Report on the practice of accounting for the sources of formation of property, work performed on the inventory of property and financial obligations. Preparation for inventory taking. Determination of the list of inventoried objects of the main environments

An inventory of assets and liabilities is a periodic check of their availability, condition and valuation. The property owned by the organization may not correspond to the accounting data. For example, material values are exposed to natural influences - evaporation, shrinkage, deterioration, etc. As a result, their quantity and cost are significantly reduced. The enterprise may reveal abuses committed during accounting - theft, measurements, body kits, etc. Inventory, thus, allows you to check the observance of the rules and conditions for the storage of material assets, cash, warehouse management and the reality of accounting data, maintenance and operation of machines, equipment, other objects of the organization's fixed assets, and also prevents such negative phenomena as theft of property by employees enterprises.

In addition, when documenting the facts of the economic activity of the organization and when they are reflected in the accounting, various errors, omissions, inaccuracies and corrections are made. Therefore, it is necessary to check the completeness and reliability of accounting - only in the course of a complete inventory can it be established to what extent the content of accounting data and primary documents corresponds to the actual volume and value of the organization's property.

How to take inventory property and financial obligations, and will be discussed in this article.

The duty of the organization to conduct an inventory

Federal Law No. 129-FZ, and Regulations for the maintenance of accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation it is established that organizations are obliged to conduct an inventory of:

- when property is leased, redeemed or sold;

- upon reorganization or liquidation of an organization;

- when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

- before drawing up the annual financial statements (except for property, the inventory of which was carried out not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year);

- when changing financially responsible persons (on the day of acceptance and transfer of cases);

- upon revealing the facts of theft, abuse or damage to property (immediately upon establishment of such facts);

- if there was a natural disaster, fire or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions (immediately after the end of the fire or natural disaster);

- in other cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In case of collective or brigade financial responsibility, an inventory must be carried out in the following cases:

- when changing the team leader or team leader;

- when more than 50% of employees leave the team or brigade;

- at the request of one or more members of the team or team.

The order and timing of inventories in other cases is established by the head of the organization. He determines how many times in the reporting year and when the inventory should be carried out, approves the list of inventoryable property and liabilities, and also decides whether to conduct a random check. The order of the inventory taking established by the head should be fixed in accounting policy organizations.

Current legislation does not prohibit taking inventory on any day convenient for the organization, for example, October 3 or December 25. However, it is most advisable to assign an inventory on the 1st day of the month, since it is on this date, according to the generally established procedure, that the balance is displayed for all synthetic and analytical accounting accounts - data is generated for compiling collation statements and identifying inventory results. But if not the 1st day of the month is chosen, but, for example, December 3, then it becomes necessary to calculate, on this date, the interim totals of turnovers and account balances, which take into account the property or financial liabilities being inventoried in a particular case.

In addition to planned inventories carried out according to a pre-approved schedule, an organization can also carry out unscheduled continuous inventories of inventory items (TMC). Such inventories are called sudden and allow you to catch negligent financially responsible persons by surprise. They are carried out according to a schedule drawn up by the head of the enterprise and kept by the head or chief (senior) accountant. Sudden checks should be carried out in the first place:

- for newly hired financially responsible persons;

- with the formation and growth of excess stocks of inventories;

- when establishing the facts of violations of the rules for acceptance, storage, sale of values.

What is being inventoried?

In the course of the inventory, the presence of property and liabilities, their condition and assessment is checked and documented. All property of the organization and all types of financial obligations are subject to inventory. At the same time, it is necessary to check the property that belongs to the organization on the basis of ownership rights, is in custody, leased property received for processing, as well as unaccounted property. This inventory is called solid .

The property includes fixed assets, financial investments, production stocks, finished goods, goods, other stocks, cash and other financial assets.

Financial liabilities include bank loans, loans and reserves. They must be formalized by loan agreements, credit agreements and agreements concluded on a commodity and commercial loan.

By the decision of the head, selective inventory, during which any part of the property is checked. These can be inventory items related to one financially responsible person or located in one place (in a warehouse or in an office).

Inventory commission

To conduct an inventory in the organization, a permanent inventory commission, which, firstly, carries out preventive work to ensure the safety of valuables, if necessary, hears at its meetings the heads of departments and sections on the storage of goods and materials. She checks the documentary registration of facts (when the received property does not meet the terms of the contract in terms of quantity, quality or range), determines the reasons for the write-off of the property and the possibility of using waste.

Secondly, the commission prepares and provides an inventory, instructs members of the working inventory commissions, conducts control checks on the correctness of inventories, as well as selective inventories of inventory items at storage and processing sites during the inter-inventory period.

In addition, she checks the correctness of the output of the results of the inventories, the validity of the proposed offsets for the misgrading of values at bases, in warehouses, storerooms, workshops, on construction sites and in other storage places. If necessary (for example, when serious violations of the rules for conducting an inventory are established), the commission (on behalf of the head of the enterprise) carries out repeated continuous inventories and makes proposals on the procedure for resolving the identified shortages and losses from damage to goods and materials.

If available in the organization audit commission and a small amount of inventory work can be entrusted to this commission. If the volume of work is large, then for the simultaneous inventory of the entire enterprise, working inventory commissions ... They are justified if the organization has separate subdivisions (branches and representative offices) or operates over a wide area (in construction organizations, in agricultural enterprises).

The head of the organization, by his order, approves the personal composition of the permanent and working inventory commissions. This order must be registered in Log book of control over the execution of orders (resolutions, orders) on the inventory(f. No. INV-23).

During the inventory, it is necessary not only to recalculate the number and total cost of goods and materials and funds, but also to check the correctness of their assessment, that is, the validity of determining the specified value in accounting. In addition, the correctness and validity of the accounting of the financial obligations of the organization should be checked, the debt, the repayment of which is unlikely, as well as debts that are hopeless to be collected, have been identified.

Given the importance of such a check, it is advisable to include specialists in the inventory commission with the necessary qualifications to analyze the correctness of the assessment of the property and financial obligations of the organization (for example, able to distinguish one type of wood from another; by measuring, determine the mass of metal depending on its brand or the amount of grain of a certain varieties in granaries, etc.). The participation of such specialists will help to avoid mistakes, concealment of the facts of mis-grading of products, as well as theft and abuse.

