposal to establish a “big school” in Moscow for young men, in which it would be possible to teach not only foreign languages, but also rhetoric, philosophy, geography, mathematics, politics, history and other secular matters. sciences

House No. 11 on the street was allocated for Gluck's school. Maroseyka, which belonged to the boyar V.F. Naryshkin, who left no heirs. The royal decree of February 25, 1705 stated that the school was opening for “the general benefit of the people”, for the education of children of “all service and merchant ranks of people ... who willingly come and enroll in that school.” A little later, Pastor Gluck achieved the status of a gymnasium for his school. According to his plan, it was supposed to train not just civil servants with knowledge of languages, but thoughtful, educated people ready to continue their education at European universities. For his school, he compiled textbooks in Russian and invited foreign teachers. But on May 5, 1705, he died unexpectedly and was buried in the old German cemetery in Maryina Roshcha (not preserved). After Gluck's death, only foreign languages ​​were studied at the gymnasium, and in 1715 it was completely closed. During its existence, 238 people were trained.

V. O. Klyuchevsky described the gymnasium as follows: “Gluck’s gymnasium was our first attempt to establish a secular comprehensive school in our sense of the word. The idea turned out to be premature: what was needed was not educated people, but translators of the Ambassadorial Prikaz.”

Gluck also took part in the affairs of the Moscow evangelical community: in 1704, he was also elected as an arbitrator to resolve disputes that arose among members of the community. In Moscow, he also worked on translations into Russian of the New Testament and the Lutheran Catechism, and also compiled one of the first Russian grammars. The new translation of the Bible into Russian was lost after the death of the pastor.

Family

• Christian Bernard Gluck (1680-1735) was first a teacher in his father's Moscow school, and then a chamberlain of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and an assessor and adviser to the Chamber Board.
• Ernst Gottlieb Gluck (1698 (?) - 1767) - Russian statesman, vice-president of the Justice Collegium of Livonian and Estonian affairs.
• Agnetha, married to Major Grank.
• Christina, married to Colonel von Koschkul.
• Elizaveta (d. 1757), heir to the Aya manor, lady of state, married to Admiral Nikita Petrovich Vilboa.
• Margarita, maid of honor to Tsarevna Elisaveta Petrovna, wife of Rodion Mikhailovich Koshelev.

Empress Catherine treated Gluck's daughters as her own sisters and, generously favoring them, helped them take an honorable place in society.

M.I. Pylyaev claims that the master of horseman R.M. Koshelev and the chamberlain D.A. Shepelev were married to their sisters and even built houses in St. Petersburg next to each other.

In the genealogies of the Baltic nobility, one of the daughters of Pastor Gluck, named Margarita, is shown as the wife of two brothers von Fittinghof in succession.

Studying documents related to translations of the Bible into Russian, you can easily come across a biographyGluck by Johann Ernest , a German Protestant pastor, who, long before the Synodal translation, set himself the task of making the Bible accessible to the wide mass of Russian people.

Johann Gluck was born in 1652. This was the time when Nikon’s religious reform was brewing in Russia, which launched the mechanism for the emergence of many mystical religious movements in Russia.

Fleeing the consequences of the treacherous reform, many people surrendered“into the woods” while maintaining their faith. The decentralization of religious life became fertile ground for the emergence of large and small discussions of Old Believers and made it possible to create an abundant variety of new mystical experiences.

At this time, various Protestant movements in Europe began to show interest in Russia. Missionaries of the Old World looked hopefully to the East in search of new mission fields. It was at this time that the German Settlement emerged in Moscow as a missionary base for Protestant preachers.

Johann Gluck was among the people with a keen interest in the Slavs and other eastern peoples. He had an excellent education:finishedGymnasium in Altenburg and studied theology at the Universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig.

At the age of 21, in 1673, a young German preacher arrivedto Livonia,one of three provinces on the shores of the Gulf of Riga on the Baltic Sea (present-day Latvia), which later became part of the Russian Empire. Seeing the poor life of the Latvians, Johann decided to influence the situation. Realizing that only God can help people in this situation, the young pastor decides to give the Latvians the Bible in their native language.

