"Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper" - many are familiar with this simple mnemonic hint for memorizing the case names of the Russian language. The school program includes the study of six main cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

Not many people know that in fact there are more cases in our language. Scientists identify 9 more in addition to the existing ones. Many of them are considered obsolete, but we habitually use them in modern speech. In this article, you will read about the cases you are familiar with, the rules of their use and differences, as well as the rest, and you will find out where they went in the process of language development.

What is taught in school

In modern Russian, scientists distinguish 6 cases. In modern Russian studies, the so-called question method of determining cases is adopted, in which a question is asked (who? About whom? What ?, etc.) to the required word. Depending on this question, it is determined in which case the noun is used.

This method, although simple enough for a native speaker, is rather controversial. In particular, because it does not allow for easy declension of a name in cases, for example, to foreigners studying Russian, since it relies on the metalanguage ability to pose the correct question. A person who is not a native speaker, but only learns it, will not immediately understand why, say, the question “what?” Is asked to the noun “book” and not, say, “about what?”. Also, this method will not help to distinguish between case forms for which the same questions are asked. Nevertheless, this method is quite acceptable for school-speaking students.

Case questions. How to determine case by question method?

There are direct cases of names and indirect ones. In Russian, there is only one direct case - nominative. Although some philologists also attribute the accusative to the direct cases. The generally used theory of the language at the moment has not yet agreed with this. Thus, indirect cases are all the rest, from genitive to prepositional, as well as obsolete cases.

• Nominative case - who? what? - The cat left the room.
• Genitive case - (no) who? (no) what? - mainly determines relationship or affiliation. This is a cat bowl.
• Dative case - (to give) to whom? (give) to what? - defines the "recipient" or endpoint to which the action is directed. Give the cat something to eat.
• Accusative - (blame) who? (blame) what? - denotes the object with which the action is performed. I pet the cat.
• Instrumental case - (create) by whom? (I create) with what? - defines the tool with which the action is performed. The vase is broken by the cat.
• Prepositional case - (think) about whom? (think about what? - They wrote a book about the cat.

Lost cases

• Local case (otherwise called "second prepositional") - indicates the place where the subject is. For example: (where?) At home, (where?) At home. Most of the nouns have lost this form, more precisely, it has merged with the instrumental or prepositional case. But there are also nouns in which this form has remained and is used. For example: "in the shadow" / stress on the last syllable /, as opposed to "on the shadow" / stress on the first syllable /.

• Vocal case - we know it by such words as "God", "father". That is, it is typical for Old Russian and Biblical texts. IN modern language this form often looks like this: "Anh, come here!", or "Mom, dad is calling you." Interestingly, in many related Slavic languages \u200b\u200bthis form is alive and well used. For example, in Bulgarian: "lady, master"; in Ukrainian: "pan".

• Separating (quantitative-separative) case is a kind of genitive. “Eat some more of these soft French rolls and drink some tea” - here the names “rolls” and “tea” are used in the separative case. We cannot say “rolls” and “tea”, it would be grammatically incorrect. In the same way: “drink kefir” (not “kefir”), “ask pepper” (not “pepper”).

• The licensor case is one of the varieties of the accusative. It is used exclusively with negation: “not to have a right” (not “right”, as it would be logical to declare this word in the accusative case).

• Waiting case - "waiting for a letter", but "waiting for dad". Now this case has been lost, and it is believed that with the verb "wait", "expect" nouns are used both in the genitive ("letter") and in the accusative ("papu").

• The transformative (inclusive) case is now merged with the accusative. But it is still used in such cases: "marry", "go out to the people", "promote to the director", "fit for the soldier." That is, it is a form that answers the question "put" to the accusative case, but coincides with the plural of the nominative.

Thus, we see that the standard question method for determining the case is not enough, because, for example, for the accusative case there is no unique characterizing question, for the prepositional case the question that characterizes it depends on the preposition before the noun in the sentence, and, for example, there are no questions at all for the vocative case.

Cases and declensions

In Russian, nouns are distinguished by types of declension - there are three of them. The noun can be declined by gender (female-male: wolf-wolf), by numbers (singular-plural: wolf-wolves), by case (wolf-wolf-wolf, etc.).

