The root system of strawberries in the first 3 years of plant life increases due to both its branching and the use of new additional roots from the youngest parts of the stem, which are located near the very surface of the soil.

The growth rate of the main root system during spring planting decreases after the first harvest, and when planting in summer - after the second fruiting. Starting from the third and fourth years, after planting, the lower part of the stem, along with the roots placed on it, gradually dies off. Roots that die off are partially replaced by new ones that grow from the base of the current year's horn growths. But with age, the horns rise higher and higher above the ground surface, and the aerial roots suffer greatly from drought or die from frost. As a result, the size of the active root system decreases every year, and as a result, the plants weaken and reduce their yield. So, in the third or fourth year of fruiting, strawberries significantly reduce the yield, so it is not advisable to grow them in one place for more than 4-5 years, and old plantations are plowed up at this time.

The laying of flower buds on the horns, even in the same plant, lasts for 10-16 days. In strong horns they are formed earlier than in weak ones. In the lateral growth cones of the hearts, the meristem enters the generative state 15-20 days later than in the apices (terminal growth cones). On a one-year-old plantation, flower buds begin to form 4-7 days later than on a two-year-old plantation.

Strawberry flowers are collected in thyroid inflorescences of the dichasial type, and therefore they do not develop simultaneously in the inflorescence. First, flowers of the first order appear, then flowers of the second order grow from the axils of its two bracts, and from them flowers of the third order, etc. The apical inflorescences have from 6 to 11 flowers.

In the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, strawberry blossoms begin in the third ten days of April - early May. The early varieties bloom first, after 4-5 days - the average ripening period and after 8-10 days - the later ones. The length of the flowering period depends on the variety and weather. Sometimes the last flowers bloom while the first fruits begin to ripen. Between the beginning of flowering and the beginning of berry ripening, a period of 20 to 26 days passes.

The qualitative characteristics of the fruit are one of the components of the economic assessment of the variety. The main elements of the qualitative characteristics of the fruit include: taste, shape, size, one-dimensionality, marketability, chemical composition, suitability for technical processing. All of them vary within certain varietal boundaries depending on the conditions of the agricultural environment of the year. According to their taste qualities, varieties are classified as dessert, table or technical.

The color intensity of the pulp mostly corresponds to the color intensity of the fruit. For technical processing of fruits, the best varieties are considered to be those with a dark red coloring of the surface and pulp of the berries.

The taste of the fruit depends on the content of sugars, acids and the ratio between them, as well as on the degree of aromaticity, taste and consistency of the pulp. The berries are at their sweetest when ripe on sunny days. Lack and excessive amounts of moisture in the soil significantly impair the taste of the fruit.

Berries are also distinguished by their aroma. Although large-fruited strawberries have a pleasant aroma, it is less pronounced than that of wild strawberries and wild strawberries. Strawberry varieties vary significantly in fruit size. Fresh strawberries are picked in the morning, when the dew has disappeared, or at the end of the day before the dew appears. The popularity of strawberries as a dietary and medicinal product is explained by their taste, which is combined with a wide range of medicinal effects. Strawberry fruits increase appetite, improve digestion, and have a diuretic, choleretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antithyroid effect.

Garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries (Fragaria ananassa), have been grown in gardens in many countries around the world since the 18th century. This wonderful berry first appeared in the Netherlands from spontaneous pollination of the American species of Chilean and Virginia strawberries. In our country, garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries, are mistakenly often called strawberries.

Garden strawberries /strawberries/ are classified as perennial herbaceous plants. Its bush has a highly branched (up to 20-40 branches), shortened (no higher than 10 cm) stem, a mass of trifoliate leaves on long petioles, peduncles and cord-like lateral shoots (ground stolons), which we call stolons. Every year, new growths, low to 15 cm, called horns, are formed on the strawberry stem. Over the years, the number of horns on the plant increases. A young strawberry rosette has one horn, a year later it has three horns, a biennial plant has up to nine, and a five-year plant has up to 40 horns. From the third year, strawberries begin to disintegrate into separate parts “particles”, with the help of which strawberries reproduce under natural conditions. This method of propagating strawberries is called “particulation” and is used for propagating hornless varieties of strawberries.

