Monoecious plants: description, representatives. What plants are called dioecious Hazel is a dioecious plant

A flower is a conspicuous, often beautiful, important part of flowering plants. Flowers can be large and small, brightly colored and green, odorous and odorless, single or collected together from many small flowers into one common inflorescence.

A flower is a modified shortened shoot that serves for seed reproduction. The flower usually ends on the main or side shoot. Like any shoot, a flower develops from a bud.

flower structure

Flower - the reproductive organ of angiosperms, consisting of a shortened stem (flower axis), on which the flower cover (perianth), stamens and pistils, consisting of one or more carpels, are located.

The axis of the flower is called receptacle. The receptacle, growing, takes a different shape - flat, concave, convex, hemispherical, cone-shaped, elongated, columnar. The receptacle at the bottom passes into the pedicel, connecting the flower with the stem or peduncle.

Flowers that do not have a pedicel are called sessile. On the pedicel of many plants there are two or one small leaves - bracts.

flower cover - perianth- can be divided into a cup and a whisk.

Cup forms the outer circle of the perianth, its leaves are usually relatively small in size, green in color. Distinguish between separate and joint-leaved calyx. Usually it performs the function of protecting the inner parts of the flower until the bud opens. In some cases, the calyx falls off when the flower blooms, most often it remains during flowering.

The parts of the flower located around the stamens and pistil are called the perianth.

The inner leaves are the petals that make up the corolla. The outer leaves - sepals - form a calyx. The perianth, consisting of a calyx and a corolla, is called double. Perianth, which is not subdivided into corolla and calyx, and all the leaves of the flower are more or less the same - simple.

Corolla- the inner part of the perianth, differs from the calyx in bright color and larger size. The color of the petals is due to the presence of chromoplasts. Distinguish separately - and joint-petal corollas. The first consists of individual petals. In interpetal corollas, a tube and a limb perpendicular to it are distinguished, having a certain number of teeth or vanes of the corolla.

Flowers are symmetrical and asymmetrical. There are flowers that do not have a perianth, they are called naked.

Symmetrical (actinomorphic)- if many axes of symmetry can be drawn through the whisk.

Asymmetrical (zygomorphic)- if only one axis of symmetry can be drawn.

Double flowers have an abnormally increased number of petals. In most cases, they result from the splitting of the petals.

Stamen- a part of a flower, which is a kind of specialized structure that forms microspores and pollen. It consists of a filament, through which it is attached to the receptacle, and an anther containing pollen. The number of stamens in a flower is a systematic feature. Stamens are distinguished by the method of attachment to the receptacle, by the shape, size, structure of the stamen filaments, connective and anther. The collection of stamens in a flower is called the androecium.

filament- the sterile part of the stamen, bearing an anther on its top. The filament can be straight, curved, twisted, winding, broken. In shape - hairy, cone-shaped, cylindrical, flattened, club-shaped. By the nature of the surface - naked, pubescent, hairy, with glands. In some plants, it is short or does not develop at all.

Anther located at the top of the staminate filament and attached to it by a ligament. It consists of two halves connected by a link. Each half of the anther has two cavities (pollen sacs, chambers, or nests) in which pollen develops.

As a rule, the anther is four-celled, but sometimes the partition between the nests in each half is destroyed, and the anther becomes two-celled. In some plants, the anther is even single-celled. It is very rare to see trinity. According to the type of attachment to the filament, the anthers are fixed, mobile and swinging.

Anthers contain pollen or pollen grains.

The structure of the pollen grain

The dust particles formed in the anthers of the stamens are small grains, they are called pollen grains. The largest ones reach 0.5 mm in diameter, but usually they are much smaller. Under a microscope, you can see that the dust particles of different plants are not at all the same. They differ in size and shape.

The surface of the dust grain is covered with various protrusions, tubercles. Getting on the stigma of the pistil, pollen grains are held with the help of outgrowths and a sticky liquid released on the stigma.

The nests of the young anther contain special diploid cells. As a result of meiotic division, four haploid spores are formed from each cell, which are called microspores for their very small size. Here, in the cavity of the pollen sac, microspores turn into pollen grains.

This happens as follows: the microspore nucleus is divided mitotically into two nuclei - vegetative and generative. Around the nuclei, areas of the cytoplasm are concentrated and two cells are formed - vegetative and generative. On the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane of the microspore, a very strong shell is formed from the contents of the pollen sac, insoluble in acids and alkalis. Thus, each pollen grain consists of vegetative and generative cells and is covered with two shells. Many pollen grains make up the pollen of a plant. Pollen matures in the anthers by the time the flower opens.

pollen germination

The beginning of pollen germination is associated with mitotic division, as a result of which a small reproductive cell is formed (sperms develop from it) and a large vegetative cell (pollen tube develops from it).

After the pollen in one way or another gets on the stigma, its germination begins. The sticky and uneven surface of the stigma helps to retain pollen. In addition, the stigma releases a special substance (enzyme) that acts on the pollen, stimulating its germination.

The pollen swells, and the restraining influence of the exine (the outer layer of the pollen grain coat) causes the contents of the pollen cell to rupture one of the pores, through which the intine (the inner, poreless shell of the pollen grain) bulges outward as a narrow pollen tube. The contents of the pollen cell pass into the pollen tube.

Under the epidermis of the stigma is loose tissue into which the pollen tube penetrates. It continues to grow, passing either through a special conductive channel between the mucilaginous cells, or tortuously along the intercellular spaces of the conductive tissue of the column. At the same time, a significant number of pollen tubes usually move simultaneously in the column, and the “success” of one or another tube depends on the individual growth rate.

Two sperm and one vegetative nucleus pass into the pollen tube. If the formation of spermatozoa in the pollen has not yet occurred, then the generative cell passes into the pollen tube, and here, by its division, sperm cells are formed. The vegetative nucleus is often located in front, at the growing end of the tube, and sperm cells are successively located behind it. In the pollen tube, the cytoplasm is in constant motion.