• Nouns 1 declension. Includes feminine, masculine and general names ending in -а / -я in the nominative (I. p.) Of the singular: wife, youth, servant;
• Nouns with 2 declensions. Includes masculine and neuter names with a zero ending or ending in -o / -e in the nominative singular: soldier, apple, summer, commodity;
• Nouns 3 declensions. Includes feminine names ending in -ь in the nominative singular: daughter, speech, night.

The noun will change in cases according to its type of declension. There are tables of case endings for each type of declension.

Cases of other parts of speech

Not only the noun, but also other parts of speech in Russian are inclined by cases. Let's consider them briefly.

Case of adjectives

The case of the adjective corresponds to the case of the noun with which it is agreed. Adjectives should also answer certain questions:

• In the nominative case - "what?", "Whose?"
• In the genitive - "what?", "Whose?"
• In the dative - "what?", "Whose?"
• In the accusative - "what?", "Whose?"
• In the instrumental - "what?", "Whose?"
• In the prepositional - "what?", "Whose?"

Numeral names are also declined in cases. The rules apply to them the same as to nouns. But there is one mistake that many people make.

It should be borne in mind that when declining cardinal numbers, all words and parts of compound words should be changed (320 - three hundred twenty, three hundred twenty). When declining ordinal numbers, it is enough to change only the last word (1153 - one thousand one hundred fifty-third, one thousand one hundred and fifty-third).

Pronoun cases

The last part of speech that is inflected in Russian is the pronoun. All pronouns are declined, change in gender and number, consistent with the noun being defined, if it is present or implied.

Russian is not the only language that has a complex case system. For example, in Finnish there are 16 cases, in Hungarian - 25 (but there is not a single preposition in it - all prepositions are expressed by case word forms). And in the Tabasaran language there are already 44 cases!

Cases in foreign languages

Even in English there is a case system, although we are used to thinking that there are no cases in English in our usual understanding. Nevertheless, the English actively use the possessive case. It is formed using the ending "-" s ": Mommy" s, cat "s, Polly" s. In the Russian language, it was once too, but now it remains only in an adjectivized form - my mother's, my daughter's.

And in some languages, for example, in German, there are cases of the verb. In Russian, verbs are simply used with prepositions.

He is great and rich, there are so many subtleties in him that it seems impossible to remember everything. In fact, there is nothing complicated. Just for each question you need to be able to find the right solution... Let's take a look at how many cases are in Russian, what questions they answer and the easiest way to remember them.

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Definition

What is case? First, you should familiarize yourself with the concept itself . Death is a form that indicates relationship between words... With its help, the proposal can be coordinated and formed. For instance:

1. We, joy, accept, he, the team.
2. We gladly accepted him into the team.

The first option is just a set of words that are in no way related to each other. In the second point, thanks to the change in form, we get holistic sentence with a formed thought.

How many cases are there in Russian? The generally accepted number is six. That is how much is offered for study to schoolchildren. However, linguists claim that the present number 15... Apparently, to simplify the system, it was decided to remove some of them from the curriculum.

Main types

All nouns are comparable to questions and auxiliary expressions. Their interaction with each other is very convenient: if you forget one thing, another can come to the rescue.

Some cases the questions are the same, and to distinguish them, you can turn to declensions for help.

What are the main cases in Russian.

Nominative

Used to name objects, it has the following identifying features:

• questions who? - mum. What? - frame;
• auxiliary expression "is";
• meets with endings in singular: I skl: -а, -я. II: -o, -e. III: ÿ;
• plural: -y, -i, -a, -i.

1. Marina has always loved reading books. Who is there? - Marina (1 floor).
2. The leaves trembled in the wind. Is there anything? - Leaves (1 fold).

Genitive

Identifies affiliation. To facilitate memorization of the genitive case in Russian, there are a number of ways:

• you can match it with the expression "No" who? - father. What? The palace;
• used with prepositions: y, around, before, with, from, near, without, from, after, about, for;
• ending in singular: I skl: -ы, -и. II: -a, -i. III: -and;
• in the plural: -ov, -ev, -ey.

1. After my mother left, we were a little upset. No one? - Moms (1 cl.).
2. There were no horses in the stable. No what? - Horses (plural).