Members of the inventory commissions who enter in the inventories deliberately incorrect data on the actual balances of values in order to hide the shortages and waste or surplus of goods, materials and other values, are brought to justice in the manner prescribed by law.

Inventory sequence

How to carry out an inventory and how to draw up its results is described in detail in Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations... The results of the inventory will be recognized as valid only if the procedure for conducting it is followed.

Inventory of property is carried out at its location and financially responsible person. It is important to remember that if at least one member of the commission is absent during its conduct, the results of the inventory will be invalidated. In addition, another prerequisite is the presence of financially responsible persons when checking the actual availability of property.

In case of collective (brigade) material responsibility, the inventory is carried out with the obligatory participation of the foreman or his deputy and the members of the team working at the time of the beginning of the inventory.

The inventory procedure consists of several stages. Stage first - preparatory... It includes the following activities:

- preparation of an order for an inventory;

- formation of an inventory commission;

- determination of the timing and types of inventory property;

- Receipt of receipts from financially responsible persons, etc.

Second phase- weighing, measuring, counting, identifying and checking the actual availability of property and liabilities, as well as drawing up inventories. Stage Three- this is a comparison of inventory data with accounting data: discrepancies are identified, collation statements are compiled and the reasons for discrepancies are determined.

And finally, the final stage is the registration of the results of the inventory. At this stage, the accounting data are brought into line with the results of the inventory, the persons guilty of incorrect accounting of property are brought to administrative responsibility.

Enterprises of retail and wholesale and retail trade, as well as warehouses (bases) are allowed to be closed for carrying out an inventory of fixed assets, inventories, cash and settlements for a period of not more than three days.

Preparatory activities

Before the start of the inventory, the members of the working inventory commissions are given an order to conduct an inventory, and the chairmen of the commissions are given a control seal. The order must indicate the content, volume, procedure and timing of the inventory, as well as the personal composition of the inventory commission. It may contain as an attachment a plan for conducting an inventory, which determines the end date of the inventory, delimits responsibilities between members of the working commissions. In addition, at the stage of preparing for the inventory, the organization can develop appropriate internal documents, for example:

- rules with a detailed description of the actions of the members of the working commissions when checking the presence and condition of the property of the enterprise;

- the procedure for settling claims to the work of the inventory commissions;

- forms of primary documents for registration of inventory results.

Before proceeding with the verification of the actual availability of property, the working inventory commission is obliged to seal the utility rooms, basements and other places of storage of valuables that have separate entrances and exits, to check the serviceability of all weighing devices and the observance of the established terms for their branding. The balance is checked for stability, sensitivity and weighing accuracy.

Before the start of the inventory, it is necessary to make the appropriate entries in the cards (books) of analytical accounting and display the balances on the day of the inventory. The commission must receive the latest receipts and expenditures or reports on the movement of material assets and funds at the time of the inventory. The Chairman of the Inventory Commission endorses all incoming and outgoing documents attached to the registers (reports) with the indication "before the inventory on" __________ "(date)", which serves as the basis for the accounting department to determine the balance of property by the beginning of the inventory according to the accounting data.

During the inventory, all operations for the receipt and release of material values should be stopped. Valuables actually received after the start of the inventory are capitalized after the date of the inventory.

Financially responsible persons give receipts in which they indicate that by the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for the property were handed over to the accounting department or transferred to the commission and all values received under their responsibility were capitalized, and those retired were written off at expense. Similar receipts are given by persons who have accountable amounts for the acquisition or powers of attorney for the receipt of property.

If it later turns out that part of the documents available at the beginning of the inventory related to the movement of goods and materials, cash and other property and financial obligations were not transferred to the accounting department and, therefore, were not taken into account when calculating the balances of inventory values and obligations from the perpetrators must be given written explanations of the reasons for the violations committed, and the authenticity of the documents submitted must be carefully checked. Documents with explanatory documents attached to them are attached to the inventory materials and are taken into account when justifying its results on a general basis. The current legislation does not establish any special sanctions for such violations. At the same time, the administration can apply to the guilty persons general measures of responsibility established for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of their labor duties.

In case of sudden inventories, all inventory items are prepared for inventory in the presence of an inventory commission, in other cases - in advance. They should be grouped, sorted and arranged by name, grade, size in a certain order, so that it is convenient to count their number.

Property inventory

At the second stage, members of the inventory commission recount, weigh, measure and describe the property actually held by the organization. As a rule, verification is carried out by a continuous method, that is, absolutely all goods and values are recounted. The actual availability of property is checked with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons.

During the inventory, inventory records or acts , in which information is entered on the actual availability of property and the reality of recorded financial obligations. Inventories and acts are drawn up in duplicate. Separate inventories are drawn up for property in safe custody, rented or received for processing.

Inventory lists and acts are primary accounting documents for accounting. Therefore, the task of the inventory commission at this stage is to most fully and accurately enter data on actual property and financial obligations in the inventory, and then correctly and timely draw up inventory materials. Inventories can be filled in by hand with ink or ballpoint pen, or using computer technology. In any case, there should be no blots or erasures in them.

In the course of the inventory, financially responsible persons may find errors in the inventories. In this case, they must immediately (before the opening of the warehouse, storeroom, section, etc.) notify the chairman of the inventory commission. The Inventory Commission must check this fact and, if confirmed, eliminate the identified errors.

Erroneous entries are corrected in all copies of the inventory in accordance with the accounting rules - incorrect entries are crossed out, and the correct entry is placed above them. Corrections must be agreed and signed by all members of the inventory committee and financially responsible persons. Unfilled lines should be crossed out. The names of property and individual objects are indicated in the inventories according to the nomenclature adopted in the organization. The number of goods and materials is determined in the established units of measurement.

Inventories are entered in the inventory for each individual item indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.). An inventory of valuables should be carried out in the order of their location in a given room.

