Abstract Linguistic features of oral and written speech. Speech etiquette. Features of oral speech.

Lecture 2. Language and Speech

2. The specifics of oral and written speech

3. Dialogue, polylogue and monologue

1. The ratio of the concepts of "language" and "speech"

For a person who has never seriously thought about language, the difference between the words “language” and “speech” may not seem so obvious. However, it is, and very strict.

Language and speech, on the one hand, are interconnected and interdependent, on the other hand, they are independent and relatively independent systems. Consider each of them and the process of interaction of these systems.

TONGUE - This is a historically established system of sound, lexical (verbal) and grammatical means intended for communication (communication). The language we speak and write is called naturalbecause it arose along with man and developed naturally, in the absence of a conscious influence of man on him. Artificial Languages \u200b\u200b-these are symbolic systems created by man as auxiliary tools for communicative purposes in those areas where the use of natural language is difficult, impossible or inefficient. Artificial languages \u200b\u200bare signaling using traffic lights, Morse code, a system of road signs, maps graphic notation, symbolism of colors, language of the deaf, programming languages, etc.

The language performs a variety of functions, the main of which are:

- communicative, since language serves primarily as a means of human communication (communication), i.e. transferring from one person to another any message for one purpose or another;

- informative (cognitive, cognitive), since with its help there is a significant degree of cognition, study of the surrounding world;

- expressive (emotional), associated with the ability to express the mood, emotions, feelings and evaluations of speakers. It is expressed in intonation, exclamation, interjections;

- appeal - the function of calling, inducing one or another action (forms of imperative mood, incentive sentences);

- accumulative - the function of storing and transmitting knowledge about reality, traditions, culture, the history of the people, national identity;

- aesthetic - a function of aesthetic impact, manifested in the fact that the speakers begin to notice the text itself, its sound and verbal texture. A single word, turnover, phrase begins to like or dislike. An aesthetic attitude to language means, in this way, that speech (namely speech itself, and not what is being reported) can be perceived as beautiful or ugly, i.e. as an aesthetic object. The aesthetic function of the language, being the main one for the literary text, is also present in everyday speech, manifesting in its rhythm and imagery.

Thus, the language is multifunctional, but all the functions of the language are realized only in speech.

SPEECH - this is the use of language tools and rules in the communication process, i.e. language in action. In linguistics, a speech is understood as a concrete utterance composed of language units, which can be presented not only orally, but also in written form. In other words, language is a constructor, a set of elements, and speech is something that can be combined from this constructor.

Speech and language are far from the same thing. Language captures the experience of the human collective; it is objective and obligatory for all who speak it. Language is limited to a certain set of units, its components, it is abstract, since it exists outside of the sight and hearing of a person. He is independent of the situation of communication, not related to the concepts of truth and falsity.

As for human speech, on the contrary, it is always focused. Speech does not reflect the experience of the collective, but of the speaking person. Speech is material, that is, it can be heard and seen. Only in speech can there be elements of random and disordered (in the systemic organization of the language this is impossible). It is concrete, unique, more mobile, due to the context (the circumstances in which a particular event occurs).

Of course, speech depends on the language and at the same time affects it, because it is in it that, first of all, new words, forms and constructions appear, which only then can pass into the language and become fixed in it. So words afghan, Afghan, denoting participants in the Afghan war of the 1980s, first appeared in colloquial speech, and later were recorded in dictionaries as phenomena of language.

The specifics of spoken and written language

Two forms of communication are characteristic of people - oral and written. To date, both forms occupy public life approximately the same place.

Oral speech is a sounding speech that is directly related to the pronunciation organs. It is rich in intonational possibilities. For the transfer of thoughts and feelings by speakers, its diverse melody, volume, tempo, pause is widely used. Oral speech is usually accompanied by special facial expressions, gestures, looks, which in some cases more eloquently convey the speaker's attitude to something than words and phrases.

Due to the fact that the utterance is difficult to repeat without changing the intonational-semantic subtleties, the speaker has to follow not only the pronunciation, but also his thought, its course and content. It is not always easy to think and think at the same time, and not everyone succeeds in a given situation. therefore spoken language usually characterized by incompleteness, fragmentation, fragmentation of the statement, for example: “The director called. Delayed. It will be in half an hour. Start without it. ”(Message from the Secretary of the Director to the participants in the production meeting)

As a rule, spoken language is characterized by the shortness of sentences, the absence of complex structures, in particular, participial and participial phrases. Instead of these turns, subordinate clauses are usually used. Spoken words and expressions are also characteristic of oral speech.