Dative

Has a hint in the name itself, to convey something to someone. Its features:

• defines the last point of action;
• "Give" to whom? - a boy. What? - a glass;
• prepositions: by, to;
• endings in singular number: I scl: -e, -i. II: -y, -y. III: -and;
• in the plural: -am, -yam.

1. Grandma didn't like our game. Give to whom? - To grandmother (1 st.).
2. Running across the field was a lot of fun. Give to what? - To the field (2 sheets).

Accusative

Names the action object:

• "See" whom? - a friend. What? - hand;
• accusative prepositions: through, on, in, for, pro;
• endings in a singular number: I skl: -y, -y. II: -o, -e;
• in the plural: -, -y, -i, -a, -ya, -ey.

1. The younger sister was especially pleasant to hear. I see who? - Sister (1 cl.).
2. And a dog was running across the bridge. I see what? - Bridgeÿ (3rd declension.).

Instrumental

The belonging of a part of speech to this case is determined as follows:

• "Admire" whom? - spouse. Than? - chain mail;
• used with prepositions: above, before, under, with, for;
• endings in a singular number: I declension: -o, -o, -o, -o. II: th, th. III: th: th;
• in the plural: -ami, -yi.

1. Before which stop did you ask to stop? Admiring what? - Stop (1sl.).
2. We have been friends with Lena since the fifth grade. Admiring who? - Lena (1 floor).

Prepositional

It is always used with prepositions, and also has the following properties:

• prepositions are most often used - on, at, about, in, about;
• "Dreaming" about whom? - about the fox. About what? - about the assessment;
• endings in singular number: I scl: -e, -i. II: -e, -and. III: -and.
• plural: -ah, -i.

1. My dream of a puppy has finally come true. Thinking about who? - Puppy (1 declension.).
2. A birch grove grew at the court. Think about what? - Courtyard (1 declension.).

To memorize all the names, children can be asked to learn a small sentence:

• Irina
• Gave birth
• Girl,
• Ordered
• To drag
• A diaper.

Table - cases.

Additional varieties of case forms

1. Vocative... This could include appeals to someone created by "circumcision". Example: mom, dad, Tan, etc.
2. Local... Prepositions: at, in, on. Answers the questions: where, on what? Example: on a nightstand in the schoolyard.
3. Separating. Derived genitive In russian language. Example: speed up, set the heat.
4. Countable. Used with numerals... Example: four balls, two cabinets.
5. Suspended. Indicates starting point of movement... Example: from the garden, from home.
6. Lacking. For negating verbs... Example: cannot go, not ready to say goodbye.
7. Quantitative and definitive. It has similarities with genitive... Example: a cup of tea.
8. Waiting. Example: wait for a friend.
9. Transformative (inclusive). Example: become a sailor, become a stewardess.

Declination of nouns

Every noun can be declined. There are 1, 2 and 3 declensions, as well as words related to this part of speech, can be mixed. These include the words "path", "ten" and nouns ending in "me".

Declination of nouns, table.

Case	I declension		II declension		III declension
	Female genus	Husband. genus	Husband. genus	Wed genus	Female genus
Nominative	Roads and	Dad and Cost i am	Watermelonÿ	Zhit about Mor e	Saltÿ
Genitive	Roads and	Dad s Cost and	Watermelon and Korn i am	Zhit and Mor i am	Sol and Gran and
Dative	Roads e	Dad e Cost e	Watermelon at Korn yu	Zhit at Mor yu	Sol and Gran and
Accusative	Roads at	Dad at Cost yu	Watermelonÿ	Zhit about Mor e	Saltÿ
Instrumental	Roads oh An her	Dad oh Cost her	Watermelon ohm Korn eat	Zhit ohm Mor eat	Salt yu Edge yu
Prepositional	Oh roads e About An e	Oh dad e About Coast e	About watermelon e Oh corn e	Oh live e Oh mor e	Oh sol and Oh gran and

Attention! Only the nominative case is considered direct, others are indirect.