If the inventory list or act is drawn up on several pages, then they must be numbered and fastened in such a way as to exclude the possibility of replacing one or more of them. At the end of each page of the inventory, indicate in words:

- the number of serial numbers of material values;

- the grand total of the quantity in physical terms recorded on this page, regardless of what units of measurement (pieces, kilograms, meters, etc.) these values are shown in.

Such a record makes it possible to exclude the possibility of making unauthorized changes to the compiled document after it is signed by members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons.

On the last page of the inventory, a note should be made on the verification of prices, taxation and counting of totals signed by the persons who carried out this verification, after which all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons are signed. In addition, at the end of the inventory, the financially responsible persons give a receipt confirming the inspection of the property by the commission in their presence, about the absence of any claims to the members of the commission and the acceptance of the property listed in the inventory for safekeeping. If the inventory of property takes place in connection with the change of financially responsible persons, the employee who accepted the property signs in the inventory on receipt, and the employee who handed over this property - in its delivery.

To confirm the actual availability of property in the warehouses of third-party organizations, it is necessary to receive receipts from them during the inventory. This requirement is explained by the fact that the main purpose of the inventory is to verify the actual availability of property. Documents drawn up, for example, a year ago, in fact, are weak evidence that at the time of inventory, the property is safe and sound at the person to whom it was transferred under a lease or storage agreement, in trust or. For example, an organization to which property was transferred could be liquidated, property destroyed in an accident or lost due to illegal actions of third parties, etc. If in the course of the inventory the facts of the impossibility of obtaining property located in another organization are revealed, it is necessary to take measures to recover its value from the guilty persons through the court or out of court.

I would like to once again emphasize the importance of correct paperwork - in the future, this will help to avoid both minor misunderstandings and major troubles.

Comparison of inventory data with accounting data

The next step in the inventory is to compare the actual balances of tangible and intangible assets identified during the audit with the balances recorded in the accounting accounts. The inventory list is transferred to the accounting department, which compares the actual balances of the property with the accounting data. Before compiling collation statements and determining the results of the inventory, the accounting department of the organization should carefully check the correctness of all calculations given in the inventory lists.

Separate collation statements are drawn up for values that do not belong, but are recorded in accounting (held in custody or leased, received for processing). The owners of goods and materials are provided with a certificate of the results of the inventory with an attached copy of the inventory list. The collation sheet is drawn up by the accountant in two copies, one of which is kept in the accounting department, and the other is transferred to the financially responsible person.

The identified amounts of surplus and shortage of inventory in the collating statements are indicated in accordance with their assessment in accounting.

When compiling collation statements, it is necessary to take into account the mis-grading of goods and materials, when one type of product is incorrectly taken into account in the composition of another grade, as well as the sum differences resulting from mis-grading. In addition, losses should be written off within the limits of the rate of natural loss.

Simultaneously with the inventory of goods and materials, the accounting department of the enterprise must check the records for all relevant accounts, comparing them with the corresponding accounts. For example, for fixed assets, it is necessary to establish whether all objects taken into operation are recorded; for goods and materials - whether all the received values are capitalized, and the retired ones are written off and reflected in the accounting; for work in progress - are all costs written off for manufactured products, etc.

Inventory ... Sounds intimidating. In fact, if you carefully understand the intricacies of the work, then everything will turn out to be much easier than you thought. A set of actions aimed at identifying discrepancies between the data reflected in accounting and the actual availability, monitoring the storage conditions of property - all this can be called in one word "inventory".

The inventory procedure is strictly regulated by law. Methodological guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations are reflected in the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1995 N 49.

General rules for taking inventory

The sequence and timing of the inventory are spelled out in the Federal Law on Accounting No. 129-FZ and Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n " Russian Federation". The regulations for conducting should be fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise. The manager determines the timing of the inventory independently, except for cases when the inventory is established by law:

when transferring property (sale, lease);
upon reorganization or liquidation of an organization;
when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;
before drawing up annual financial statements;
when changing financially responsible persons;
in the event of natural disasters or emergencies;
when revealing the facts of theft or damage to property.

In addition to planned inventories, an organization can also carry out extraordinary inventories of goods and materials, they are called sudden and serve to strengthen internal control in the company.

The actions taken strengthen control over the maintenance of inventory documents, improve the quality of process tracking, and serve as a mechanism for developing new methods of verification for individual sectors of the monitoring work.

It is necessary to distinguish between the types and principles of inventory. Solid inventory is the process of checking all accounting objects, including leased property. A selective or segment inventory checks only part of it, for example, property received for processing.

Inventory technology

I. Preparatory measures.

The head of the enterprise issues an order to conduct an inventory, indicating the timing and areas of the inventory property, the composition of the audit commission.
Acts are created and approved, confirming the readiness of the organization. The primary documents for the property are sent to the accounting department, all inventory items must be capitalized, and the marriage must be written off. At the time of the inventory, all operations for the receipt or release of goods and materials should be suspended.

II. Main period.

An inventory of property, inventory of goods and materials, cash and other financial assets is carried out, the correctness of the assessment and the validity of determining the specified value in accounting is checked with the entry of data in the column "Actual availability" of the inventory list.
An inventory list is drawn up in 2 copies with continuous numbering with the obligatory summing up on each of the pages. The signatures of the persons who carried out the verification, the signatures of the members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons are affixed.
The completed inventory list is transferred to the accounting department.

III. Analytical period.

1. Analysis of inventory results.

A reconciliation of the received documents with the available data in accounting is carried out, a collation statement is drawn up. As an analysis, the actual location of the shortages and possible reasons are established. Re-grading is highlighted. Surplus data are generated, their market value is determined. Data on shortages of surpluses are generated.

In some cases, the inventory, and therefore its results, may be invalidated or challenged if the following mandatory rules are violated:

violation of the rules for processing documents;
the presence of not all members of the commission and financially responsible persons;
finding unauthorized persons on the territory of the inventory;
concealment of the facts of shortages or theft of property, entering inaccurate information into the inventory list.

2. Inventory of property held in safe custody, rented or received for processing is drawn up by separate documents. The owners of goods and materials are provided with a certificate of the results of the work carried out and a copy of the inventory list.