Oral speech can be prepared (report at a conference, lecture, presentation in class, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared spoken language is characterized by thoughtfulness, a clear structure, a certain selection of language tools. Let us cite as an example the beginning of a lecture on physics:

Today we begin to study the course of physics. I remind you that physics is the science of the most general properties and forms of motion of matter. Therefore, the subject of study is the most general properties and forms of motion of matter.

Physics has its own research methods. The main research method in physics is experience. Experience is an observation of the phenomenon under investigation. This observation is carried out under strictly controlled conditions ...

Most often, spoken language happens untrained. Unprepared speech is characterized by spontaneity, since it is created at the moment of speaking and is formed gradually, in portions, as you become aware of what follows. Therefore, in spontaneous speech, there are longer pauses, repetitions of individual placeholder words of pauses of the type uh, um, well, here etc.

Writing secondary to the oral and was created primarily for fixing the latter. But gradually it became an independent communication system that performs certain additional functions. Written speech makes it possible to record the accumulated experience of people and pass it on to future generations.

Writing - this is a speech without a direct interlocutor, its motive and purpose are completely determined by the writer. Unlike oral speech, which is mostly spontaneous, fleeting and irreversible, and therefore not always amenable to control by the speaker, writing Deploys in a static space, usually not limited by time frames, which allows the writer to ponder the phrase for a long time; go back to the written, re-read it and, if necessary, make changes. Therefore, written speech is said to be more controlled. Hence its features: usually a book character, b aboutthe best standardization and regulation. Written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, including participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, word-connectives, which contribute to the consistency of presentation. We give an example from the preface to the book “The Price of a Word” edited by M.V. Gorbanevsky:

Creating the book “The Price of a Word”, addressed to media outlets, judges, lawyers, investigators, philologists, legal advisers, students and university professors, we hoped for special attention to it from those journalists who are ready to rise above the level of corporate, financial and everyday selfishness, those who are ready to fight evil, fight - and win. But to win honestly and with dignity, without violating the Law, without forcing native speech for this, without turning the media texts into an explosive mixture of anecdote, primitive jargon and obscene expressions, into a garbage can of dirt. One would like to say to each of the writers, filming, and preparing programs for television and radio broadcasts: be careful when choosing a word!

This small fragment contains all the signs of written speech: long rows of homogeneous members, participles, participial circulation, compound sentences, complex unionless sentences. Working on this text, the author undoubtedly made an amendment, removed unnecessary words, added new ones, changed the structure of the sentence.

Written speech is used mainly in the scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles.

Dialogue, Polylogue and Monologue

Dialog - this is a conversation of two or more persons, a form of speech consisting of the exchange of remarks. The basic unit of dialogue is dialogic unity - a semantic (thematic) union of several remarks, which is an exchange of opinions, statements, each of which depends on the previous one.

Any dialogue has its own the structure, which in most types of dialogue, as in principle and in any text, remains stable: the beginning - the main part - the ending.

The reason may be the formula of speech etiquette ( Good evening, Nikolai Ivanovich!), or first replica question ( What time is it?), or replica-judgment ( It's a good weather today) It should be noted that the dimensions of the dialogue are theoretically unlimited. In practice, any dialogue has its ending (a replica of speech etiquette ( Till!), replica consent ( Oh sure!) or a replica-response).

Dialogue is considered as the primary, natural form of verbal communication, therefore, as a form of speech, it has received its greatest distribution in the field of colloquial speech, however, dialogue is also presented in scientific, journalistic, and official-business speech.

Being the primary form of communication, dialogue is an unprepared, spontaneous type of speech. This statement concerns primarily the sphere of colloquial speech, where the subject of dialogue can arbitrarily change during its development. But even in scientific, journalistic and official-business speech, with possible preparation of (first of all question) replicas, the development of dialogue will be spontaneous, since in the vast majority of cases the replica-reactions of the interlocutor are unknown or unpredictable.

In dialogic speech, the so-called universal principle of saving verbal expression. For example, going to the reception to the head and being in the reception room, the employee may limit himself to a nod of his head towards the cabinet door and a remark "At home?"

In accordance with the goals and objectives of the dialogue, the situation of communication, the role of interlocutors, the following main types of dialogues can be distinguished: household, business conversation, interviews.

Polylogue - This is a conversation of many, a conversation between several persons. Specific features of the polylogue: at least three participants, a single topic, situational coherence, non-linearity. A polylogue often takes the form of group communication (conversation, discussion, meeting, game, etc.).