Cases and questions

Case and auxiliary word			Prepositions	Endings by numbers
				Unit h.
						III floor
Nominative	Who! (father). What? (telephone)	My father always read a lot. The phone rang several times a day.	No excuses	-and I	-, -o, -e	—	-y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Whom? (parents). What? (inspiration)	The parents were not in the kitchen. I had to paint without inspiration.	Around, at, before, with, from, near, for, from, without, around, after	-y, -and	-and I	-and	-ov, -, ev, -ey
Dative	Who? (to the kitten). What? (ceiling)	Masha poured milk for the kitten. Garlands were attached to the ceiling.	By, to	-e, -and	-y, -yu	-and	-am, -yam
Accusative	Whom? (friend). What? (house)	We called a friend with us. Moving to a new house did not please.	Through, behind, in, on, pro	-y, -yu	-o, -e	—	-, -i, -y, -a, -ya
Instrumental (admire)	By whom? (by the artist). Than? (creation)	She always dreamed of becoming an artist. For the fifth hour Katya was admiring her creation.	Under, behind, before, with, over	-o / oy, -y / her	-om, -em	-Yu	-s, -s
Prepositional	About whom? (about Masha) About what? (about travel)	We didn't even remember about Masha. Mom thought about this trip for a long time.	Oh, in, oh, when, on	-e, -and	-e, -and	-and	-ah, -I

How easy it is to learn cases

How to easily and easily determine the case of a noun and adjective

Conclusion

For faster and easier memorization, you just need to choose a more convenient option - visual materials.For example, for visual perception easier to work with tables and diagrams... This way, the cases and questions will not cause you any problems.

→ Nouns: basic meanings of cases

Major meanings of cases

The main meanings of the cases of nouns in Russian; main case prepositions.

Case is a form of word change when. There are six cases in Russian:

• Nominative (I.). ... ... ... who what?
• Genitive (R.). ... ... ... who? what?
• Dative (D.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .to whom; to what?
• Accusative (V.). ... ... ... who? what?
• Creative (T.). ... ... ... by whom? by what?
• Prepositional (P.) ... ... ... ... About who about what?

Nominative case - the original form of the noun (as well as all other inflected parts of speech). In this form, nouns are given in dictionaries. In a sentence, the nominative case denotes the subject ( boy is reading; windowclosed) or the nominal part of the predicate ( my comrade - doctor; it was school) . Genitive can depend on nouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs, participles and participles.

The genitive case, dependent on nouns, means:
- affiliation: room sisters, book comrade, poem Pushkin ;
- determinative relations: smell flowers, light moon, center r aboutkind, sheet books, hands and human;
- character (after verbal nouns): performance artist (cf. artist performs), arrival delegate andtov;
- object of action (after verbal nouns): decision tasksreading books (cf. solve a problem, read a book);
- a substance, the measure of which is determined: glass water, liter milk, kilogram sugar.

The genitive case is used after cardinal numbers ( two students, 5 notebooks, 50 years old), after words denoting an indefinite number ( many cars, few forces, several meters, how many people etc.), and after comparative adjectives ( higher than a tree, whiter than snow).
The genitive case, dependent on verbs, denotes a direct object with a transitive verb with negation: no tale andl truth, didn't get andl letters (cf. told the truth, got a letter - accusative case) - or an object to which the action is partially directed: pour water, drink milk and (i.e. a little; cf. drink milk about , i.e. everything); used after the verbs "fear" ( dogs), "achieve" ( goals), "to avoid" ( colds), "Be deprived" ( hopes), etc., as well as in impersonal sentences after the verbs “did not exist”, “will not be” and after the word “no”: there was (no) paper, there will be no time.
The genitive case is used to indicate a date when an exact number is indicated: he returned on the tenth of May, she was born n eon September one thousand nine hundred and fortieth (cf. prepositional case).

Dative , dependent on verbs and some, mainly verbal, nouns, denotes an indirect object of action: believe people, to help comrade, write brother (cf. write a letter about - direct object). With predicative adverbs and verbs in an impersonal sentence, the dative case indicates the logical subject of the action: to me sad, himi could not sleep (i.e. he could not sleep).

Accusative (without a preposition) is used to indicate a direct object (direct object) after transitive verbs: see d eroaring, writing letter about , meet comrade (cf. genitive case).