Not feeling himself a strong specialist in Hebrew and Greek, he decided to improve his skills in these languages ​​before starting to translate the Bible and went to Hamburg. In 1680 I was a collection of his articles was published in Slavic, Hebrew, Greek and Latin, which indicates that Gluck significantly succeeded in studying not only biblical languages, but Slavic. In the same year Gluk returned to Livonia and was first appointed garrison preacher in Dünamünde, then, in 1683 Oh yeah , pastor in Marienburg(modern Aluksne in Latvia)and Seltinghof and, finally, in 1687 ode prost (preposit) of the Kokenhusen district.

Upon his return to Livonia, Johann Gluck’s educational activities began. First of all, he took part in translating the Bible into Latvian. In 1685 ode The New Testament published by Fisher was published in Riga, and in 1689 ode there is also the Old Testament. Besides Johann published a Latvian prayer book (1686), translated Fischer's explanations of Luther's small catechism (1699) and the catechism itself into Latvian, and composed spiritual hymns in Latvian. In 1683 ode he established a public school in Marienburg.

Gluck's active work helped strengthen the Protestant churches in the Baltic states. His educational work left a deep Protestant mark in Livonia. His irrepressible energy made it possible to change the educational situation in the province. There he began constant contacts with Old Believers who fled to the Baltic states from Russia, fleeing the repressive machine of the state.

The subject of his concern become Russian schismatics who lived in eastern Livonia; he wanted to set up schools for them too and translate the Bible and textbooks into Russian. In 1684 Odu G Luke went with Fischer to Sweden(at that time Livonia belonged to Sweden)to present to King Charles XI his thoughts on public education in Livonia; his proposal to establish Russian schools and translate textbooks into Russian was approved by Charles XI, but the death of the king prevented the implementation of all his plans.Nevertheless, he continued his work to educate the Latvians and Livonian Russians.By this time, Gluck had already translated the New Testament into Russian.

Improve p Russian language Johann Gluck was also helped by constant contacts withmonks of the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery. May 15, 1699 Oh yeah he wrote to the Governor-General of Livonia Dalberg an explanation about his educational works and concerns: by this time he“I have already produced school books in Russian” and kept it in his house,"although with no small dependency" , an elderly Russian priest (monk of the Pichugovsky monastery), who served as his assistant in translating the Slavic Bible into simple Russian; he was encouraged to do this work"letters from both Germany and Moscow, especially Golovin, the Tsar's envoy" .

The German pastor put a lot of effort into translating the Ostrog Bible into a language understandable to the Russian reader, long before the Elizabethan Bible, and even more so the Synodal Bible. According to contemporaries, this translation was already completely ready; all that remained was to make corrections and put it into print. This translation could become a serious religious event. But here an accident intervened that did not allow this grandiose plan to be realized.

At this point, the Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden.25 August 1702 year Johann Gluck was captured during the capture of MarienburgCount Boris Petrovich Sheremetev . During hostilities in MarienburgThe Russian translation of the Bible was lost. Together with Johann GluckMartha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine I, who lived in his family as a servant, was also captured.This historical fact is very interesting.

Marta Skavronskaya - Catherine I

According to the official version accepted in the House of RomanovsMarta Skavronskaya was in the house of Pastor Gluck as a pupil, but historians say that Johann took Martha as a servant, saving her from hunger. Martha was widowed after the death of her husband Johann Krause. Pastor Gluck married this family in church, but they did not live long in marriage.

After capture Martha became, at first, mistress, and later wife of the first Russian Emperor Peter I. In 1724 under the name Catherine I was crowned on the Russian throne, becoming the firstRussian empress . Pastor Johann Gluck gave his maid a good education, which subsequently allowed Martha to become the majestic Catherine.

Efforts to educate Russianswere not in vain. Turned to the German educatorthe attention of Peter I, who decided to use his experience in introducing education in Moscow.

6 January 1703 Gode G hatch with the family, the children's teacher and with servants was sent by Sheremetev from Pskov to Moscow. Here he was initially under the jurisdiction of the Discharge Order, but already on January 19 he was ordered to be “father-in-law Apt” (this title is given to Gluck by documents of that time), who can"many school and mathematical and philosophical sciences in different languages" , take "for the sovereign's business" in the Ambassadorial order.

It was placed first by guards at the courtyard of the Ipatiev Monastery (in Kitay-Gorod, in Ipatievsky Lane), and at the end of January, due to the cramped quarters, he was transferred to the German Settlement to the courtyard of Pastor Fagesius, under the latter’s signature, but without guard soldiers.