3. Acts and other documents are filled in, explaining the discrepancies between the actual and accounting balances of goods.

4. A decision is made to recover damages from the perpetrators.

5. The chairman of the commission approves the results of the inventory. An order (order) of the head is issued on the approval of the results and results of the inventory. The order serves as the basis for making entries in the accounting registers.

Accounting entries

Conclusion: Correctly performed inventory procedures contribute to the development of internal discipline at the enterprise, develop skills for segment inspection, and improve the quality of internal documentation.

1. The procedure for registration of surpluses, shortages and damage to property revealed during the inventory.

2. Drawing up collation statements for the inventory of property and liabilities of the organization.

1. The procedure for registration of surpluses, shortages and damage to property revealed during the inventory.

The next step will be to reconcile the results of the inventory with accounting data, compile collation statements and reflect the results of the inventory in accounting.

If discrepancies between the inventory results and accounting data are found, collation statements are compiled according to the INV-18 "Collation statement of the results of the inventory of fixed assets" and INV-19 "Collation statement of the inventory results of inventory holdings", approved by the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated 18.08.98 No. 88.
By general rule the results of the inventory are to be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which the inventory was completed, and during the annual inventory they must be reflected in the annual accounting report, i.e. identified surpluses or shortages must be reflected in accounting by entries for December of the reporting year.

The revealed surplus of fixed assets, material assets, cash and other property are subject to capitalization and crediting to financial results.

Acceptance for the accounting of the property, which turned out to be in surplus according to the results of the inventory, is carried out under the item "Non-operating income" as part of other income.

Surplus property identified during the inventory should be capitalized at market prices.

It should be noted that the sums of the surplus material assets entered according to the results of the inventory when calculating the profit tax are also subject to crediting to the structure of non-operating income (clause 20 of article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Thus, the surplus revealed during the inventory is credited in accounting at market value on the debit of the corresponding account of material assets and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-1 "Other income".

For example:

The surplus revealed during the inventory is capitalized:

materials D 10 K 91-1; goods D 41 K 91-1 finished products D 43 K 91-1, etc.

When posting objects of fixed assets that are in surplus during inventory, account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" should be used.

Consequently, the items of fixed assets that turned out to be in surplus as a result of the inventory are accounted for in the accounting by the following entries:

1. D 08 K 91-1 - the fixed asset is capitalized in the appraisal at market value.
2. Д 01 К 08 - the fixed asset accepted for operation and drawn up in accordance with the established procedure is capitalized at the finally formed initial cost.

Significantly more often than surpluses, shortages are revealed during inventories.
Regulations provide for the write-off of shortages of property within the limits of the norms of natural loss to the costs of production or circulation, and in excess of the norms - at the expense of the guilty persons. In cases where the guilty persons are not identified or the court refused to recover losses from them, the losses from the shortage of property are written off to the financial results. The final decision on writing off the shortfalls to financial results or to the accounts of the guilty persons is made by the head of the organization.

Common to all cases will be the initial reflection of the identified shortages on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values". On the basis of collation statements and depending on which account the missing property was recorded on, entries are made in accounting on the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" in correspondence with their accounts (for example, 01 "Fixed assets", 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", 43 "Finished products", etc.). Missing inventory items are reflected at the actual cost, and fixed assets - at the residual.

The write-off of identified shortages of inventories within the limits of the norms of natural loss is carried out at the costs of production or circulation, the application of norms of natural loss is possible only if such norms are approved by the normative acts of the relevant ministries and departments (for example, the Norms of natural loss medicines and medical products in pharmacy organizations, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 20.07.01 No. 284). In the absence of approved norms of natural loss, the shortage revealed during the inventory is considered as a loss in excess of the norms and is subject to attribution to the guilty persons in full.

The amounts of shortages recorded initially on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values", within the limits of natural loss, are written off at actual cost to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs (sales expenses), for example, D 20,23,25,26,29 , 44 K 94.

EXAMPLE 1. As a result of the inventory in the prescription-production department of the pharmacy, a shortage of ethyl alcohol in the amount of 150 ml was revealed in the amount of 75 rubles. The shortage was formed as a result of the individual manufacture of medicines. In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 20.07.01 N 284, the rate of natural loss is set at 1.9% to the amount of alcohol sold for the inter-inventory period.

To determine the amount of alcohol to be written off to production or distribution costs, the following calculation must be made:

1. From the moment of the previous inventory to the current one, 10 liters of alcohol were used for the manufacture of medicines.

2. Determine the amount of alcohol that can be written off as costs:

10 liters x 1.9% = 0.190 liters.

As you can see from the calculation, the shortage of alcohol in the amount of 150 ml in full can be attributed to costs.

In accounting, you must make the following entry: D 20 (44) K 94 - 75 rubles. - written off to expenses.

The amounts of deficiencies revealed during the inventory in excess of the norms of natural loss, as well as in the absence of norms approved in the prescribed manner, are attributed to the guilty persons.

The amounts to be recovered from the guilty employee are reflected in the accounting records of the organization D 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" K 94.

The amounts withheld from the employee's wages to compensate for the shortfalls are reflected according to D 70 K 73-2.

Please note that the amount of value added tax on the missing property is subject to recovery (if they were previously presented for deduction) and are also subject to collection from the guilty persons. This conclusion follows from the wording of paragraph 2 of Art. 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which determines that deductions are subject to the amount of VAT on goods purchased for the implementation of transactions recognized as objects of taxation. In the event of a shortage, such property can no longer be used to carry out taxable transactions, therefore, VAT is subject to recovery.

EXAMPLE 2. As a result of the inventory in the warehouse of the organization, a shortage of writing paper of A3 format was revealed in the amount of 8 packs in the amount of 1600 rubles. (at discount prices).

By order of the head, the shortage for the total amount of 1888 rubles. (1600 rubles + (1600 rubles. X 18%)), initially recorded on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables", was attributed to the guilty person - the storekeeper, who compensates for the shortage on a voluntary basis. The amount of the shortfall is withheld from his salary.

The following entries must be made in accounting:

1.D 94 K 10 - 1600 rubles. a shortage of goods and materials was revealed (at discount prices).