Instrumental case , dependent on verbs and some nouns, means:
- instrument of action: hit (ud andr) with a stick, write pencil ;
- mode of action, comparison, time, place : speak gr aboutmkim voice, sing nightingale(like a nightingale), with eearly hut in spring, go forest;
- logical subject in a passive or impersonal turn: the house is being built workers (cf. working pages aboutyat house), a birch fell in ethrom (cf. in eter felled birch);
- part of the compound predicate with the verbs "to be", "to become", "to become", "to do", "to seem", "to appear", etc.: he was student, he became engineer, the boy becomes adults;
- used after the verbs "to own" ( d aboutmom), "Lead" ( group), "to manage" ( production), "Engage" ( th eby) and etc.

Prepositions of Russian cases:

The genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental cases can be used with prepositions; the most common prepositions:
- with a genitive case - "without", "for", "to", "from", "because of", "from", "s", "y",
- with a dative case - "k", "by",
- with the accusative case - “in”, “for”, “on”, “under”, “pro”, “through”,
- with the instrumental case - "for", "above", "under", "before", "s".
Prepositional appears after verbs and some nouns, is used only with prepositions and means:
- the subject of speech, thought, etc. (with the preposition "about", "about", "about"): talk (talk aboutp) about literature, thinking about business andx, inquire about departure;
- place, time (with the prepositions "at", "at", "at"): study (study) at the institute, be in the north, live at school (cf. garden at school aboutle), last year, this week.

Prepositional case is used to indicate the datewhen only the year is indicated, but not indicated
month and day (cf. genitive case): Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
If the month and year are indicated, but the day is not indicated, the prepositional case is used to indicate the month, and the name of the year is put in the genitive case: ... in May one thousand nine hundred and seventieth.

• Go to the section: Nouns: ← Cases →

In the third grade, students become familiar with the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics when studying in primary school... Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why determine the case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, correctly write the endings of the words.

Case - this is fickle a sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (declined) in cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed in cases, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship to other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry case names. He needs associations. Therefore, the acquaintance of the child with cases can be started with a fairy tale.

A tale about cases

Once upon a time there was a Case.
He was not yet born, but they were already thinking what name to give him and decided to name him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a toddler, given food and toys, and became a Dative.
But he was a great mischievous person, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became Accusative.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
They said so when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
Nominative, Genitive,
Dative, Accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To memorize the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Russian case table

Please note that in almost all cases, the first letters can be used to recall the pivot word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Case prepositions and semantic questions

Nominative - no prepositions. Semantic questions: who? what?

Genitive case: y, from, to, for, from, without, after, about (y), near (y), against, from under, from behind. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases: p. Semantic questions: where? from where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: k, po. Semantic questions: where? as?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Semantic questions: where? where?

Instrumental case: above, between, before. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - under, for, p. Semantic questions: where? as?

Prepositional case: o, v, pri. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - в, в, на. Semantic questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

Direct case Is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be a subject.

Indirect cases - all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in indirect cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun belongs, ask him a question;
2. On the question and the preposition (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (over what?) Over the waves (etc.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only for the given questions. Let's formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. On two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) A cat. Replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) The cat. We replace it with inanimate.: I could not reach (what?) The branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

Russian Name Case	Latin Name Case	Questions	Prepositions	Ending
				Singular			Multiple Number
				1 sq.	2 sq.	3 sq.
Nominative	Nominative	Who! What? (there is)	--- ---	And I	Oh-e	---	Y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (not)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	S, -and	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	Who? What? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, th		Om, -am
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, th	Oh-e	---	Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	Instrumental	By whom? Than? (proud)	for, over, under, before, with	Oh (oh), She (s)	Ohm, -em		Ami, -ami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (think)	in, on, on, on, on, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, -ah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms, or prepositions

How to distinguish between nominative and accusative:

A noun in the nominative case is a subject in a sentence and has no preposition. And a noun in the accusative case is a minor member of a sentence, maybe with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) Puts cucumbers (V. p.) In the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish between genitive and accusative:

If the questions in the R. p. And V. p. (Whom?) Coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of the words: in the R. p. The endings are -а (z) / -ы (and). In the V. p. The endings are at (s).

Paw (who?) Marten - R. p. / see (whom?) marten - V. p.