Pollen is rich in nutrients. These substances, especially carbohydrates (sugar, starch, pentosans) are intensively consumed during pollen germination. In addition to carbohydrates, the chemical composition of pollen includes proteins, fats, ash and an extensive group of enzymes. Pollen contains a high content of phosphorus. Substances are in the pollen in a mobile state. Pollen easily tolerates low temperatures down to -20C and even lower for a long time. High temperatures quickly reduce germination.

Pestle

The pistil is the part of the flower that forms the fruit. It arises from the carpel (a leaf-like structure that carries the ovules) after the fusion of the edges of the latter. It can be simple if it is composed of one carpel, and complex if it is composed of several simple pistils fused together by the side walls. In some plants, the pistils are underdeveloped and are represented only by rudiments. The pistil is divided into ovary, style and stigma.

Ovary- the lower part of the pistil, in which the seed germs are located.

Having entered the ovary, the pollen tube grows further and enters the ovule in most cases through the pollen inlet (micropyle). Penetrating into the embryo sac, the end of the pollen tube bursts, and the contents pour out onto one of the synergids, which darkens and quickly collapses. The vegetative nucleus is usually destroyed before the pollen tube penetrates the embryo sac.

Flowers right and wrong

The tepals (simple and double) can be arranged so that several planes of symmetry can be drawn through it. Such flowers are called correct. Flowers through which one plane of symmetry can be drawn are called irregular.

Flowers bisexual and dioecious

Most plants have flowers that have both stamens and pistils. These are bisexual flowers. But in some plants, some flowers have only pistils - pistillate flowers, while others have only stamens - staminate flowers. Such flowers are called dioecious.

Plants monoecious and dioecious

Plants that develop both pistillate and staminate flowers are called monoecious. Dioecious plants - staminate flowers on one plant, and pistillate - on another.

There are species in which bisexual and unisexual flowers can be found on the same plant. These are the so-called polygamous (polygamous) plants.

inflorescences

Flowers are formed on shoots. Very rarely they are located alone. More often, flowers are collected in conspicuous groups called inflorescences. The beginning of the study of inflorescences was laid by Linnaeus. But for him, the inflorescence was not a type of branching, but a way of flowering.

In inflorescences, the main and lateral axes are distinguished (sessile or on pedicels), then such inflorescences are called simple. If the flowers are on the lateral axes, then these are complex inflorescences.

Inflorescence type	Inflorescence scheme	Peculiarities	Example
Simple inflorescences
Brush		Separate lateral flowers sit on an elongated main axis and at the same time have their own pedicels, approximately equal in length	Bird cherry, lily of the valley, cabbage
Ear		The main axis is more or less elongated, but the flowers are without stalks; sedentary.	Plantain, orchid
cob		It differs from the ear in a fleshy thickened axis.	Corn, calla
Basket		The flowers are always sessile and sit on a strongly thickened and widened end of a shortened axis, which has a concave, flat or convex appearance. In this case, the inflorescence outside has a so-called wrapper, consisting of one or many consecutive rows of bracts, free or fused.	Chamomile, dandelion, aster, sunflower, cornflower
Head		The main axis is greatly shortened, the lateral flowers are sessile or almost sessile, closely spaced to each other.	Clover, scabiosa
Umbrella		The main axle is shortened; lateral flowers come out, as it were, from one place, sit on legs of different lengths, located in the same plane or dome-shaped.	Primula, onion, cherry
Shield		It differs from the brush in that the lower flowers have long stalks, so that as a result the flowers are located almost in the same plane.	Pear, spirea
Complex inflorescences
Complex brush or panicle		Lateral branching axes depart from the main axis, on which flowers or simple inflorescences are located.	Lilac, oats
complex umbrella		Simple inflorescences depart from the shortened main axis.	Carrot, parsley
Complex ear		Individual spikelets are located on the main axis.	Rye, wheat, barley, wheatgrass

The biological significance of inflorescences

The biological significance of inflorescences is that the small, often inconspicuous flowers, clustered together, become conspicuous, produce the most pollen, and better attract insects that carry pollen from flower to flower.

Pollination

In order for fertilization to occur, the pollen needs to land on the stigma of the pistil.

The process of transferring pollen from the stamens to the stigma is called pollination. There are two main types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.

self pollination

During self-pollination, pollen from a stamen falls on the stigma of the pistil of the same flower. This is how wheat, rice, oats, barley, peas, beans, and cotton are pollinated. Self-pollination in plants most often occurs in a flower that has not yet opened, that is, in a bud, when the flower opens, it is already completed.

During self-pollination, germ cells formed on the same plant merge and, therefore, have the same hereditary characteristics. This is why the offspring resulting from the process of self-pollination are very similar to the parent plant.

cross pollination

With cross-pollination, the recombination of hereditary traits of the paternal and maternal organisms occurs, and the resulting offspring can acquire new properties that the parents did not have. Such offspring are more viable. In nature, cross-pollination is much more common than self-pollination.

Cross-pollination is carried out with the help of various external factors.

Anemophilia(wind pollination). In anemophilous plants, the flowers are small, often collected in inflorescences, a lot of pollen is formed, it is dry, small, and when the anther opens, it is thrown out with force. The light pollen of these plants can be carried by the wind over distances of up to several hundred kilometers.

The anthers are located on long thin filaments. The stigmas of the pistil are wide or long, pinnate and protrude from the flowers. Anemophilia is characteristic of almost all grasses, sedges.

Entomophily(carrying pollen by insects). The adaptation of plants to entomophily is the smell, color and size of flowers, sticky pollen with outgrowths. Most flowers are bisexual, but maturation of pollen and pistils does not occur simultaneously, or the height of the stigmas is greater or less than the height of the anthers, which serves as protection against self-pollination.

In the flowers of insect pollinated plants there are areas that secrete a sweet fragrant solution. These areas are called nectaries. Nectaries can be located in different places of the flower and have different shapes. Insects, having flown up to the flower, are drawn to nectaries and anthers, and during the meal they get dirty with pollen. When an insect moves to another flower, the pollen grains carried by it stick to the stigmas.

When pollinated by insects, less pollen is wasted, and therefore the plant saves substances by producing less pollen. Pollen grains do not need to stay in the air for long and can therefore be heavy.

Insects can pollinate sparsely located flowers and flowers in calm places - in the forest thicket or thick grass.