Teaching activity began in February hatch in Moscow. He was given to teach German, Latin and other languages ​​6 former students of the translator of the Ambassadorial Order, Schwimmer, who taught at the “German” school under this order, three Veselovsky brothers. March 4, 1703 to preacher gluckDaily food was assigned at 5 altyn per day.

Teaching by John Gluck and his two assistants went so successfully that on December 15, 1703 he ode asked F.A. Golovin to conduct an exam for his students and wrote that he already had 5 teachers ready; then he, indicating that he could"to serve his royal majesty in science with various tricks, namely: Latin, German, Hebrew and other eastern languages; also in the Slavic language rhetoric, philosophy, geometry, geography and other mathematical parts and politics, history and other things belonging to the civil sciences" , and even healing, in which he is also skilled, and asked to give him some house in the German settlement.

In March 1704 The “German Apt” with students and teachers was transferred from the German settlement to Pokrovka (now Maroseyka) to the house of the deceased boyar V.F. Naryshkin. In 1705 ode Gluck's school turned into a gymnasium: on February 25 a personal decree was announced:“for the general benefit of the people, establish a school in Moscow in the courtyard of V.F. Naryshkin, on Pokrovka, and in that school there will be boyars, okolnichi, and Duma members, and neighbors, and their children of every service and merchant rank, who willingly come to Then the school will enroll, teach Greek, Latin, Italian, French, German and other different languages ​​and philosophical wisdom" . Education at the school was free, and for the maintenance of the school, which was under the jurisdiction of the Izhora chancellery, it was prescribed that3000 rubles.

During its existence the gymnasium was taught 238 people.

Historian V. O. Klyuchevskydescribed the school this way:“The Gluck Gymnasium was our first attempt to establish a secular comprehensive school in our sense of the word. The idea turned out to be premature: not educated people were needed, but laneDrivers of the Ambassadorial Prikaz ».

It was probably written at the same time hatch "an invitation to Russian youths, like soft clay and to any kind of depiction of clay", with application "catalog of teachers and sciences" , which can be studied in a new school; So,son of director Christian Bernard Gluck taught Cartesian philosophy to those interested and “hunters of feological sweets” the languages ​​Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean; another teacher (“dancing master”) taught bodily beauty and complements in German and French rank; the third ("horse teacher") - riding and horse training. Gluck also worked on translating books for use in classes. He translated Luther's catechism, a collection of Lutheran hymns, a prayer book, German grammar, and the "Vestibul".

Pastor Gluck compiled one of the first Russian grammars.

Gluck also took part in the affairs of the Moscow evangelical community: in 1704 Oh yeah he was elected as an arbitrator to resolve disputes that arose among community members.

One can envy the perseverance and hard work of the educator. In Moscow , in replacement of the lost translation,Johann tried to translate againinto Russian Novo th Testament . He also did translationLutheran Catechism. The new translation of the Bible into Russian was lost after the death of the pastor.

Johann Ernest Gluck died unexpectedlyMay 5, 1705Oh yeahand was buried in the old German cemetery near Maryina Roshcha (in the published lists of the gravestone, the day of death is erroneously indicated as March 5).

The fate of Johann Gluck was closely intertwined with Russia. Somehow, by a miracle planned by Heaven, this man contributed not only to the dedication of the Moscow nobility, but also educated Catherine I.

Gymnasium of Pastor Gluck

At the very end of 1701, Russian troops under the command of Boris Petrovich Sheremetev finally won their first victory over the Swedes. The Swedish general Schlippenbach was completely defeated at Erestfer, and Peter, delighted with this unexpected victory, promoted Sheremetev to field marshal general and sent him the Order of St. Andrei and his portrait, showered with diamonds.

Inspired by the victory, Sheremetev and his army rapidly advanced across Livonia, devastating everything in their path. In July 1702 he won a second victory at Hummelshof, and in August he approached Marienburg. The frightened residents of Marienburg partly fled, and partly went outside the city gates to meet the Russian troops, feigning complete submission and hoping for the mercy of the winner. Among those who greeted the victorious army were the pastor's family Johann Ernst Gluck (Glick).