The strawberry root system is fibrous. It is a rhizome with adventitious roots. Some of the strawberry roots lie at a depth of more than 20 cm (sometimes up to a meter), the other part is in the upper layers of the soil. Strawberry roots close to the surface live no more than 3 years, as they are located in drier layers of soil and often freeze, dry out, and die. New strawberry roots grow in the upper parts of the rhizome or at the base of the horns, that is, in the upper layers of the soil. Over the years, more and more strawberry roots are located at the surface of the soil, therefore its frost resistance and drought resistance, which strawberries are already not distinguished by, are reduced. Freezing of strawberry roots without snow cover occurs already at -7 degrees C, and at -15 degrees C it freezes completely.

Strawberry leaves are trifoliate, located on high petioles. During the growing season they change several times. But still, strawberries go to winter with green leaves. She comes out from under the snow with them. The change of leaves in strawberries occurs gradually, without pronounced leaf fall. On average, each leaf lives for about 2 months. Garden strawberries have 4 groups of leaves. In the axils of the first spring leaves, horns with a bud at the end are formed. In the future, inflorescences develop from these buds. At the end of fruiting, the first group of strawberry leaves dies. The second leaves of strawberries appear in early summer. Cord-like shoots (ground stolons or tendrils) grow from their axillary buds. The third group of strawberry leaves immediately after harvest. These leaves give rise to either the mustache or horns of the strawberry. Overwintering strawberry leaves form the fourth group of leaves and are formed in the fall. Horns are subsequently formed from their axillary buds. Strawberry leaves that fall during the growing season, as well as other plant remains, should be removed from the site and burned so as not to accumulate possible diseases and pests on the plantings.

With the help of mustaches, strawberries reproduce. There can be up to 30 of them on one bush. In turn, on each tendril, from 3 to 5 rosettes of leaves are formed, which are formed at the apical points of growth of the stem - hearts. Over time, adventitious aerial roots form on the rosettes, which soon take root. Unrooted rosettes feed on the mother plant, rooted rosettes feed on their own roots. Rosettes preserve the varietal characteristics of strawberries and are used for their propagation. The best for propagation are the first two rosettes located closer to the mother plant. It is not difficult to calculate that up to 60 rosettes can form from one strawberry bush in a season.

Strawberries begin to bloom in mid-to-late May. Strawberries form a corymbose inflorescence of five to ten five-petaled white or slightly yellowish flowers. Most strawberry varieties have bisexual flowers with multiple stamens and pistils. They are pollinated by their own pollen with the help of insects. Only a few varieties of strawberries, in which the stamens are underdeveloped, require a partner for pollination - a variety with unisexual flowers. The lower flowers in the strawberry inflorescence bloom first. The first, largest berries weighing up to 40 g are formed from them. Later, the upper flowers bloom. The berries formed from them are smaller, their weight is up to 15 g. Often on a strawberry branch you can simultaneously see flowers, ripening berries and ripe berries.

It takes about a month from the beginning of flowering to the harvesting of strawberries. After flowering, the juicy receptacle of the strawberry grows very strongly and forms a false fruit, which we call a berry. The berry can be red, pink or white in color with reddish or white flesh. The real botanical fruits of strawberries are located on the surface of the overgrown receptacle (that is, on the surface of the berry) and represent numerous brownish seeds - nuts. Some varieties of strawberries are propagated with such seeds. More often they are used for breeding purposes.

Read more about garden strawberries:

Introduction

Strawberries are one of the most popular, widespread and widely cultivated berry crops. It is valued for the high quality of berries, their early ripening, rapid entry into commercial fruiting, high yield, and quick and easy propagation.

Strawberries have an excellent taste and delicate aroma; they are widely used in fresh and processed form for making preserves, jams, syrups, pies, etc. It is used in the perfume industry as a fragrance for soaps, creams, and lipsticks. But before it can be enjoyed, it must be grown and preserved.

The purpose of this course work is to consider the integrated protection of strawberries. Integrated plant protection is understood as a combination of biological, chemical, physical, agrotechnical and other methods against a complex of diseases in a specific ecological-geographical zone on a specific crop. Its purpose is to regulate the number of harmful species to economically imperceptible sizes while maintaining the activity of natural beneficial organisms.