Typically, each plant species is pollinated by several species of insects, and each pollinating insect species serves several plant species. But there are some types of plants whose flowers are pollinated by insects of only one species. In such cases, the mutual correspondence between the modes of life and the structure of flowers and insects is so complete that it seems miraculous.

Ornithophilia(pollination by birds). It is typical for some tropical plants with brightly colored flowers, abundant secretions of nectar, and a strong elastic structure.

hydrophilia(pollination with water). observed in aquatic plants. The pollen and stigma of these plants most often have a filamentous shape.

bestiality(pollination by animals). These plants are characterized by large flower sizes, abundant secretion of nectar containing mucus, mass production of pollen, and flowering at night when pollinated by bats.

Fertilization

The pollen grain falls on the stigma of the pistil and is attached to it due to the structural features of the shell, as well as the sticky sugary secretions of the stigma, to which the pollen sticks. The pollen grain swells and germinates into a long, very thin pollen tube. The pollen tube is formed as a result of division of a vegetative cell. First, this tube grows between the cells of the stigma, then the style, and finally grows into the cavity of the ovary.

The generative cell of the pollen grain moves into the pollen tube, divides and forms two male gametes (sperms). When the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through the pollen passage, one of the sperm fuses with the egg. Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.

The second sperm fuses with the nucleus of the large central cell of the embryo sac. Thus, in flowering plants, two fusions occur during fertilization: the first sperm fuses with the egg, the second with the large central cell. This process was discovered in 1898 by the Russian botanist, academician S.G. Navashin and called it double fertilization. Double fertilization is typical only for flowering plants.

The zygote formed by the fusion of gametes divides into two cells. Each of the resulting cells divides again, and so on. As a result of multiple cell divisions, a multicellular embryo of a new plant develops.

The central cell also divides, forming endosperm cells, in which nutrient reserves accumulate. They are necessary for the nutrition and development of the embryo. The seed coat develops from the integument of the ovule. After fertilization, a seed develops from the ovule, consisting of a peel, an embryo, and a supply of nutrients.

After fertilization, nutrients flow to the ovary, and it gradually turns into a ripe fruit. The pericarp, which protects the seeds from adverse effects, develops from the walls of the ovary. In some plants, other parts of the flower also take part in the formation of the fruit.

Spore formation

Simultaneously with the formation of pollen in the stamens, the formation of a large diploid cell occurs in the ovule. This cell divides meiotically and gives rise to four haploid spores, which are called macrospores because they are larger in size than microspores.

Of the four formed macrospores, three die off, and the fourth begins to grow and gradually turns into an embryo sac.

Embryo sac formation

As a result of threefold mitotic division of the nucleus in the cavity of the embryo sac, eight nuclei are formed, which are clothed with cytoplasm. Cells without membranes are formed, which are arranged in a certain order. At one pole of the embryo sac, an egg apparatus is formed, consisting of an egg and two auxiliary cells. At the opposite pole there are three cells (antipodes). One nucleus migrates from each pole to the center of the embryo sac (polar nuclei). Sometimes the polar nuclei fuse and form the diploid central nucleus of the embryo sac. The embryo sac in which nuclear differentiation has occurred is considered mature and can accept sperm.

By the time the pollen and the embryo sac have matured, the flower opens.

The structure of the ovule

The ovules develop on the inner sides of the walls of the ovary and, like all parts of the plant, are composed of cells. The number of ovules in the ovaries of different plants is different. In wheat, barley, rye, cherries, the ovary contains only one ovule, in cotton - several dozen, and in poppy their number reaches several thousand.

Each ovule is covered with a covering. At the top of the ovule there is a narrow channel - the pollen entrance. It leads to the tissue that occupies the central part of the ovule. In this tissue, as a result of cell division, an embryo sac is formed. Opposite the pollen entrance, there is an egg in it, and the central part is occupied by a large central cell.

Development of angiosperms (flowering) plants

Formation of seed and fruit

During the formation of a seed and a fetus, one of the sperm fuses with the egg, forming a diploid zygote. Subsequently, the zygote divides many times, and as a result, a multicellular embryo of the plant develops. The central cell, which has merged with the second sperm, also divides many times, but the second embryo does not appear. A special tissue is formed - the endosperm. The endosperm cells accumulate reserves of nutrients necessary for the development of the embryo. The integuments of the ovule grow and turn into a seed coat.

Thus, as a result of double fertilization, a seed is formed, which consists of an embryo, a storage tissue (endosperm) and a seed coat. From the wall of the ovary, the wall of the fruit, called the pericarp, is formed.

sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction of angiosperms is associated with a flower. Its most important parts are stamens and pistils. They undergo complex processes associated with sexual reproduction.

In flowering plants, the male gametes (sperm) are very small, while the female gametes (ovules) are much larger.

In the anthers of the stamen, cell division occurs, resulting in the formation of pollen grains. Each pollen grain of angiosperms consists of vegetative and generative cells. The pollen grain is covered with two shells. The outer shell, as a rule, is uneven, with spines, warts, outgrowths in the form of a mesh. This helps the pollen grains to stick to the stigma of the pistil. The pollen of the plant, ripening in the anthers, by the time the flower opens, consists of many pollen grains.

flower formula

Formulas are used to conditionally express the structure of flowers. To draw up a flower formula, the following notation is used:

	A simple perianth, consisting of sepals or petals alone, its parts are called tepals.
H	Calyx composed of sepals
L	Corolla, composed of petals
T	Stamen
P	Pestle
1,2,3...	The number of flower elements is indicated by numbers
,	The same parts of a flower, differing in shape
()	fused parts of a flower
+	Arrangement of elements in two circles
_	Upper or lower ovary - a dash above or below the number that shows the number of pistils
	wrong flower
*	right flower
♂	Unisexual staminate flower
♀	unisexual pistillate flower
	Bisexual
∞	Number of flower parts greater than 12

Cherry blossom formula example:

*H 5 L 5 T ∞ P 1

flower diagram

The structure of a flower can be expressed not only by a formula, but also by a diagram - a schematic representation of a flower on a plane perpendicular to the axis of the flower.