Monologuecan be defined as a detailed statement of one person. The monologue is characterized by relative length (it may contain parts of the text that are different in volume, consisting of structurally and within the meaning of related statements) and a variety of vocabulary. The themes of the monologue are diverse and can change freely during its deployment.

The monologue can be either unprepared, spontaneous, which is characteristic primarily for the sphere of colloquial speech, or prepared, pre-thought out.

For the purpose of utterance, monologic speech is divided into three main types: informational, persuasive, and inducing.

Informational speechserves to transfer knowledge. In this case, the speaker should first of all take into account both the intellectual abilities of the perception of information by the listeners and the cognitive abilities. Varieties of informational speech include various kinds of speeches, lectures, reports, messages, reports.

Persuasive speechaddressed primarily to the emotions of the listener. In this case, the speaker must take into account his susceptibility. The persuading variety of speech includes: congratulatory, solemn, parting words.

Prompt speechaims to encourage listeners to various kinds of actions. It distinguishes political speech, speech-call to action, speech-protest.

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What is a language?

2. How is natural language different from artificial?

3. What are the main functions of the language.

4. What is speech? Is language and speech the same thing?

5. Tell us about the effect of speech on the language.

6. Indicate the features of spoken language.

7. How is prepared spoken language different from unprepared?

8. Tell us about writing.

9. Define dialogue, polylogue and monologue as forms of spoken language.

10. What structure does any dialogue have?

11. Why are dialogic speech characterized by incomplete structures (incomplete sentences)?

12. Indicate the three main types of monologue speech and give a brief description of them.

The following topics are reflected in the abstract: Characteristics of written speech. Features of writing. The difference between written and oral. Written speech of a child and an adult. The assimilation of the letter and the background of its formation.

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GBS (K) OSH boarding school of the VIII kind, urban settlement Urusu, speech therapist Galyautdinova Zulfiya Abuzarovna

Subject: Description of written language.

Plan.

Introduction

Characteristics of written language.
Features of writing.

The difference between written and oral.

3. The assimilation of the letter and the background of its formation.

Conclusion

Literature.

Introduction

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people that is used to fix sound language and sound speech. At the same time, writing is an independent communication system, which, fulfilling the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, and expands the scope of human communication. Reading books, historical documents of different times and peoples, we can touch the history, culture of all mankind. It is thanks to writing that we learn about the great civilizations of ancient Egypt, the Sumerians, Incas, Mayans and others. The letter has come a long way in historical development from the first nicks in trees, cave paintings to the sound-letter type that most people use today, i.e. written speech is secondary to oral. The letters used in the letter are signs by which the sounds of speech are indicated. Sound shells of words and parts of words are represented by combinations of letters, knowledge of letters allows you to reproduce them in sound form, i.e. read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to divide speech: dots, commas, dashes correspond to an intonation pause in oral speech. This means that letters are a material form of writing.

The main function of written speech is the fixation of oral speech, with the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people when direct communication is impossible, when they are separated by space and time. Development technical means messages - phone - reduced the role of writing. The advent of fax and the spread of the Internet system help overcome space and re-energize written speech.

The main property of writing is the ability to store information for a long time.

Written speech is not deployed in temporary, but in static space, which allows the writer to think through speech, return to written, rebuild text, replace words, etc. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics.

1. Characteristics of written language.

Writing is a special type of activity that includes three levels (psychological, sensorimotor, linguistic).

At the psychological level:

1) the occurrence of intent, motive for writing;

2) creation of an idea;

3) the creation on the basis of the intent of a common sense;

4) regulation of activities and monitoring of activities performed.

The sensorimotor level is divided into two sublevels: sensor-acoustic-motor and optical-motor sublevels. The sensory-acoustic-motor sublevel determines the process of sound discrimination, creates the basis for the operations of acoustic and kinesthetic analysis of sounds, words, for the ability to distinguish stable phonemes and articulums; provides the establishment of the sequence of writing letters in a word, which is possible with preserved auditory-speech memory. The optical-motor sublevel is responsible for re-encoding (transcoding) from one code to another:

when writing - from sound to letter, from letter to a complex of subtle hand movements;
when reading, the letters are correlated with the corresponding sounds. At the same time, complex relations are noted between sound and letter, between phoneme and grapheme.

Translation from one level to another is possible only thanks to the interacting work of a number of analyzer systems and the highest level of speech organization. To carry out written speech, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bgeneralized ideas about the sounds of a given language system, stable connections of sounds and letters meaning these sounds and generalized into stable graphemes.