Johann Ernst Gluck was born in 1652 in Wettin, near Magdeburg (Saxony) into the family of a priest. He studied theology and oriental languages ​​at the Universities of Wittenberg and Leiden. In 1673, Gluck settled in Livonia, preached the word of God, studied the Latvian language and decided to translate the Holy Scriptures for Latvians. But, realizing that he does not know Hebrew and Greek well enough, Gluck goes to Hamburg to improve his knowledge of these languages. In 1680, Gluck returned to Livonia and three years later became a pastor in Marienburg and Seltinghof, and then the senior priest (prost) of the eastern lands of Livonia, bordering the Moscow state.

In 1685, with the participation of Gluck, the New Testament was published in Latvian in Riga, and in 1689 the Old Testament was published. Gluck also devotes a lot of energy to educational activities: he established a public school in Marienburg and schools for training teachers at church parishes.

Concerned with the problems of education, in 1684 he visited King Charles XI of Sweden, under whose rule Livonia was at that time. Among other things, Gluck introduces the king to his projects of translating textbooks into Russian and establishing Russian schools in Livonia for schismatics living in eastern Livonia. Charles XI showed interest in Gluck's projects (possibly for political reasons), but the death of the king prevented their implementation.

Gluck himself, who had learned the Russian language well thanks to his acquaintance with the monks of the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery, did not abandon his plans. In 1699, he sent a letter to Moscow that he had produced school books in Russian and was translating the Slavic Bible into simple Russian.

So in 1702, during the capture of Marienburg, Gluck was already known in Russia. B.P. Sheremetev informed Peter I about Gluck's capture, and the sovereign ordered him to be brought to Moscow, apparently deciding to use his knowledge. And along with Gluck, the maid who lived in his family, Marta Skavronskaya, arrived in Moscow, and she was destined to play an important role in the history of Russia. It was she who would become Peter's wife, and then the autocratic Empress Catherine I.

On January 6, 1703, the prisoners were taken to Moscow to the building of the Rank Order, and already on January 19, the “father-in-law Apt” (this title is given to Gluck by documents of that time), who knows “many school and mathematical and philosophical sciences in different languages,” was ordered to take for “sovereign affairs” in the Ambassadorial Prikaz.

Under the Ambassadorial Prikaz, there was a “German school” in which Russian youths preparing for public service were taught “various European languages.” The rector of this school, located in the German settlement, was the translator of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, a native of Saxony, Nikolai Schwimmer. In February 1703, six former students of Schwimmer were sent to Gluck for instruction. The training went so successfully that already in 1703 Gluck replaced Schwimmer as rector of the school. If Schwimmer taught his students only foreign languages, then Gluck significantly expanded the training program. Addressing the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, Count F.A. Golovin, Gluck writes that he can “serve His Royal Majesty in science with various tricks, namely: Latin, German, Hebrew and other oriental languages; also in the Slavic language, rhetoric, philosophy, geometry, geography and other mathematical parts and politics...”, and even healing, in which he is also skilled. To this message Gluck added a request to provide him with a house in the German settlement, where he could teach various sciences to Russian youths. In March 1704, the “German Apt with teachers and students” was transferred from the German settlement to Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street (now Maroseyka) to the courtyard of the deceased boyar V.F. Naryshkina, on the corner of Pokrovskaya Street and Zlatoustineky Lane. In its place today stands house No. 11, where at the beginning of the 20th century. The Elizabethan gymnasium was located.

Gymnasium building

The wards, however, were in a deplorable state: it was necessary to repair windows, ceilings, floors, doors, fix stoves and pipes, and arrange a room for teachers. Gluck submitted a request to allocate 278 rubles for repairs, which was a significant amount at that time.

By decree of February 25, 1705, a new educational institution, which went down in history as Pastor Gluck's gymnasium, was officially established. The decree contained the following words: “... and in that school the boyars, and okolnichi, and duma, and neighbors, and their children of every service and merchant rank, who willingly come to that school, will enroll, teach Greek, Latin, Italian , French, German and other different languages ​​and philosophical wisdom."

According to the decree of March 7, 1705, young people of “any condition” who were eager to learn were admitted to the school. When registering, the applicant had to name the language chosen to study. Education was free, and 3 thousand rubles were required annually for the maintenance of the school. By this time, the school had eight foreign teachers and thirty students.