If both the questions and the endings coincide, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending -а (i) - instead of words. Then in the R. p. The ending will be -ы (u), and in the V. p. The ending will be -у (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (whom?) (Foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (whom?) (Fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish between genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition "s" coincides with R. p. And Tv. n. distinguish them according to case and semantic issues (where from? in R. n. and with what? in TV n.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With the ground - V. p.

How to distinguish between dative and genitive cases, which are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in a dialectical phrase will coincide in pronunciation with a word in a dialectical one (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish between dative and prepositional cases, if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different for these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, on

P. p. - is (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish between instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions from TV. n. and V. n. you need to focus on the questions of case and endings.

TV. etc. - hid (where?, for what?) behind a chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where?, For what?) Behind a chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. And P. p. Coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where?, On what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where?, On what?) On a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subject is called.
I don't like prepositions since childhood,
I can't stand next to me.
My questions WHO? So what?
Nobody will confuse it with anything.

And I am case Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look like an accusative
I happen sometimes
But in the text you will distinguish
Always two cases.

I am called the Dative,
I work diligently.
WHOM to give? What to call for?
Only I can tell.

And I am the Accusative
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, I catch fives.
Whom to name, what to play,
I'm ready to tell the guys.
Do not mind with excuses to be friends,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am filled with all hopes.
Be creative! - What? Be creative! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I am the prepositional case,
My case is difficult.
Light is not pleasant to me without pretexts.
ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes you need pretexts
I have no road without them.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

Nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional ...
All of them are difficult to remember.
Always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is a beginner
Questions - WHO? So what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, playpen,
Both the school and the coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And no hamsters ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

This is an apple, tell me
I will give it to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vitya?
No, perhaps no one ...

Accusative

Oh! In toys - a mess!
I don't understand myself in any way:
Blame WHOM? So what?
A doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to compose songs.
WITH WHOM? WHAT should I study notes with?
Write to me with a pen or a pen,
Or with a colored pencil?

Prepositional

I think about WHOM? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Rather, I think about
How tired of school ...

But now all cases
I memorized it firmly.
Try to teach so too,
After all, knowledge is POWER !!!

Polak Frieda

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and genitive - for you
the trill and clicking of the nightingale.
If the dative is everything to you,
happiness named in fate,
then the accusative ... No, wait,
i'm not easy in grammar,
want new cases
will I offer you? - Suggest!
- There is a counter-case,
there is a cognitive case,
loving, hugging,
kissing is a case.
But they are not alone and the same -
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them,
and there are only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

Exclaimed the NOMINAL:
- My birthday boy is TOT,
Which is amazing
Learns science!
- THAT, - said the PARENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- TOM, - answered the DATAL, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- THAT, - said the ACCURATE, -
I will blame
Who is the book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm only in tune
Who is very respectful
Refers to labor.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSAL, -
I will offer a story
Who can do in life
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything woke up from sleep:
SPRING is walking around the world.

As if we are blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to leave
Towards young VESNA.

In the green foliage drown
And I will blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
UNIQUE SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Singing songs ABOUT VESNA.

Tell others about it
And you will repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until the evening,
Dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Danced around the fire
And galloped around the yard.
Do I have to do my homework?
I didn't give a damn about it!
Here I am standing at the blackboard
And I sigh with longing.
But the genitive case
I won't forget, even if you cut it. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
I gave to cases,
I would then be a giver
DATAL named!
And how I dream,
I dress up as Santa Claus
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
Who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
To a cat, a hare, a hippopotamus,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the locomotive
I'm flying on the ground, rushing!
I will deliver gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am the Accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
There is no hope
That I will not allow a flaw.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- “If you want to know a lot,
Hurry to learn to read! "
So that the ACCUSIVE remember
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Yes, I'll wave through the threshold
I fly out the window
I'm keeping the course on the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT will I see and WHO -
I'll name one!
I see the river, I see the garden -
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful around!
They're building a club not far away
They paint a boat on the sand ...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly into the classroom light. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone,
Come across as smart
We must understand everything now
In the case CREATIVE.
What can I say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, took paper
And painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a fine fellow I am!
In front of the castle, the bush blooms,
A snake lives under a snake
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On your big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
In the forest, a cloud over the pond.
Well, I'll turn the sheet
And I'll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country,
Shoot enemies with an arrow
Pour resin over them from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
Better to end the matter with peace!
I'll close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I miss in class.
Well, I'd rather dream.
I really love to dream!
I wish I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown:
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight
I dream of earrings
I dream of boots.
In the evenings in the half-light
I dream of an eagle:
I will fly with him in the wild.
I will go to school ...
Oh, I already dream ...
ABOUT PROPOSED case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who?, What?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see who ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom?, By what ?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - to think about whom?, About what?