2.D 94 K 68 - 288 rubles. VAT was restored on the amount of the shortfall.

3. D 73-2 K 94 - 1888 rubles. - the shortage was written off to the guilty person.

4. D 70 K 73-2 - 1888 rubles. - withheld from salary to cover the shortfall.

When registering compensation for shortages of property at the expense of the perpetrators, it is also necessary to be guided by the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

As a general rule, provided for in Art. 241 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, for the damage caused, the employee bears material responsibility within the limits of his average monthly earnings. However, in cases stipulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation or other federal laws, the employee may be held liable for the full amount of damage caused.

Cases of imposing on employees the obligation to compensate for the damage caused in full are provided for in Art. 243 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Compensation for damage in full is provided, for example, in cases where, in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation or federal laws, the employee is fully liable for damage caused to the employer in the performance of the employee's labor duties, in the event of a shortage of values entrusted to him on the basis of a special a written agreement or received by him under a one-time document, in case of deliberate damage, in case of damage in a state of alcoholic, drug or toxic intoxication, in case of damage as a result of criminal actions established by a court verdict, in case of damage caused as a result of an administrative violation, if such is established by the relevant state body, as a result of the disclosure of information constituting a secret protected by law (official, commercial or other), in cases stipulated by federal laws, as well as in the event of damage not during the performance of an employee's labor duties th.

The amount of damage in case of loss or damage to property must correspond to the actual losses based on market prices in force in the area on the day the damage was caused, but cannot be lower than the cost of the lost property according to accounting data (taking into account wear and tear) (Article 246 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

When recovering the amount of damage caused by the shortage of property, it is also necessary to take into account the provisions of Art. 248 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Recovery of the amount of damage in the amount of not more than the average monthly earnings may be carried out by order of the employer. In this case, such an order must be made no later than one month from the date of the final determination of the amount of damage. If this period has expired or the employee does not agree to voluntarily compensate for the damage caused, and the amount of damage caused to be collected from the employee exceeds his average monthly salary, then the recovery is carried out in court. The employee can voluntarily compensate for the shortage in whole or in part. By agreement of the parties, compensation for damage by installments is also allowed. In this case, the employee must give a written commitment to compensate for the damage, indicating the specific timing of payments. Upon dismissal of such an employee, if he refuses to compensate for the damage caused, the outstanding debt is recovered in court.

In addition, Art. 138 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the total amount of all deductions for each payment of wages is limited: deductions cannot exceed 20%, and when deductions from wages under several executive documents, the employee must retain 50% of his earnings.

Law No. 129-FZ provides for the write-off of losses from shortage of property to the financial results of the organization in cases where the guilty persons have not been identified or the court refused to recover losses from them. In such cases, according to the Inventory Guidelines, the documents submitted for writing off the shortages of valuables must contain decisions of the investigating authorities confirming the absence of the guilty persons, or the court must refuse to recover damages from the guilty persons.

In accounting, on the basis of these documents, the amounts of shortages recorded initially on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" are written off to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses".

In case of documentary confirmation of the fact that there are no guilty persons by the relevant authority, such losses are recognized as non-operating expenses when calculating income tax (subparagraph 5 of paragraph 2 of article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Moreover, in accordance with Art. 240 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer has the right, taking into account the specific circumstances in which the damage was caused, to completely or partially refuse to collect it from the guilty employee. If the employer refused to collect the shortage from the employee, then in calculating the income tax, the amounts of the shortfalls written off will be attributed to the retained earnings of the organization after the payment of income tax.

2. The inventory list is transferred to the accounting department, which compares the actual balances of the property with the accounting data. Before compiling collation statements and determining the results of the inventory, the accounting department of the organization should carefully check the correctness of all calculations given in the inventory lists.

Collation statements are drawn up for property, during the inventory of which deviations from the accounting data were revealed. The collation statements reflect the results of the inventory, that is, the discrepancies between the indicators according to the accounting data and the data of the inventory lists. The sums of surplus and shortage of inventory items in collation statements are indicated in accordance with their assessment in accounting.

Typical forms are provided for these statements. Each type of value has its own form. For example, in the form No. INV-18 indicate the results of the inventory of fixed assets, in the form No. INV-19 - inventories, etc. These documents reflect the amount of shortages or surpluses.

Collation statements are made in two copies:

One copy remains in the accounting department;

The second copy is given to the employee responsible for the safety of this type of value.

To formalize the results of the inventory, single registers can be used, in which the indicators of inventory lists and collation lists are combined.

Separate collation statements are drawn up for values that do not belong to the organization, but are listed in accounting (held in safe custody, leased, received for processing).

Collation statements can be drawn up using computer and other organizational techniques, or manually.

Discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data revealed during the inventory are regulated in accordance with the Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation in the following order:

- fixed assets, material assets, cash and other property, which turned out to be in surplus, are subject to posting and crediting, respectively, to the financial results of the organization or an increase in funding (funds) from a budgetary organization with the subsequent establishment of the causes of the surplus and the perpetrators;

- the loss of values within the norms approved in the manner prescribed by law is written off by order of the head of the organization, respectively, to the costs of production and circulation from the organization or to the reduction of funding (funds) from a budgetary organization. The rates of loss can be applied only in cases of revealing actual shortages.

Control questions

1. How are the surpluses revealed during the inventory reflected in the accounting?

2. Name the accounting entry for the business transaction "capitalized surplus materials identified during the inventory."

3. On which account are the shortages revealed during the inventory reflected?

4. How are the shortages written off within the limits of natural loss rates?

5. What accounting entries reflect the compensation for shortages at the expense of the guilty parties?

6. Is it possible to offset shortages by surpluses?

7. List the accounting entries based on the results of the cash register.

8. Drawing up collation statements for the inventory of property and liabilities of the organization.

List of main literature:

1. Bogachenko V.M., Kirillova N.A. Accounting [Text]: Uchbnik. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2014

2. Bogachenko V.M., Kirillova N.A. Accounting Text]: Uchbnik. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2013

3. Accounting [Electronic resource]: textbook / P.G. Ponomarenko [and others]; edited by P.G. Ponomarenko. - Minsk: Vysh. shk., 2013. - 543 p .: Access mode: http://znanium.com/bookread2.php?book=508823# - ZNANIUM.COM, by password. Vulture.