Integrated protection, to a greater extent than individual protective measures, contributes to the achievement of high economic performance with the most complete compliance with environmental requirements and minimal negative impact on the environment.

Biological features

The structure of a strawberry bush

Strawberry is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family, a berry crop. A strawberry bush consists of perennial rhizomes, annual horns with apical axillary buds, leaves, peduncles, tendrils with rosettes, etc.

Figure 1. Structure of a strawberry bush

The root system of strawberries is fibrous, branched, well developed (up to 60 - 62% of the total plant biomass). Consists of perennial rhizomes, adventitious roots of the horn and lateral fibrous roots. Strawberry rhizome is a perennial modified stem covered with non-falling stipules - scales. From the second or third year after planting strawberries, the lower part of the rhizome begins to die. The older the rhizome, the smaller its apical growths and the weaker the root system.

The above-ground part of the strawberry bush consists of annual horns with apical and axillary buds, leaves, peduncles, and tendrils with rosettes. The leaf is complex, bluntly toothed, usually trifoliate, but there are varieties with four and five leaves. The apical leaflet is ovate, on a short or long (depending on the variety) petiole, 2 lateral leaflets are sessile. The leaf petioles of almost all varieties are pubescent; at the bottom of the leaf there are stipules, which vary in shape, color and size. During the growing season, plants experience 2 waves of active leaf growth - in the spring at the beginning of the growing season and in the summer after harvest. A feature of strawberries is the absence of apical growth of the stem. In spring, a peduncle with an inflorescence emerges from the apical flower bud, which dies after fruiting. New stems are formed as branches from lateral buds. Their length is 0.5 - 1.5 cm. They are called horns. Each horn ends with a flower bud.

The above-ground system has 3 types of shoots, which differ greatly in their morphological characteristics and biological functions:

Horns (short annual shoots). Each formed horn has an apical bud (heart), a rosette of 3 - 7 leaves, lateral axillary buds, and adventitious roots at the base of the growth. From the apical and axillary buds of the upper leaves, flower stalks are formed the following year. Axillary buds of leaves are often vegetative.

Whiskers (annual creeping shoots) are organs of vegetative reproduction. At the second internode of the runner, a young daughter plant (rosette) develops. From the axil of the first leaf of the rosette, a tendril develops again, which at the second internode gives rise to a second-order daughter plant, etc. The formation of the tendrils consumes a lot of plant nutrients, which negatively affects the yield. Therefore, timely removal of whiskers, 3-4 times during the growing season, increases winter hardiness and yield next year.

Peduncles that form in April from generative buds and live until the end of fruiting. 1-2 stem leaves and an inflorescence appear on the flowering shoot. Most varieties have 4-12 peduncles per bush, each with 4-10 flowers. The most favorable conditions for increasing the number of horns occur in the first 3 years of life of fruiting plantings.

Strawberry flowers are white, bisexual, but differ in stamens. In some varieties, the stamens are well developed; such flowers are called perfect; they can be pollinated by their own pollen. Varieties with underdeveloped stamens (Komsomolka, Chudo Keten) require replanting with a pollinator variety. Strawberry flowering begins with the appearance of flowers of the first order, then subsequent ones (according to their location in the inflorescence). Strawberries bloom 25-30 days after the start of the growing season, flowering lasts 15-35 days. About 30 days pass from the beginning of flowering to the ripening of the berries.

The strawberry fruit is a multi-nut. Its edible part is a strongly overgrown, colored, juicy, fleshy, sweet receptacle, on the surface of which in the depressions there are nuts formed from the ovaries of the pistils. The size and weight of the berries depend on the variety, their location on the peduncle, the age and condition of the plants.

By the third or fourth year, the old parts of the rhizome begin to die off, the plant breaks up into separate parts, particulates. This phenomenon was called particulation. Particulation is a natural way of vegetative propagation of strawberries.