Make a diagram of cross sections of unopened flower buds. The diagram gives a more complete idea of ​​the structure of the flower than the formula, since it also shows the relative position of its parts, which cannot be shown in the formula.

Answers to the exam in dendrology.

1 questions. Divisions: systematics, morphology, ecology, phenology, area.

Life forms of woody plants. Classification of trees and shrubs by height.

Life form - the appearance of a plant (habitus), reflecting its adaptability to environmental conditions.

A tree is a life form in which the trunk, emerging from the seed, grows throughout life. Tree height 7-130m. The life span of 100-5-6 thousand years. There are: high-barreled (1 trunk) and multi-barreled.

Shrub - has several stems that replace each other throughout life. Height 0.7-7m. Duration 20-200 years.

Shrub - a shrub up to 70 cm high (blueberries, lingonberries, heather). Duration 20-40 years.

Semi-shrub - a woody plant in which the non-lignified part of the shoot freezes in winter (raspberries, blackberries).

Liana - a woody plant that is not adapted to independent vertical growth and needs support.

Ways of attaching vines to the support: 1. Twisted around (in the northern hemisphere counterclockwise. Schisandra chinensis, climbing wood pliers); 2. Mustaches (cultural grapes, Amur grapes); 3. Antennae with suckers (girl's grapes five-leafed); 4. Petioles of leaves (clematis, honeysuckle honeysuckle); 5. Air roots (ivy, petiole hydrangea); 6. Elf trees - plants of creeping form (cedar dwarf pine).

Trees of the 1st size >25m (linden, common pine, pedunculate oak).

Trees of the 3rd magnitude<15м (рябина обыкновенная, черемуха обыкновенная)

High >

Low< 1м (барбарис Тунберга, спирея ниппонская)

Systematics of plants. Basic taxonomic units. The concept of type, form.

Plant taxonomy is a science that studies the classification of plants, the association of plants into related groups according to some characteristics.

The taxonomic unit is related groups.

Species - a set of individuals with a similar morphological structure, biological and ecological features, freely interbreeding with each other and having a common place of growth.

The species has a double name (drooping birch - betula pendula)

Within the species, varieties (var.), forms (f,), varieties are divided.

A form is a morphological variation within a species.

Classification of trees and shrubs by height and durability.

Classification of trees by height:

Trees of the 1st size > 25m (linden, Scotch pine, English oak).

Trees of the 2nd size 15-25m (common horse chestnut, ash-leaved maple, Norway maple)

Trees of the 3rd magnitude< 15м (рябина обыкновенная, черемуха обыкновенная)

Classification of shrubs by height:

High >2.5m (common hazel, hawthorn, lilac)

Medium 1-2.5 m (common barberry, Japanese spirea, gray, wrinkled rose)

Low< 1м (барбарис Тунберга, спирея ниппонская)

Classification of plants according to longevity and growth rate.

Classification of trees and shrubs by durability:

Classification of plants by growth rate:

1. fast-growing >1m (silver maple, white willow, brittle willow, balsamic poplar)

2. moderate 0.5-1m (scotch maple, mountain ash, common spruce, common pine, Siberian larch)

3. slow growing<0,5м (тис ягодный, туя западная, можжевельник казацкий, спирея японская)

List and its functions. The arrangement of leaves on the shoot. Leaf types.

The leaf is an organ of limited growth, grows at the base and performs the main functions of life: photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration.

Photosynthesis is the process of formation of org. in-in from inorg. with the help of solar energy. Carbon dioxide is absorbed, oxygen is released.

Respiration is a process of gas exchange in which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released.

Transpiration is the process of evaporating moisture from leaves.

Transpiration and respiration is carried out through the stomata.

The location of the leaves on the shoot:

1. regular (one leaf in one node)

2. opposite (two leaves in one node)

3. whorled (three or more leaves in one leaf). Often on short shoots.

Leaf types:

1. simple (one leaf blade on the petiole)

2. complex (there are several leaf blades on the petiole). Petiole of a compound leaf - rachis

trifoliate (3 sheets) palmate pinnate (leaf. layer. according to

(ptelea broom) (more than 3 simple leaves) the entire length of the rachis

(horse chestnut) ↓ ↓

pariopinnate

(caragana treelike) (rowan)

Flower structure. Unisexual and bisexual flowers. Monoecious and dioecious plants. The main types of inflorescences.

A flower is a reproductive organ.

Structure: calyx - a collection of sepals Ca.

corolla - a set of petals

androecium - a collection of stamens A

gynoecium (pistil) - a set of carpels G

The ovary is: upper and lower

Unisex flowers are flowers that have a stamen but no pistil, or have a pistil but no stamen. ♀ or ♂.

Bisexual flowers are flowers that have both a stamen and a pistil.

Monoecious plants are plants that have both male and female flowers on the same individual.

Dioecious plants are plants in which the male and female flowers are on different individuals.

All plants from the department of Angiosperms (flowering) are divided into groups and can be either dioecious or monoecious specimens. This article will discuss the differences between dioecious and monoecious plants, what is dioeciousness and which plants belong to the dioecious group.

What is dichotomy

The dioecious group includes specimens that are endowed with female or male flowers, that is, pistils and stamens cannot be together on the same flower and even on the same representative of the flora. In connection with this feature, the possibility of self-pollination is completely excluded. Plants can be pollinated by xenogamy - cross-pollination, as a result of which the pollen from one specimen is transferred to the stigma of the pistils of another plant.

Thus, pollination of flowers is possible only if bees and other insects that consume plant pollen carry out the process of pollination. The disadvantage of cross-pollination is the fact that half of the flowers never produce seeds.

Important! Some scientists are inclined to think that it is possible to separate the sex of plants and classify them as dioecious or monoecious not only angiosperms, but also non-flowering ones, which are endowed with male and female generative organs. Therefore, these groups often include plants that are not prone to flowering.

What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants

Monoecious plants are characterized by the presence of heterosexual flowers on one specimen, while dioecious have flowers of only one sex per plant. Monoecious plants are often pollinated by wind, that is, under the influence of air, pollen from one flower is transferred to another, dioecious plants are pollinated only if pollen is transferred from a male flower to a female by insects.