List of additional literature:

1. Chart of accounts of accounting [Electronic resource]: Official text. - M .: NITs INFRA-M, 2014. - 128 p .: Access mode: http://znanium.com/bookread2.php?book=395354 - EBS ZNANIUM.COM, by password.

2. 25 provisions on accounting [Text]. - M.: Eksmo, 2013.

3. 26 provisions on accounting [Text]. - M.: Prospect, 2013.

4. Unified chart of accounts of accounting [Text]. - M.: KNORUS, 2012.

5. Information and legal system "ConsultantPlus".

The responsibilities of the accounting department include not only accounting in accordance with the current legislation, but also performing control functions, namely, checking the compliance of actual data with accounting data.

For example, the accounting department has a balance of inventory items in the company's warehouse in the amount of 100,000 rubles. But this does not always mean that in fact it is so: after all, there may be cases of mis-grading, surplus and shortages. In addition, surpluses and shortages can be at the cash desk of the enterprise; it is also necessary to periodically check the availability of production and other equipment, etc.

For what reasons, the actual data may differ from the accounting data?

First of all, these can be reasons of a natural nature: losses during storage and transportation, as well as changes in weight or quality as a result of environmental influences. For example, with high air humidity, the mass of such values as flour or sugar will increase, and with low humidity, it will decrease, which is quite natural.

Note that such changes in the quantity or quality of inventory items for natural reasons are allowed in the amounts determined by the current legislation. These sizes are called “rates of natural loss”. If the amount of a particular product has decreased for natural reasons within the limits of these norms, then this is not considered a violation and is accordingly reflected in the accounting records.

Among the common reasons for which discrepancies may arise between the actual and accounting data, it should be noted inaccuracy in the acceptance and release of inventory items: incorrect weighing or measurement, accidental replacement of one grade with another, etc.

You should also highlight such a reason for discrepancies as errors in accounting: misspellings, arithmetic errors, etc. The occurrence of such situations is most often due to the notorious "human factor".

And one more important, and the most unpleasant reason for discrepancies between actual and accounting data is various kinds of abuse: body kits, miscalculations, theft, etc.

In this case, it is necessary not only to make the appropriate changes to the accounting data, but also to recover the amount of shortages from the perpetrators. Moreover, often in such situations it is necessary to raise the issue of bringing the perpetrators to criminal responsibility in accordance with the current legislation.

The implementation of the control functions of accounting is achieved through periodic inventories.

What is an inventory and how can it be defined?

In general, an inventory is a way to check the compliance of the actual availability of inventory items and other property of an enterprise in physical terms (pieces, sets, sets, liters, kilograms, etc.) with accounting data.

The purpose of the inventory is to ensure the reliability of accounting data, as well as the safety of inventory and other property (including cash) of the enterprise. The inventory is carried out in the cases established by the current legislation, in the obligatory presence of the materially responsible persons.

Currently, two types of inventories are being carried out at Russian enterprises: a full inventory and a partial one.

In the process of conducting a complete inventory, all property of the enterprise, without exception, is covered: fixed assets, inventory, capital investments, finished products, work in progress, cash, etc. A complete inventory is usually carried out once a year before drawing up an annual report on January 1 of the next of the year.

Partial inventory involves checking any one type of enterprise and can be carried out several times a year, as needed, unless otherwise provided by current legislation. With the help of a partial inventory, you can check, for example, the company's funds, settlements with debtors and creditors, settlements with the budget and off-budget funds, settlements with a bank, etc.

In general, the order of the inventory is as follows. The head of the enterprise issues an order to conduct an inventory, in which he determines the timing of its conduct and approves the composition of the inventory commission.

Note that this commission must include the chief accountant of the enterprise. If we are talking about an inventory of inventory items, then by the beginning of the inventory, all of them must be carefully arranged by the materially responsible person according to varieties, sizes, types and other characteristics. At the same time, by the beginning of the inventory, the processing of all incoming and outgoing documents must be completed.

An inventory of inventory items is carried out separately for each storage location (in other words, if the enterprise has several warehouses, then the inventory must be carried out separately at each warehouse) and the materially responsible person. The actual presence of all available values is established by counting, weighing, measuring and other similar actions, depending on the specific value and its unit of measurement. The number of items in undamaged manufacturer's packaging may not be counted.

Revealed factual data on the availability of inventory items are entered into a special inventory list. This inventory must be signed by all members of the inventory commission. In addition, the materially responsible person gives a receipt stating that the presence of all inventory items was checked in his presence, and all of them were accepted for his responsible storage.

Any discrepancies between actual and accounting data are reflected in a comparison statement. The members of the inventory commission identify the reasons for the discovered shortages, surpluses and misgrades, and take written explanations from the materially responsible persons. After that, the procedure for bringing the actual and accounting data into conformity is determined, i.e. reflection in the accounting of the results of the inventory.

Usually the surplus found in the inventory process is attributed to an increase in the profit of the current reporting period. The amounts of shortages, damage, etc., which do not exceed the statutory norms of natural loss, are charged to the costs of production or circulation.

As for shortages in excess of the norms of natural loss, here the procedure for their reimbursement is determined individually in each specific case. For example, if a guilty person is identified, then the shortage is compensated for at his expense. In other cases, the shortfall can be written off at the expense of the profit of the enterprise or reserve funds.

The results of the inventory are approved by the head of the enterprise. After that, the results of the inventory are appropriately reflected in the accounting in the same month in which the inventory was completed.

1. The order of the OS inventory; regulatory support of OS inventory; cases of OS inventory; compilation of a separate inventory when identifying OS objects that are unusable and unrecoverable; accounting for the shortage of fixed assets; preparation of accounting entries to reflect the inventory of fixed assets.

2. Procedure for inventory of intangible assets; cases of inventory of intangible assets; regulation of discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data revealed during the inventory; attributing the shortage of intangible assets to the guilty persons; methods of writing off losses from shortages and damage to intangible assets and the corresponding postings.