Strawberry root system well branched and fibrous. It consists of a rhizome and numerous adventitious roots. The strawberry rhizome is a modified underground stem. It serves as a storage site for reserve nutrients produced by the leaves. Every year, new horns and adventitious roots appear in the upper part of the rhizome.

The largest number of adventitious roots are formed in the first two years of the plant's life. The root system of 1-3 year old plants is rich in suction and conductive roots; in these years there is complete correspondence between it and the above-ground part. Therefore, annual strawberry plants are more drought-resistant and winter-hardy than 4-5-year-old ones.

In the 4th year after planting strawberries (and in the 3rd year under unfavorable growing conditions), partial death of the lower part of the rhizome is observed. In this regard, the roots extending from its lower part also die. They become covered with a layer of cork, lose their suction roots and become woody. Newly formed adventitious roots do not compensate for the functions of dying ones, and signs of plant aging begin to appear, especially if the soil is poorly maintained.

The bulk of the strawberry root system is located in the upper, most fertile layer of soil at a depth of 20-25 cm. 90-92% of all roots are concentrated here, the largest part of which are small active roots. In the first year after planting strawberries, individual vertical roots in soddy-slightly podzolic, fairly cultivated soils penetrate to a depth of 40 cm. In subsequent years, along earthworm passages and soil cracks, the penetration depth of vertical roots reaches 60-70 cm. These roots have an important importance for providing plants with moisture in dry years.

Strawberry roots grow throughout the growing season, but their growth is wavy. In spring, roots begin to grow at a temperature of the root-inhabited soil layer of 2-3°. Then, as the soil warms up, root growth accelerates. The most intensive root development occurs at soil temperatures of 18-25°. The first wave of active root growth covers the period from the beginning of the growing season to flowering. During fruiting, root development slows down. After fruiting, a second wave of increased root growth begins, which continues until mid-September. When the temperature of the surface layer of soil decreases to 7-8°, root growth sharply weakens, and at 2-3° it stops.

STRAWBERRY? NO - STRAWBERRY

On a winter evening it is pleasant to drink tea with strawberry jam. Its taste and aroma are reminiscent of summer. But did you know that strawberry jam is most often not made from strawberries? gardeners claim that the berry that we are accustomed to consider a strawberry is actually a garden strawberry, and our grandmothers say that all their lives they called it Victoria, and they ask us not to confuse it with strawberries.

Strawberries, or nutmeg strawberries, unlike garden strawberries, have light green, highly corrugated leaves. Peduncles are almost always higher than the leaves, the flowers are most often unisexual, that is, some plants have only female (pistillate) flowers, others - only male (staminate) flowers. Most varieties of garden strawberries have bisexual (self-fertile) flowers. The berries of strawberries are much smaller than those of garden strawberries, but somewhat larger than those of wild strawberries. They are sweet, with a strong specific aroma, are difficult to separate from the receptacle and can be red, pink and even purple.

Strawberries and wild strawberries are truly different plants. Hardly anyone will argue with this. But to what extent do the names we are familiar with correspond to what these plants are?

Both plants belong to the genus Strawberry of the Rosaceae family. Representatives of this genus, the number of species of which reaches thirty, can be found throughout Eurasia and America.

The most common wild strawberry is wild strawberry. This is what we are used to collecting on the edges of the forest.

In the gardens and parks of Europe in ancient times, wild strawberries were grown exclusively as an ornamental or medicinal plant, and only in the 15th-16th centuries they began to be considered a berry crop, called Fragaria, which means “fragrant” in Latin. But, despite the pleasant taste, wild strawberries were not particularly popular due to the small size of the berries.

The history of this plant would have stopped there if two centuries later a new species had not appeared, the same one that is grown in our gardens, called strawberries. These are garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries. It does not exist in nature, and botanists did not specifically breed it - garden strawberries arose by themselves under a certain set of circumstances. It is believed that the ancestors of garden strawberries were two species - Virginia strawberries and Chilean strawberries, which received their name from the place where they grew. But how could this happen if one species grows in North America and the other in South America?

Oddly enough, the formation of a new species occurred in France. Virginian strawberry was the first to be brought from America to Europe - a large plant with delicate, aromatic, sweet and sour scarlet berries. At the beginning of the 17th century, it was brought from the North American state of Virginia. The bushes were planted in Versailles. The ripe berries turned out to be one and a half to two times larger than wild strawberries, but not as tasty.