Dioecious plants are presented pistachio, poplar, aspen, actinidia, sorrel, figs, hemp, velvet.

Dioecious representatives

In order to have an idea about dioecious plants, it is necessary to consider a brief description of some representatives of this group.

Actinidia is a genus of woody vines with 75 species. Actinidia are widespread in the southeastern part of Asia and the Himalayas. They belong to shrubs, lianas, a feature of which is a tendency to leaf fall. The buds of these plants are all or partially hidden in leaf scars, the leaves are alternate, have a jagged edge. The flowers can be small, about 1 cm in diameter, or medium up to 3 cm.

Most species have odorless, white flowers, sometimes there are buds with a golden yellow or orange tint. The fruit of plants is represented by an oblong berry, yellow-green or light orange in color. The most famous representative of actinidia is actinidia gourmet, which is known to everyone under the name kiwi.

Actinidia is planted as an ornamental plant, often used as a medicine, and the fruits of edible varieties are eaten.

In nature, actinidia grow in sparse forests, where natural penumbra is created, therefore, for landing at home, it is desirable to create the same conditions. Despite the fact that actinidia grows well in shaded areas, it is better to plant it on the sunny side, since fruiting occurs only with sufficient illumination. Actinidia thrives on soils with low amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, but does not tolerate alkaline soils. The best option is slightly acidic soils. It is undesirable to plant plants on heavy clay soil.

Important! If actinidia is planted as a fruit-bearing crop, then it is imperative to combine female and male plants in one planting - for every 3 specimens with female flowers there must be at least 1 male representative.

Velvet belongs to deciduous trees, reaches 20 to 30 m in height, with an extensive trunk diameter of about 120 cm. The crown of the tree in the forests is highly raised, in single plantings it is characterized by a spherical shape. The plant has an ash-gray bark, with a beautiful decorative appearance, in young trees the bark is with a silvery overflow. The upper layer of the bark is characterized by a velvety structure, represented by a cork with a thickness of more than 5 cm, the inner layer of the bark has a yellow color, a specific smell. The foliage is rich green in color, the leaves are alternate, similar in shape to ash leaves, but with narrower plates and a characteristic unpleasant odor.

The flowers are quite small, inconspicuous, up to 1 cm in diameter, have a greenish tint, the flowers are collected in paniculate inflorescences, up to 12 cm long. Fruit ripening occurs in autumn, the fruits are spherical, black, shiny drupes, unsuitable for consumption, characterized by a sharp unpleasant odor. Velvet can be found in Manchuria, the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Primorye, China, Korea, Taiwan, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Japan. Velvet is a relic plant, since this tree existed long before the glaciation.

Did you know? Relic plants include representatives of the flora that were common in past geological eras.

Velvet as an ornamental plant is very common in European countries and North America, popular for planting in the regions of Central Asia and the Caucasus. Velvet is used for medicinal purposes, it belongs to good honey plants. Also, the bark is often used to make yellow dye for dyeing various types of fabrics. A large layer of cork is used to make bottle caps, used as a building material, for floats, life buoys, bibs, souvenirs. Cork from a tree is separated quite easily, without harming the tree itself. Velvet wood is characterized by a beautiful color and expressive pattern, which is why it is used for the production of furniture and decorative elements.

When choosing a place for planting velvet, it must be taken into account that the tree is a long-liver, therefore, so that its roots do not harm buildings, place the tree away from buildings. Also, if in the future you plan to build something near a tree, try to get as far away from the velvet as possible so as not to harm the roots and not destroy the plant. The tree must be provided with shade, so it is better to plant it in the garden, cultivated loams are suitable soil for planting, sandy soils are not suitable for planting.

Sandman is an annual, biennial, in some cases perennial plant, reaches a height of 80 cm. Depending on the age of dormancy, the plant is characterized by some differences in appearance. Small specimens have oval leaves, reaching a length of 10 cm, over time, forked stems with paired lanceolate leaves appear on the plant. Buds up to 3 cm in diameter are presented in the form of inflorescences and are located at the top of the stem, each bud has 5 petals, blooms from late spring to early autumn, flowering is white. Sandman is common in European countries, in the west of Asia and in North America.

Sandman is sometimes used for the production of hygiene products, as it has a large amount of saponins, which, in the form of solutions, when shaken, can form a thick, stable foam. Sandman is a rather frost-resistant plant, therefore it is able to endure cold harsh winters. At the moment, the nap is not cultural and is not used in industry.

Important! The maximum decorative effect of the nap is achieved when planting on drained neutral, slightly acidic soils; a normal plant develops on sandy dry soils.

Sandman grows in well-lit areas, but can tolerate light partial shade, so it is better to plant it in sunny areas. The plant does not need particularly fertile soil, it grows well on ordinary garden soils, the only necessary condition is the friability of the soil.

Willow is a genus of woody plants, which includes about 550 species. Trees grow up to 15 meters in height, sometimes there are species up to 40 meters. Instances growing in the north are stunted, and in mountainous areas willows are found as low-growing creeping shrubs, with a minimum height of up to several centimeters. Depending on the type of willow, the leaves can be thick, curly, bright green or sparse, translucent grayish green or grayish white. The leaves are planted alternately, the leaf blade can be wide elliptical or rather narrow and long, with entire or serrated edges, the blades are shiny.

A characteristic feature of some species is the presence of fairly large stipules, which develop most often in young shoots. The stems are branched, the branches of the plant are quite thin, flexible, prone to brittleness, the buds can be dark brown, red-yellow. Willow flowers are very small, collected in dense inflorescences, so they are easy to spot. After flowering, fruits appear - boxes with small fluffy seeds. Willow is a common plant and grows in the middle part of Russia, in North America, some species grow in the tropics.

Willow is used as an ornamental specimen, also often some species are planted in order to strengthen loose soils and sands, since the root system of the tree is plentiful, very developed, with numerous branches. Wood is used for the production of dishes and decorative elements. Willow is a valuable honey plant, the bark of certain species is suitable for tanning leather. Very often, wood is used as a material for the manufacture of wickerwork. Willow leaves are popular in folk medicine as a medicinal raw material.

Willow develops well on loamy and sandy soils, plant a tree in an area with the most moisture-intensive soil, in a well-lit area.