3. The order of inventory and revaluation of inventories; drawing up an inventory of goods and materials for a specific date; reflection in the accounting of surplus inventories.

4. Accounting entries when revealing the facts of shortages, theft and damage to materials, account 94 characteristics; reflection of those lost as a result of natural disasters or other force majeure circumstances; revaluation of inventories at the end of the year; account correspondence 14.

1. Regulatory legal acts establishing provisions for inventory (see topic 2.1 (1 question)) apply to all types of property and financial obligations of the organization. However, the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 13.06.1995 No. 49 establishes the rules for conducting an inventory of certain types of property. So the OS inventory is devoted to paragraphs 3.1 -3.7. Also, you should pay attention to the decree of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation of 18.08.1998. No. 88, which approved:

Inventory list of fixed assets (form INV - 1),

· Instructions for the use and filling out of the inventory list of the OS.

Cases of OS inventory can be divided into:

Mandatory (clause of the Ministry of Finance No. 49),

· Optional.

One of the obligatory cases is the inventory taking before the preparation of the annual financial statements (the period after October 1 of the reporting year). However, in this case, the OS can be inventoried once every 3 years.

The inventory procedure is as follows:

Before starting the inventory, you need to check:

1) the presence and condition of inventory cards, inventory books, inventories and other registers for analytical accounting;

2) the presence and condition of technical passports or other technical documentation;

3) availability of documents for fixed assets, handed over or accepted by the organization for rent and for safekeeping.

If discrepancies and inaccuracies are found in the accounting registers and technical documentation, appropriate corrections and clarifications should be made.

During the OS inventory, the commission inspects the objects and enters their full name, purpose, inventory numbers and main technical or operational indicators in the inventory.

When making an inventory of buildings, structures and other real estate, the commission checks the availability of documents confirming the presence of these objects in the ownership of the organization.

When identifying objects that are not registered, as well as objects for which there are no accounting registers or incorrect data are indicated, the commission must include the correct information in the inventory. Evaluation of identified unaccounted objects must be made taking into account market prices (appraisal report).

Fixed assets are entered in the inventories by name in accordance with the direct purpose of the object. If the object has undergone restoration, reconstruction, expansion or re-equipment and, as a result, its main purpose has changed, then it is entered into the inventory under the name corresponding to the new purpose. If the commission found that capital works or partial liquidation of buildings and structures are not reflected in the accounting records, it is necessary to determine the amount of increase or decrease in the book value of the object according to the relevant documents and provide data on production changes in the inventory.

Equipment machines and vehicles are entered in the inventory individually, indicating the serial number according to the technical passport, year of manufacture, purpose, power, etc.

Items of the same type of household inventory, tools, machines, etc. of the same value, received simultaneously in one of the structural divisions of the organization and recorded on a standard inventory card for group accounting, are carried out in the inventories by name indicating the number of these items.

OS, which at the time of the inventory were outside the location of the organization, are inventoried until they arrive.

On OS that are not suitable for operation and cannot be restored, they draw up a separate inventory indicating the time of commissioning and the reasons that made these objects unusable (damage, complete wear, etc.)

Simultaneously with the inventory of own OS, the OS that is in safe custody and leased is checked (a separate inventory with reference to documents confirming storage or lease).

If a shortage (theft) of fixed assets is detected during the inventory, you can see in the inventory list and collation sheet:

The name of the missing object,

· Residual value of the missing object.

Based on the inventory documents, an act is drawn up for writing off the asset in the form of OS - 4 or OS - 4a or OS - 4b, which serves as the basis for writing off the missing (stolen) object.

D 01 select - K 01 - PS

D 02 - K 01 select - depreciation

PS amortization

PS - A = OS

I: D 91.2 - K 01 select - MOL is not responsible

II: D 94 - K 01 select

Revaluation is a change in the value of fixed assets.

Revaluation types:

1) mandatory

2) voluntary (appointed by the head annually).

Revaluation result

revaluation markdown

OS< РС ОС >RS

(replacement cost)

Revaluation methods

direct conversion of prices

An example of the application of the coefficient method.

Substation of the object - 120,000 rubles. Amount of depreciation 65,000 rubles. The revaluation factor is 1.2.

FA (before assessment) - 120,000 - 65,000 = 55,000

OS (after) - 55,000 ´ 1.2 = 66,000

PS (after) - 120,000 ´ 1.2 = 144,000

Depreciation (after) - 66,000 ´ 1.2 = 78,000

Check: 144,000 - 78,000 = 66,000

Direct pricing method... Conditions.

PS = 120,000, depreciation = 65,000.

According to an independent assessment, the object's OS is 60,000 rubles.

Check: 13,909 - 70,909 = 60,000

Revaluation transactions:

FA = Initial (01) - Depreciation (02)

D 01 - K 83 - additional assessment

D 83 - K 02 - additional assessment

D 91.2 - K 01

D 02 - K 91.1

2. Of all the mandatory cases, the cases of inventory taking of NM A include:

1) upon the transfer of intangible assets for rent, upon sale, upon the formation of a state unitary enterprise or a municipal unitary enterprise,

2) before drawing up the annual financial statements,

3) in case of emergency,

4) upon liquidation of the organization.

The procedure for inventorying intangible assets is determined by clause 3.8 by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 49. It says that when taking inventory of intangible assets it is necessary to check:

Availability of documents confirming the organization's rights to use them,

· The correctness and timeliness of reflection of intangible assets in the balance sheet.

In general, the procedure for taking inventory of intangible assets is carried out in accordance with the general procedure for inventorying property and financial obligations and consists of several stages:

1. Preparatory. At this stage, you should:

Prepare documents confirming ownership of intangible assets,

· Issue an order to conduct an inventory,

· Printout of inventory list INV - 1a.

2. The actual inventory. This procedure provides for a comparison of the balance sheet and account 04 data with the data of documents confirming the organization's rights to intangible assets.

3. Identifying discrepancies. At this stage, on the basis of the inventory list, a collation statement is drawn up (form INV - 18). The peculiarity of its filling is that columns 3, 8 and 10 are not filled.