Chilean strawberries came to Europe only a hundred years later, already at the beginning of the 18th century. French officer Amédée Frezier, who was on a military mission in Chile, noticed an unusual type of strawberry grown by local peasants. The plant was distinguished by powerful shoots, rounded leaves and large berries, the size of a nut or a small chicken egg. Unfortunately, the taste of the berries was worse than that of ordinary wild strawberries. Returning to his homeland, Frezier took with him several plants, of which only five survived by the end of the voyage.

One of the surviving bushes was transferred to the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris, where it was propagated vegetatively. And from there, several samples of Chilean strawberries went to the French botanist Antoine Duchesne, who was considered the leading expert on the genus Fragaria in all of Europe. The bushes were planted in the Versailles garden next to Virginia strawberries. Naturally, their accidental pollination occurred, and a hybrid was formed, which was later called garden strawberries.

Garden strawberries surpassed all known types of strawberries in fruit size, taste and unpretentiousness. It was brought to Russia at the end of the 18th century. The first to become widespread was the large-fruited English variety Victoria, named after the Queen of England.

What then is a strawberry?

From a botanical point of view, strawberries are also a type of strawberry, but completely different. These are nutmeg or musky strawberries, which got their name for their specific aroma. And they began to call it strawberry because of the shape of the berries, reminiscent of small balls.

Muscat strawberries grow wild in the southern regions of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In nature, this is a dioecious plant: male and female flowers are located on different bushes, and berries are formed only on female specimens.

Once upon a time, both in Europe and in Russia, nutmeg strawberries were grown specially and even several varieties were obtained. But with the advent of garden strawberries, nutmeg strawberries could not withstand the competition, and they stopped growing them. And in the 70s of the 20th century, scientists crossed garden strawberries and muscat strawberries and developed a hybrid, which was given the name “drab strawberry”.

Strawberries. Description, structure, features. Bush, roots, leaves, flowers, berries, strawberries. — Site about plants

Garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries (Fragaria ananassa), have been grown in gardens in many countries around the world since the 18th century. This wonderful berry first appeared in the Netherlands from spontaneous pollination of the American species of Chilean and Virginia strawberries. In our country, garden strawberries, or pineapple strawberries, are mistakenly often called strawberries.

Garden strawberries /strawberries/ are classified as perennial herbaceous plants. Its bush has a highly branched (up to 20-40 branches), shortened (no higher than 10 cm) stem, a mass of trifoliate leaves on long petioles, peduncles and cord-like lateral shoots (ground stolons), which we call mustaches. Every year, new growths, low to 15 cm, called horns, are formed on the strawberry stem. Over the years, the number of horns on the plant increases. A young strawberry rosette has one horn, a year later it has three horns, a biennial plant has up to nine, and a five-year plant has up to 40 horns. From the third year, strawberries begin to disintegrate into separate parts “particles”, with the help of which strawberries reproduce under natural conditions. This method of propagating strawberries is called “particulation” and is used for propagating hornless varieties of strawberries.

The strawberry root system is fibrous. It is a rhizome with adventitious roots. Some of the strawberry roots lie at a depth of more than 20 cm (sometimes up to a meter), the other part is in the upper layers of the soil. Strawberry roots close to the surface live no more than 3 years, as they are located in drier layers of soil and often freeze, dry out, and die. New strawberry roots grow in the upper parts of the rhizome or at the base of the horns, that is, in the upper layers of the soil. Over the years, more and more strawberry roots are located at the surface of the soil, therefore its frost resistance and drought resistance, which strawberries are already not distinguished by, are reduced. Freezing of strawberry roots without snow cover occurs already at -7 degrees C, and at -15 degrees C it freezes completely.