In an effort to attract the attention of society, Gluck composed an ornate proclamation “Invitation to Russian youths, like clay soft to any kind of image.” The “Invitation” was followed by a “Catalogue of teachers and sciences” that can be studied in the new school. Thus, the son of the director Christian Bernard Gluck taught Cartesian philosophy and “hunters of feological sweets” the languages ​​Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean to those who wished; Stefan Ramburg, “a dancing master, teaches bodily splendor and compliments of German and French rank”; Johann Strumewel, the “horse teacher,” taught horse riding and horse training.

Tsar Peter I inspects high school students

It is clear from the program that the main place in it is given to the study of foreign languages, although no less attention was paid to other subjects. General education subjects (geography, philosophy, history, arithmetic, which included algebra, geometry, trigonometry), as well as dancing, fencing, horse riding, and “complements,” were mandatory for all students, regardless of their chosen language. The class schedule has also survived to this day, from which you can find out that the students who lived at the school got up at 6 o’clock in the morning and began the day with prayer and reading church books. From 9 to 10 o'clock in the classes they studied “Pictures of the World” by John Amos Comenius; from 10 to 12 o'clock they studied Latin and Latin grammar; from 12 to 1 o'clock the students had breakfast; from 1 to 2 o'clock we studied spelling and prepared for the next lessons; from 2 to 3 o'clock there were lessons in calligraphy, French and German grammar; from 3 to 4 o'clock, the younger students studied arithmetic, translated proverbs, read Virgil, Cornelius Nepos, and the older students improved in rhetoric and phraseology; From 4 to 5 o'clock the younger students had French lessons. The next hour was reserved for studying history and preparing homework.

After 6 pm, some of the students (younger ones) were sent home, the rest studied arithmetic, rhetoric, “philosophy” or prepared assigned lessons. The “invitation”, of course, aroused interest in the new school, and the number of its students increased significantly, reaching 75 people in 1710. Among the students of the gymnasium were the children of officials, wealthy merchants, foreigners, as well as court nobility (princes Golitsyn, Prozorovsky, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Buturlin, Golovin).

But in his activities for the benefit of education, Gluck was not limited to teaching. He also worked hard on translating books for school. He also compiled a geography textbook in Russian and German (dedicated to Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich) and a Russian grammar textbook.

Ernst Gluck led the school from February 1703 to May 1705. On May 5, 1705, he died. Gluck was buried in the Lutheran cemetery in the German settlement. Later, when this cemetery was destroyed, the pastor's ashes were transferred to the old German cemetery in Maryina Roshcha. In the 30s of the XX century. and this cemetery was destroyed, although Pastor Gluck’s grave was already lost.

Under Gluck's successors, the gymnasium gradually lost its general educational character. In 1710, the gymnasium actually split into four language schools - Latin, German, French and Swedish. Many students left the gymnasium. In 1711, four former students enrolled in the Mathematical School; ten students were sent “to engineering science”; in 1713 two students transferred to the Hospital School.

And soon the school finally ceased to exist. In just 14 years, about 250 students who spoke Latin, German, French, and Swedish graduated from its walls. As a rule, gymnasium graduates entered the civil service. Thus, Samoilo Kopyev in 1709 was sent as a translator to the Ambassadorial Campaign Office. In July of the same year, Abraham Veselovsky, the future Russian ambassador to Austria, left for Hamburg to comprehend the “naive sciences”. The second of the Veselovsky brothers, Fedor, was ambassador to England, the third was accepted into the Ambassadorial Military Chancellery and in January 1710 was sent to Copenhagen to the Russian ambassador, Prince V.L. Dolgorukov. Other graduates of the school also served Russia faithfully.

Gluck's services were highly appreciated by the Russian government. His descendants were not forgotten either. Gluck's eldest son, Christian Bernard, taught at his father's school for some time, and later became a chamberlain of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, an assessor and adviser to the Chamber Collegium. The younger one, Ernst Gottlieb, studied at European universities, returned to Russia and rose to the rank of full state councilor. In 1741, he turned to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna with a request: “so that, as a sign of the highest mercy, he and his descendants and his entire family, according to the strength of the items attached to the table of ranks, would be graciously granted a diploma and a coat of arms like the rest.” The emperor's daughter Elizaveta Petrovna satisfied the heirs' request, elevating the family of the German pastor to the Russian nobility. Thus, by the will of fate, the modest German pastor Gluck forever entered the annals of the history of our homeland.