The fig is a subtropical deciduous plant belonging to the genus Ficus.. The tree has light gray smooth bark. The plant is characterized by the presence of large, alternately planted multi-lobed or divided hard leaves. Leaf axils have generative shoots and contain inflorescences of two types - caprifigs and figs. Caprifigs are male flowers, they have small inflorescences, figs are female flowers with large inflorescences.

Pollination of figs occurs due to blastophage wasps, it is they who transfer pollen from male trees to female ones. Fruits appear on the tree - figs, inside with a lot of seeds, sweet and juicy. Depending on the variety, the color of the fruit can be yellow, blue or dark blue, yellow-green fruits are often found.

Figs are widespread in the Mediterranean, Transcaucasia, on the southern coast of Crimea, in Central Asia. Often, a fig tree is planted in order to obtain a crop of figs, which are eaten fresh, dried and canned, they are a separate delicacy, and can also be used to make jam and as an addition to other desserts. In folk medicine, fig leaves are used as medicinal raw materials.

Plant a tree in a well-lit area, in the south of the site so that the figs are protected from strong winds. The tree prefers light loams with good breathability.

Important!Figs are also planted as a houseplant in an apartment, it does not grow very large, but is capable of fruiting.

Hemp is an annual, fibrous plant. It is characterized by the presence of an upright stem, rounded at the base, opposite leaf arrangement on the upper part of the plant and with another one on the lower. The leaves are complex, numbering 5-7 leaves with a serrated edge, more leaves are located towards the base of the stem than towards the top. The flowers of the plant are represented by inflorescences in the form of a complex spike, in the place of which bivalve nuts appear, having an ovoid or elongated shape, a smooth or ribbed structure, gray-green or brown in color. The plant is widely distributed throughout the world, can grow in both tropical and temperate zones.

Previously, the plant was grown in order to obtain seeds and oil from it, as well as fibers that were used in everyday life. Cannabis has also been used for medicinal purposes and has been used as a recreational drug. Hemp can be useful in the production of ropes, ropes, cables, clothing, paper and thread, as the plant consists of very strong fibers.

Hemp is quite demanding on the soil and where it grows. Therefore, before landing, it is necessary to create all the necessary conditions. The plant prefers well-lit areas under the open sun, the soil must contain a lot of nutrients, be moisture-intensive, as hemp does not tolerate drought.

Nettle is classified as a perennial herb. it is characterized by the presence of strong roots and with multiple small branches. Nettle height is from 30 cm to 2 m. There are many burning hairs on the stem and leaves. The stem is herbaceous, on which the leaves are arranged oppositely. The leaf blade is represented by an ovate-heart-shaped or lanceolate form, up to 17 cm long, up to 8 cm wide.

The edges are covered with large teeth. Rather long inflorescences develop on nettles, on which many small greenish flowers are planted; in place of the flowers, seeds appear over time, represented by dry, compressed yellow or brownish nuts. On one copy, up to 22,000 seeds can be formed. It is found in Europe, Asia, China, North America.

Nettle is a plant that is often eaten; soups, borscht, salads are prepared on its basis. Used as feed for livestock. In folk medicine, nettle leaves are used to prepare infusions and decoctions.

Dioecious nettle refers to weed vegetation, therefore, it can grow on any soil, plants are especially common on soils rich in nitrogen. The plant is photophilous, but can also grow well in partial shade and shade.

The genus Laurel belongs to subtropical trees or shrubs. Laurel is an evergreen plant that reaches a height of about 15 m, with brown smooth bark and bare shoots. The crown of the tree is dense, pyramidal in shape. The leaves on the shoots are planted alternately, have a solid edge, bare, simple, can reach a length of 20 cm, a width of 4 cm. The leaves have a pleasant aroma, they are characterized by an oblong lanceolate or elliptical plate, narrowed towards the base. The color of the foliage is dark green on the upper part of the leaves, on the lower part it is lighter.

Laurel flowers are collected in inflorescences of umbrellas, located at the end of the branches in several pieces, in deciduous axils. The flowers are rather small, yellowish, eventually turning into fruits of dark blue color. Laurel grows in the Mediterranean, Transcaucasia and the Canary Islands.

Laurel is used as a spice, and an essential oil is prepared from the leaves, which is used in cooking. Bay leaf is also a medicinal raw material for the preparation of various medicinal products.

Laurel will do best in a well-lit area, but can tolerate light partial shade. The plant is not demanding on soils and normally tolerates drought. It is advisable to apply organic and mineral fertilizers to the soil before planting so that the plant develops better.

The genus of sea buckthorn includes two species. Plants are represented by shrubs or trees from 10 cm to 6 m in height, sometimes up to 15 m. The leaves are planted alternately, rather long and narrow, the color of the foliage is green, the surface of the plate is covered with small dots of gray. Sea buckthorn blooms before the leaves bloom, the flowers are small, inconspicuous. In place of the flower, a drupe appears, which consists of a nutlet, and a receptacle. The color of the fruits has a red or orange tint, they are located very densely on the branch. Sea buckthorn grows in Europe, Asia, Mongolia, China.

Sea buckthorn fruits are often used as a food product, they are eaten raw, drinks are prepared, sea buckthorn oil is used in cosmetology and medicine. Certain types of sea buckthorn are ornamental plants, planted to reinforce road slopes or to create hedges. Leaves from the tree are used as tannins.

The place for planting sea buckthorn should be well lit, the tree is not afraid of direct sunlight, prefers light neutral soils, tolerates regular fertilizers well and responds to them with a plentiful harvest.

It blooms in very small buds, up to 3 mm in diameter, greenish-yellow in color, in place of the flower a yellowish or reddish fruit appears, represented by a false berry, with sticky pulp. In nature, there are up to 70 species of mistletoe, which grow mainly in the subtropics and tropics of the African continent, in the tropics of Asia and northern Australia, and almost throughout Europe.

Did you know?Mistletoe was used as a traditional Christmas decoration in England until the second half of the 19th century, at which time the English began to decorate the Christmas tree, which became a symbol of Christmas.