Strawberry leaves are trifoliate, located on high petioles. During the growing season they change several times. But still, strawberries go to winter with green leaves. She comes out from under the snow with them. The change of leaves in strawberries occurs gradually, without pronounced leaf fall. On average, each leaf lives for about 2 months. Garden strawberries have 4 groups of leaves. In the axils of the first spring leaves, horns with a bud at the end are formed. In the future, inflorescences develop from these buds. At the end of fruiting, the first group of strawberry leaves dies. The second leaves of strawberries appear in early summer. Cord-like shoots (ground stolons or tendrils) grow from their axillary buds. The third group of strawberry leaves immediately after harvest. These leaves give rise to either the mustache or horns of the strawberry. Overwintering strawberry leaves form the fourth group of leaves and are formed in the fall. Horns are subsequently formed from their axillary buds. Strawberry leaves that fall during the growing season, as well as other plant remains, should be removed from the site and burned so as not to accumulate possible diseases and pests on the plantings.

With the help of mustaches, strawberries reproduce. There can be up to 30 of them on one bush. In turn, on each tendril, from 3 to 5 rosettes of leaves are formed, which are formed at the apical points of growth of the stem - hearts. Over time, adventitious aerial roots form on the rosettes, which soon take root. Unrooted rosettes feed on the mother plant, while rooted rosettes feed on their own roots. Rosettes preserve the varietal characteristics of strawberries and are used for their propagation. The best for propagation are the first two rosettes located closer to the mother plant. It is not difficult to calculate that up to 60 rosettes can form from one strawberry bush in a season.

Strawberries begin to bloom in mid-to-late May. Strawberries form a corymbose inflorescence of five to ten five-petaled white or slightly yellowish flowers. Most strawberry varieties have bisexual flowers with multiple stamens and pistils. They are pollinated by their own pollen with the help of insects. Only a few varieties of strawberries, whose stamens are underdeveloped, require a partner for pollination - a variety with bisexual flowers. The lower flowers in the strawberry inflorescence bloom first. The first, largest berries weighing up to 40 g are formed from them. Later, the upper flowers bloom. The berries formed from them are smaller, their weight is up to 15 g. Often on a strawberry branch you can simultaneously see flowers, ripening berries and ripe berries.

It takes about a month from the beginning of flowering to the harvesting of strawberries. After flowering, the juicy receptacle of the strawberry grows very strongly and forms a false fruit, which we call a berry. The berry can be red, pink or white in color with reddish or white flesh. The real botanical fruits of strawberries are located on the surface of the overgrown receptacle (that is, on the surface of the berry) and represent numerous brownish seeds - nuts. Some varieties of strawberries are propagated with such seeds. More often they are used for breeding purposes.

Read more about garden strawberries:

Garden strawberries. Strawberry. / Beneficial features. / Care. / How to water and feed strawberries. / Diseases and pests. / Propagation of strawberries. / Where and how to plant strawberries. / Planting strawberries. / Strawberry varieties. / Recipes for strawberries (or wild strawberries) in winter.

It belongs to perennial herbal plants, although in terms of durability and morphological structure it occupies an intermediate position between herbal and bush plants. The perennial part of the plant is the rhizome, the annual growth of which does not exceed 2, and the total length is 10 cm. The aerial part consists of 3 types of stems (horns, creeping shoots, tendrils), peduncles and leaves. To grow any fruit on the site, polycarbonate greenhouses are simply irreplaceable. An online store of such greenhouses will help you make your choice.

In the spring of next year, inflorescences grow from the apical and upper axillary buds, new horns grow from the middle ones (later), and creeping shoots (whiskers) grow from the lower ones. During the first year after planting, 2-3 horns grow on one plant, in the second - 5-8, in the third - 8-15 horns. The branching of the plant varies from variety to variety and depends on growth conditions. After growth ends and the leaves fall off, the horns turn into rhizomes and their size increases above the soil surface. In subsequent years, the intensity of horn formation weakens and plant productivity decreases.

Each horn grows 10-15 leaves during the growing season. Most of them grow in the spring before flowering and after harvesting (August-September). The longevity of the leaves is 60-80 days. The leaves that formed in the fall and with which the strawberries overwinter continue to function the following spring, until the young ones grow back. Thus, their life period is 220-240 days.