During the glorious times of the reign of Peter the Great in the center of Moscow on Pokrovka, on the street. Maroseyka, 11, in the palace of boyar V.N. Naryshkin, near the Church of St. Nicholas, near the Pillar, a secondary educational institution was opened, which in the documents was called a “gymnasium”. In 1703, the tsar appointed Ernst Gluck as head of the newly established school with seven teachers; this educational institution went down in history under the name “E. Gluck’s gymnasium.” The royal decree of February 25, 1705 stated that the school was opening for “the general benefit of the people”, for the education of children, “of all service and merchant ranks... who will willingly come and enroll in that school.” A little earlier, namely in 1702, during the capture of Marienburg by Russian troops, Pastor Gluck - a Saxon, “an enthusiastic teaching missionary who received a good philological and theological education at German universities”, who learned Latvian and Russian languages ​​- was captured and transported to Moscow . Here it was discovered that Pastor Gluck, stationed in the German settlement and receiving several students to teach foreign languages, could teach not only languages, but also “many school and mathematical and philosophical sciences in different languages.” Soon he was allowed to open a gymnasium - a “big school”.

3 thousand rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the Gluck gymnasium. Gluck, as V. O. Klyuchevsky writes, began the matter with a magnificent and tempting appeal to Russian youth, “like clay that is soft and pleasing to every image,” the appeal begins with the words: “Hello, prolific ones, but only those who require supports and stanchions!” The general education school - the Gluck Gymnasium - was based on the Western European gymnasium program. Here they promised to teach geography, Ifika, politics, Latin rhetoric with oratorical exercises, active and Cartesian philosophy, languages ​​- French, German, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean, dancing art and the gait of German and French courtesies, knightly horse riding and horse riding horse training. According to the decree, the school was intended for free training in various languages ​​and “philosophical wisdom” for the children of boyars, okolniki, duma and neighbors and all service and merchant ranks of people.

Gluck prepared for his school in Russian a brief geography, Russian grammar, a Lutheran catechism, a prayer book set out in bad Russian poetry, and compiled a Slavic-Latin-Greek dictionary. To teach languages, Gluck used his translations of educational books by the great Czech Jan Amos Comenius, “The Entrance,” “The Open Door of Languages,” and “The World of Sensual Things in Pictures,” from which children throughout Europe studied. The teachers at the school were mostly invited foreigners; in 1706 there were 10 of them. They lived in government furnished apartments at school. The school relied on servants and horses. However, the broad educational plans of the gymnasium organizers were not realized. After the death of E. Gluck in May 1705, the school became multilingual: in fact, only languages ​​were studied in it - Latin, German, French, Italian and Swedish - and only some of the subjects. The course consisted of three classes: elementary, intermediate and upper. The school was declared free: people enrolled in it “of their own free will.” But there were few voluntary students: in 1706 - 4 people, and teachers found that they could add another 300. In 1706, a staff of 10 students was established, with a certain salary, increasing as they moved to the highest class. Some students were self-supported, but the majority entered the “feeding students” on government scholarships. The composition of the students was very diverse: “children of placeless and estateless nobles, majors and captains, soldiers, and townspeople” studied here. It is interesting to note that for students who lived far from the school, the teachers asked to arrange a dormitory by building 8 or 10 small huts in the schoolyard.

Gluck's gymnasium did not gain a foothold, did not become a permanent institution: its students gradually dispersed, some went to the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, some to the medical school at the Moscow military hospital, established in 1707 on the Yauza River; some were sent abroad to study. Since 1711, the school was led (supervised) by Fyodor Polikarpovich Polikarpov-Orlov. At this time, there were four teachers who taught German, Swedish, French and Italian. In 1715, the last teachers remaining in the gymnasium were transferred to St. Petersburg, and the school closed. During its existence, 238 people were trained.

The failed Gluck Gymnasium was the very first attempt to establish a secular comprehensive school in Moscow in the general sense of the word. The idea turned out to be premature, says historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. What was needed was not educated people, but translators of the Ambassadorial Prikaz. That is why such a restructuring took place: from a European-style gymnasium to a professional school of foreign languages. This was the very short fate of the very first Moscow gymnasium, opened at the beginning of the 18th century.

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