7) Vocal case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case we have only the word "God!" (Well, the Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimone, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case arises when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by "circumcision" of the ending or by a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "Pri", "B" and "Na". Characterizing question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), At the shelf (not at the shelf) - but what about Holy Russia, Ukraine?

9) Separating case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), There is a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Add a move (not a move), Young man, no light is there?

10) Counting case - occurs in phrases with a numeral: Two hoursA (not even an hour has passed), Take three stepsA (not a step).

11) Suspended case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was a severe frost.

12) Licensing case - used exclusively with negation verbs: I don't want to know the truth (not the truth), I can't have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but it has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He's the genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) For a letter (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait for the weather by the sea (not the weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (in whom? In what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to the pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become a son.

Case is a form of formation and function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a connecting link between individual parts of speech of a sentence. Another definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Possession of perfection in the ability to inflect different parts of speech by case is a distinctive feature of a literate, educated person. Often the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross mistakes in drawing up the correct structure of the sentence, which makes the members of the sentence inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right there. Their shiny red skins hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste delight.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in the Russian language are safely forgotten, therefore the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct option would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight (what?) Taste.

There are so many cases in the Russian language, there are so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults who are not involved in writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?

The disappointing results of the Total Dictation held this year leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy of the majority of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, having received a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors was found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so dire. People do not experience special problems with the correct spelling of words.

And for the correct declension of them in the sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. He is the only one always used without pretexts.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines the point that symbolizes the end of the action.

The accusative case is the designation of the immediate object of action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, denotes a place of action or indicates an object. Some linguists tend to split the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions "about whom?", "about what?" (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question "where?" (the area itself or the hour of the action).

But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of the Russian language of adjectives and nouns. Declension is used for both singular and plural.

Cases of the Russian language of nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, serving in a sentence as a subject or addition, answering the question "who?" or "what?"

The variety of ways to inflect words makes it difficult for foreigners to perceive the multifaceted and rich Russian language. The cases of nouns inflect the word, changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings by answering questions:

• with respect to animate subjects - "who?", "who?";
• inanimate objects - "what?", "what?".

Cases of nouns with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy (), ball ()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)
Dative	Who? What?	Boy (ooh), ball (ooh)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy (a), ball ()	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental		Boy (ohm), ball (ohm)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy (e), ball (e)	Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Non-declining nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension of endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
• russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women, denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech, denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions "what?", "What?", "What?" In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Like a noun, it declines in case by changing the endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Case of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Kind	From, without, at, before, near, for, around
Dative	Who? What?	Kind
Accusative	Whom? What?	Kind	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Non-inflected adjectives

The cases of the Russian language are capable of changing all adjectives if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what is it?" These adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words, depending on the question to which the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind (s), red (s)
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind (s), red (s)	From, without, at, before, near, for, around
Dative	Who? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind (s), red (s)	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental		Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind (s), red (s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy (ah), ball (ah)	Kind (s), red (s)	Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

Some people find it difficult and somewhat confusing to have two cases with seemingly identical questions to which the inflected word answers: the genitive case and the question "who?", And the accusative case with the question "who?"

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case, the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no "who?" at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• there was no "who?" (seller), "what?" (of bread);
• there was no "who?" in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the belonging of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the object.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound like this:

• delivered to the party "who?" (Paul) "what?" (champagne);
• the store did not bring "who?" (seller) "what?" (bread);
• in the prison cell was not found "who?" (prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case points directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect different parts of speech in case, number, gender is a distinctive feature of an intelligent, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The striving for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a distinctive feature of a highly intellectual personality, capable of self-organization.