Creeping shoots, or tendrils, grow, as already noted, from vegetative buds located in the axils of the leaves of the lower part of the horn. They grow en masse on the plant after fruiting ends. In uterine areas where flower stalks are destroyed and on young plants, tendrils grow earlier. On creeping shoots, nodes are formed every 10-15 cm, from which daughter plants grow. On paired nodes, regardless of the order of branching, rosettes of leaves grow, and on odd nodes, lateral tendrils grow. Roots grow on the rosettes (in places where they lie on the ground). Such rooted rosettes are used as seedlings. The number of shoots and rosettes depends on the age of the plant, variety and agricultural technology. Mother plants of some varieties (Yasnaya, Coral 100, Culver) during the first year after planting form 10-15 creeping shoots, on which 50-60 rooted rosettes grow. Next year the number of such outlets will be twice as large. Then the formation of shoots slows down. On industrial plantations, sockets that are not used for row execution are destroyed when processing row spacing.

Strawberry flower stalks have 1-2 leaves and inflorescences - dichasia. Their height is not the same, but they almost never rise above the leaves, making harvesting difficult. Strawberry inflorescences, in turn, have an unequal number of flowers located in different branching orders. This explains the rather long ripening period for strawberries.

On a developed strawberry bush, 4-10 flower stalks grow with 6-10 flowers in an inflorescence.

Generative buds, from which flower stalks with inflorescences grow, are formed in the summer-autumn period. The performance of this process depends on environmental conditions and, above all, on temperature, light and humidity. Bud differentiation ends in spring. Strawberries begin to bloom 25-30 days after the start of the growing season, flowering lasts 15-20 days or more. Depending on weather conditions, the berries ripen 20-25 days after flowering. Most strawberry varieties have bisexual, self-pollinating flowers, so industrial plantations are planted in single-variety blocks. But there are varieties (Komsomolka, Muto, Mitze Schindler, Late from Leopoldshall, Obilnaya) that do not have anthers or are underdeveloped (morphologically and functionally female flowers), so these varieties must be planted with pollinator varieties. It should be noted that self-pollinating varieties with cross-pollination are characterized by higher yields and high quality fruits.

The weight of strawberries depends on the variety, placement in the inflorescence, age and condition of the plant. The average weight of berries of most varieties is 7-10 g, the weight of individual berries of the Muto variety reaches 70-80 g.

An important indicator is the density of the pulp, which characterizes the transportability of the berries. Varieties with smooth ripening of berries are valuable for production. Remontant varieties bear fruit 2-3 times or continuously during the growing season.

The bulk of strawberry roots (about 90%) is located in the upper fertile layer of soil (up to 25-30 cm), and only a few roots penetrate to a depth of 1 m or more. Strawberry roots are fibrous. In the horizontal direction, the roots spread mainly under the canopy of foliage. Only a small part of them extends beyond the strip by 10-15 cm. In spring, the roots begin to grow at a soil temperature of 7-8 ° C. They grow most rapidly before the berries begin to ripen and after fruiting. The roots begin to age already in the second year of the plant’s life, and die off in the third or fourth year. They are partially replaced by new ones, which grow in the upper part of the rhizome from the bases of young shoots - horns. Therefore, simultaneously with a decrease in the volume of the root system, it moves upward and appears on the soil surface. As a result, the conditions for the growth and development of plants deteriorate, they are weakened, and the yield decreases. Therefore, it is not advisable to use strawberry plantings for more than 3-4 years. In some countries, the annual strawberry crop is considered the most profitable.

Due to the superficial location of the roots and the high evaporation of the surface of the leaves, strawberries are quite demanding of moisture. To have high yields, strawberry plantations need to be watered. Strawberries have the greatest need for moisture in the flowering and fruiting phase. But it is no less important to provide plants with moisture after fruiting, when the growth of vegetative organs begins and the foundations of the future harvest are laid. It should be noted that strawberries cannot withstand waterlogging. With excess soil moisture, the growth and formation of generative buds for next year's harvest is weakened, and the winter hardiness of plants is reduced. Excessive humidity during the fruiting period contributes to the development of gray rot on plants.

Strawberries are a shade-tolerant plant, as evidenced by the practice of growing them in the rows of young gardens and next to canopy plants. However, its high yields are available in well-lit areas.