Mistletoe fruits are food for birds. Also suitable for making glue. Traditional medicine contains recipes for an extract from the young leaves of the plant, used for various health problems.

Aspen belongs to the species of deciduous trees of the Poplar genus. The plant is characterized by the presence of a columnar trunk, height - up to 35 m, diameter - 1 m. The tree grows very quickly, but is prone to wood diseases, so the life expectancy is no more than 90 years. The roots go deep underground, growing profusely for several meters. The tree has a smooth greenish or gray bark that cracks with age and changes color to a darker one.

Aspen has a regular leaf arrangement, they are represented by round or rhombic plates, up to 7 cm long, with a sharp or blunt top, the leaf has crenate edges. The flowers are characterized by a small size, they are collected in inflorescences of earrings, they can be reddish or greenish, up to 15 cm long, flowering occurs before bud break. After flowering, a box fruit is formed, the seeds are covered with down (puff), thanks to which they spread for tens of kilometers. Aspen can be found near the forest and tundra, it grows in the forest and forest-steppe. There is a tree in Europe, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Korea.

Aspen is often popular as an ornamental tree, planted along alleys, in city parks. The bark is used for tanning leather and is a source of yellow and green dye. The tree is considered a good honey plant. Wood is used in the construction of houses, in the form of roofing material. Aspen is also used as a raw material in folk medicine, the bark and leaves are considered medicinal.

Aspen is best planted in well-lit areas, but it can also tolerate light partial shade, is not demanding on soil, and grows well on both poor and nutritious, acidic and alkaline soils. The only requirement for the soil is that it should not be dry, sandy, swampy or frozen. Also, aspen does not tolerate high groundwater, so these features must be taken into account when planting a plant.

Asparagus is a genus of plants that has about 210 species. Can grow as grass and shrubs. The plant has well developed rhizomes, strongly branched stems. There are many needle-shaped branches on the stems. Asparagus has underdeveloped, small leaves, represented by scaly or prickly specimens. The plant blooms in small buds, which are collected in single, thyroid or racemose inflorescences.

The flower has 6 petals arranged in two circles. In place of the flower, a fruit is formed in the form of a berry, which contains one or more seeds. The berries are red or bright orange when ripe. Asparagus can be found in the temperate climates of North America, Europe, Central Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

Did you know?Asparagus is a natural aphrodisiac. In ancient Greece, newlyweds wore wreaths of this plant on their heads for the imminent appearance of offspring, and at French wedding feasts, at least three dishes with asparagus were always present on the table of the newlyweds.

Often, asparagus is used as a vegetable that is grown commercially for sale. Especially valuable are the shoots of asparagus officinalis, which grow no more than 20 cm, have an unblown head, in this state it is most useful for eating. Such shoots are boiled, canned, prepared salads and soups. Asparagus shoots are also used in folk medicine, and the essence obtained from the plant is used in the manufacture of homeopathic remedies.

Asparagus is a rather demanding crop, so it is necessary to carefully select a landing site, the area should be well lit, calm, it is better to plant on the south side of the site. The plant prefers to grow on light sandy soils rich in humus.

Poplar belongs to the genus of deciduous actively growing trees, which has 95 species. Tree up to 50 m, sometimes 60 m, with a trunk diameter of more than 1 m, the crown has a spherical shape. There are many cracks on the brown-gray or dark gray bark. Poplar is characterized by a strong root system, which lies on the surface and goes many meters from the trunk. Poplar leaves are planted alternately, the plates are lanceolate or wide oval, with mesh venation.

Flowering begins before bud break, small flowers are located on inflorescences of earrings that hang from the branches. In place of the flower, a box is formed - a fruit that has small seeds with numerous hairs. Seeds oblong or oblong-ovate, black or black-brown. Poplar is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, in the subtropics of China, the boreal zone, in America, Mexico, and East Africa.

Poplar is characterized by the presence of light white wood, which is well processed and used as a raw material in the manufacture of paper. In sparsely forested areas, poplar is used as a building material. The buds of the plant can be a source for purple dye, and the leafy part for yellow dye. Poplar is planted as an ornamental tree, for landscaping alleys in cities, in addition, the tree is an excellent honey plant.

Poplar is not demanding on soils and can grow on any type of soil, prefers sunny areas. It normally tolerates wetlands and high groundwater, but is demanding on air permeability and soil nutrition, so when choosing a site for planting, pay attention to these features.

Pistachio is a genus of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs, which has 20 species. The plant has a two-tiered root system, the roots go beyond the crown by 30 m and 15 m deep. The tree is characterized by the presence of a thick layer of dark gray bark, on young shoots there is a wax coating. Pistachio leaves are pinnate, have a solid edge, shiny. The flowers are small, collected in yellow, red, dark pink inflorescences, in the place of which drupe fruits appear, suitable for consumption.

The tree is native to Africa, the Mediterranean, Asia and Central America.

Did you know?For the first time, pistachio seedlings were brought to Europe from Syria in 1 tbsp. n. e. Roman emperor Vitellius, the Italians liked the nut so much that they began to actively add pistachio to various dishes.

Due to the fact that the pistachio has a dense and strong wood, it is used in carpentry, resins are also obtained from it to produce varnishes. The leaves contain many tannins used in leather processing. The most popular product of the pistachio tree are pistachio nuts, which are considered valuable and useful product. Nuts are eaten on their own or used to prepare various dishes.

Pistachio can be planted on gray soils, brown soils. The plant is photophilous, drought-resistant, loves soils that contain a lot of calcium. It is better to plant on sandy soil and maintain the acidity at pH 7.

Spinach is a genus of herbaceous plants that has three species. It is one-year-old or two-year-old, grows up to 50 cm in height, it can be naked, simple or branched. The leaves are arranged in pairs, have an oval, oblong shape with a solid edge. The leaves have a smooth or rough structure, small flowers collected in spike-shaped paniculate inflorescences of yellow color, in place of which spherical fruits appear. Spinach grows in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan as a wild crop, but is also planted everywhere for commercial cultivation.

Spinach is a valuable plant that is eaten and used raw, added to salads, boiled, fried, stewed. It is used in folk medicine, as it has medicinal properties and contributes to the treatment of certain diseases.