4. Registration of inventory results. At this stage, the accounting data is brought in line with the results of the inventory. However, nowhere is it legally stipulated how to capitalize surplus intangible assets. But, the shortfalls of intangible assets are taken into account in a general manner: either at the expense of the organization or at the expense of the guilty persons. In this case, the initial cost (account 04) and depreciation (account 04 or 05) are written off in correspondence with account 94.

3. Inventory of the refinery.

Raw materials, finished products goods

production trade

Wholesale retail warehouse

MPZ are classified into:

Raw materials and materials,

· Finished products,

· Goods.

The first 2 types of inventories are most often taken into account in the accounting of industrial enterprises. Their actual storage is provided in warehouses.

Goods, as a rule, are accounted for in the organization of wholesale or retail trade, but in fact are stored: in retail - in a store; in the wholesale - in the warehouse.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the accounting procedure for inventories stored in warehouses differs from the accounting procedure for inventories stored in stores.

The specifics of the inventory of inventories are determined by clauses 3.15 - 3.26 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 49.

When taking inventory of inventories, the commission draws up an inventory list in the form of INV - 3, and the accounting department compares collating statements in the form of INV - 19. A feature of inventory of inventories in retail trade is the preparation of form TORG 29 (approved by the decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated 25/12/98 No. 132).

Inventories are entered into the inventory (form INV - 3) for each individual item with an indication of the type, group, quantity, article, grade, etc. Inventory of goods and materials should, as a rule, be carried out in the order of the values in the room. When storing goods and materials in different isolated rooms with one financially responsible person, the inventory is carried out sequentially at the storage locations. After checking the values, the entrance to the premises is not allowed and the commission proceeds to work in the following premises.

The Commission, in the presence of financially responsible persons, checks the actual availability of goods and materials by compulsory recounting, re-weighing or re-measuring. It is not allowed to enter into inventories, data on the balance of values from the words of financially responsible persons or according to accounting data without checking their actual availability.

Goods and materials received during the inventory are taken by financially responsible persons in the presence of members of the inventory commission and are credited according to the register or commodity report after the inventory. These goods and materials are entered into a separate inventory, which indicates the date of receipt, supplier, details of the receipt document, name of goods, quantity, price and amount. At the same time, on the receipt document, the chairman of the commission makes a mark "after inventory" with reference to the date of the inventory.

In case of long-term inventory taking, in exceptional cases and only with the written permission of the head and chief accountant, goods and materials can be released by a financially responsible person in the presence of members of the commission. These values are entered in a separate inventory (records are similar to receipt).

Inventory of goods and materials in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers in the warehouses of other organizations, consists in checking the validity of the amounts on the corresponding accounts.

Inventories are compiled separately for goods and materials:

1) on the way,

2) shipped,

3) unpaid buyers on time,

4) located in the warehouses of other organizations.

In the inventories for goods and materials in transit, for each individual shipment, the following data are indicated:

· Name,

Quantity and cost,

· Shipping date,

· List, document numbers.

In the inventories for goods and materials shipped and unpaid on time for each individual shipment, it is indicated:

Name of the buyer,

Names of goods and materials,

Amount, date of shipment,

· Document Number.

Inventories stored in the warehouses of other organizations are entered in the inventory on the basis of documents confirming the delivery of these valuables for safekeeping. The inventories indicate:

Names of values,

Quantity, grade, cost,

Date of transfer of cargo for storage,

· storage,

· Numbers and dates of documents.

MBEs in operation are inventoried by their locations and MOL. Inventory is carried out by examining each item.

In the course of the inventory of the inventories, the form INV - 3 is drawn up. МЦ are reflected in the inventory for each item separately. Wherein:

1. When filling out the data on the item number, you can use the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, Products and Services, or develop your own codes.

2. In the column "unit of measurement" the data shall be entered in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement.

3. All fields of the inventory table are filled in at the preparatory stage of the inventory (accounting), except for column 10.

4. Column 10 “actual availability” is filled in by the commission.

If the inventory is not limited to one day, then the INV - 2 form is used, which is filled in one copy and stored together with the calculated values.

Surplus information is entered by the commission in the inventory list.

For revealed unusable or damaged goods and materials, a TORG - 16 form (not used in the future), or a TORG - 15 form (subject to markdown) is drawn up.

For goods and materials accepted for safekeeping, a form INV - 5 is drawn up.

On the way to goods and materials - INV - 6.

Based on the inventory, the accounting department compiles an analytical statement in the form INV - 19.

4. Inventory of retail goods. Account 94. Revaluation of inventories.

Inventory in retail trade is carried out within the timeframe established by the head, but at least twice a year. It should be carried out suddenly. It is forbidden to inform the employees of the date of the planned inventory of goods before the working inventory commission comes to this organization.

Before starting the inventory, it is necessary to close the premises and stop all operations with goods and materials and cash.

Before starting the inventory commission is obliged to:

1. Seal utility rooms, basements.

2. Check if the store is equipped with security systems and water supply systems.

3. Make sure that the antenna circuits are working properly, as well as the presence of self-adhesive tags.

4. Withdraw cash balances at the cash desk and set the current day's proceeds.

5. Get the latest cash reports with the withdrawn balances.

6. Check the correctness of all weighing instruments.

7. Obtain a receipt from the financially responsible person stating that all incoming and outgoing documents are included and submitted to the report and accounting department.

The commission starts inventory from the store's back rooms. At this time, the brigade of the financially responsible person selects and groups goods by name, content, size and price, in an order convenient for recounting.

One copy of the inventory is transferred to the accounting department for compiling a collation statement, the second remains with the financially responsible person.

Separate inventories are used to draw up non-running and stale goods identified during the inventory.

If an organization re-evaluates inventories, then its result is approved by the head of the organization and is written off immediately to account 91 “other income and expenses”.

The debit of this account reflects the amount of the markdown, that is, account 91 is debited and account 10 is credited, and the credit of this account indicates the amount before the valuation. Analytically, a separate subaccount can be opened for account 91 to reflect the revaluation results. Accordingly, the balance of account 91 is debited to account 99.