Spinach is demanding on the landing site, prefers fertile soil, so it is better to plant it in a site enriched with organic matter. It grows well on loamy soils, it is possible to grow on sandy ones, but with the condition of regular watering.

Sour sorrel is a species of herbaceous plants of the genus Sorrel. The plant has a taproot, very short and branched root, characterized by the presence of a standing stem, it can reach a height of 1 m. The stem is silvery in color, with a purple tint at the base.

The leaves grow from the root, they are long, petiolate, have an arrow-shaped base, an entire edge and a pronounced central vein, the blade reaches a length of 20 cm, the leaves are alternate. The flowers are planted on paniculate inflorescences, have a pink or reddish color. In place of the flowers, trihedral seeds appear, black-brown, smooth, shiny. The plant is common in North America, Asia, Europe, Western Australia.

Sour sorrel is used as a food product, therefore it is cultivated as a vegetable crop. On the basis of sorrel, green cabbage soup, borscht are prepared, the leaves are used for canning. Sorrel is used in folk medicine, leaves and juice can treat various diseases.

It is better to plant sorrel in a well-lit area, preferably in partial shade. Sorrel is not picky about the soil, but still prefers light sandy or loamy soil, grows well on peat soils. Sorrel prefers to grow on breathable soils with low groundwater.

Thus, dioecious plants are common throughout the world and can be represented by grass, shrubs, trees, lianas of various sizes. They are completely different, but one thing unites them - female and male flowers cannot be located together on one specimen. This feature should be taken into account when planting some plants in order to ensure the possibility of pollination and the formation of an ovary.

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Unisexual plant species are those in which flowers of both sexes are placed on the same tree or shrub, therefore they are also called bisexual species. Sometimes there are polygamous cultures that have male bisexual and same-sex flowers at the same time on a single individual.

Monoecious species, in which flowers of two sexes grow at once, are very common in nature.

Examples of monoecious plants

Hazel

watermelons

Hazel

birches

Corn

Walnuts

Cucurbits

Flowers of plants with monoeciousness

Monoeciousness is a special adaptation, which consists in the fact that flowers of both sexes live in the same "house". On the same tree or shrub, both staminate and pistillate inflorescences are found. Sometimes there are flowers in which the perianths are not quite formed. In this case, the pollen is well dispersed by the wind over long distances, and it is carried by bees, but their main advantage lies in the fact that they have a self-pollination mechanism (entomophily), and therefore do not depend on external factors. This happens when pollination occurs in one flower: pollen from one inflorescence falls on others. It is worth noting that in stressful situations for plants, they turn into monoecious. This phenomenon is observed in cannabis.

How does pollination of monoecious plants occur?

Different species with monoeciousness have their own characteristics of pollination. To do this, it is better to consider a few examples. So the walnut is considered a wind-pollinated tree. The fact is that bees sit only on male inflorescences, and female ones do not visit, so insects take almost no part in the pollination of walnut flowers. This is also because male and female flowers do not bloom on the tree at the same time. In this regard, the inflorescences are pollinated due to the activity of the wind.

An interesting mechanism of pollination in hazel. This is a genus of shrubs and trees (in rare cases) in which the male flowers are in catkins, and the female flowers are in the middle of the buds, so they are not so easy to reach. Pollination occurs due to the wind.

Thus, in nature, the mechanism of monoeciousness is most often encountered, when both male and female flowers grow on the same plant. So plants have a much better chance of pollination. First, bees do not need to fly long distances to deliver pollen from male flowers to female flowers. Secondly, if insects take a weak part in the process of pollination, then the wind will always scatter pollen, and it will fall from male flowers to female flowers, which will subsequently ensure the appearance of fruits.

Plants in which male and female generative organs (staminate and pistillate flowers in flowering plants, antheridia and archegonia in archegonial plants) are on the same specimen (for example, in Zea mays L., species of the genus Fagus, many mosses).

• - autotrophic organisms that use the energy of the sun, that is, capable of photosynthesis. Important anatomo-morfol. a sign of R. is the presence of dense membranes and chloroplasts in their cells ...

  Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - have same-sex male and female flowers on the same individual. If the female flowers are on one plant and the male flowers on another, the plants are called dioecious...

  Agricultural dictionary-reference book

• - mosses in which antheridia and archegonia are on the same plant ...

  Glossary of botanical terms

• - plants in which male and female generative organs are on the same copy ...

  Glossary of botanical terms

• - mosses in which antheridia and archegonia are formed on the same plant, i.e. mosses with a bisexual gametophyte ...
• - plants in which staminate and pistillate flowers or antheridia and archegonia are formed on the same plant ...

  Plant anatomy and morphology

• - Like trees and flowers, plants symbolize death and resurrection, vitality, the life cycle. Symbolically, the plant and flower are closely associated with the Great Mother, the goddess of the earth, fertility and vegetation, and...

  Symbol Dictionary

• - plants in which same-sex female and male flowers are on the same individual, for example, hazel, corn. Compare Dioecious plants, Polyoecious plants...

  Modern Encyclopedia

• - see autotrophs ...

  Glossary of botanical terms

• - plants, in which same-sex wives., and husband. flowers are on the same individual, for example. hazel, corn. Wed Dioecious plants, Polyoecious plants...
• - one of the kingdoms organic. peace. The most important difference between R. and other living organisms is the ability to autotrophic nutrition, that is, the synthesis of all the necessary organic matter. in-in from inorganic...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - "... plants - plants and parts of plants, including seeds and genetic material of plants;..." Source: Federal Law of 15.07...

  Official terminology

• - plants in which same-sex flowers - male and female - are on the same plant. Examples of open-cut trees: birch, hazel, oak, pine, spruce, corn, pumpkin ...
• - organisms characterized by autotrophic nutrition based on the use of solar energy, and the presence of dense cell membranes, usually consisting of cellulose ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - SINGLE-HOUSE plants - plants in which same-sex female and male flowers are on the same individual, for example. hazel, corn. Wed Dioecious plants, Polyoecious plants...
• - one of the kingdoms of the organic world. The most important difference between plants and other living organisms is the ability to autotrophic nutrition, i.e., the synthesis of all the necessary organic substances from inorganic ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

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