At the linguistic level, a translation of the inner meaning takes place, which is being formed at the psychological level into linguistic codes - lexicomorphological and syntactic units.

Written speech is provided by the work of a number of analyzers responsible for the psychophysiological basis of this process: acoustic, optical, kinesthetic, kinetic, proprioceptive, spatial, etc.

Thus, when writing and sound analysis is ensured by the joint work of acoustic and kinesthetic analyzers, the re-encoding of sounds and letters is provided by acoustic, kinesthetic and optical analyzers, while writing a letter, optical, spatial and motor analyzers are used to provide subtle hand movements.

Each level is realized due to the work of various departments of the cerebral cortex:

the psychological level is carried out due to the work of the frontal parts of the brain (anteroposterior and medeo-basal departments of the frontal region of the KGM);
psychophysiological level - due to the frontal, lower dark, temporal, posterior temporal, anteroposterior divisions;
linguistic level - due to the front and rear speech zones, providing syntagmatics and paradigmatics.

Thus, for the implementation of written speech, the presence of all three structural levels that are part of the activity in general is necessary.

2. Features of writing.

2.1. The difference between written and oral.

Oral and written speech are two forms of speech function. Both are the main means of communication in human society.Oral speech is formed first, and written - an add-on over an already matured oral speech - uses all its ready-made mechanisms, improving and significantly complicating them, adding new mechanisms specific to a new form of language expression.

Written speech is mastered purposefully in the learning process. Oral speech develops in the process of practical communication of the child with adults, mainly on the basis of imitation. Writing is characterized by the participation of a larger number of analyzers (visual-auditory-motor). In written speech, higher requirements for the selection of words, to the construction of phrases. Written speech proceeds without correction from the side (interlocutor). Writing is devoid of living means of communication - facial expressions, gestures. The unit of written speech is a monologue. Written speech is contextual, generates itself, activates and controls. It is abstract, discrete, subdivided into minimal segments, letters.

Oral speech is a sound unity, its segmentation from the acoustic-physiological point of view does not coincide with linguistic division. In oral speech, distinctly sounding elements are combined with reduced elements; in the act of writing, an active or hidden full pronunciation is observed. Oral speech is characterized by auditory and kinesthetic control; visual and kinesthetic control is characteristic of written speech.

2.2. Written speech of a child and an adult.

In the process of its development, written language changes significantly.

For a person who is just starting to write, the following processes are in the foreground:

sound analysis of a word, spelling of each individual letter, preservation of their desired order;
the writer relies on the pronunciation of what he writes. That is, the child is aware of the technical side of the letter. Writing letter elements becomes action, as there is a purpose. A child’s writing is a process of skill formation, a disconnected process.

A person who has a fairly automated writing skill uses the already established skills in writing not only individual letters, but also syllables, sound complexes, and even whole words. That is, the adult’s writing is characterized by a lack of awareness of the technical side, and the main goal is the transfer of semantic content, information. Only in certain cases the writing technique becomes the goal (when you need to write beautifully, stylized); this is an automated process, characterized by connectedness, faster than a child.

3. The assimilation of the letter and the prerequisites for its formation.

Written speech is assimilated consciously, the maturation of brain structures and the preparedness of mental functions and processes involved in writing are necessary. To master the letter, the formation of simultaneous and successive abilities, the formation of inter-analyzer interaction, a sufficient level of sensory development of the child (auditory perception, visual perception, spatial attitude and representation, developed psychomotor skills) are necessary. A sufficient development of higher mental functions (memory, attention, thinking), a sufficient level of formation of the cognitive and intellectual activity of the child, a sufficient level of development of oral speech are also necessary.

According to A.N. Leontyev, the psychophysiological structure of writing can be represented in the following three operations:

the process of symbolization
the process of modeling the sound structure of a word using graphic symbols,
graphomotor operations.

The prerequisites for the formation of these operations are:

The skill of symbolization, which is formed in symbolic games with the replacement of objects, in visual activity;

The development of the phonemic perception of the child;

Mastering the phonemic analysis, which is necessary for modeling the sound structure of words using letters (establishing the temporal sequence of phonemes, transforming the temporal sequence of phonemes into a spatial sequence of letters in parallel with graph-motor letter writing operations);

Formed graphomotor skills, depending on hand-eye coordination.

There are four stages of mastering a letter.

1) An indicative stage - a preschool child learns to handle paper, a pen, hand movements, visual analysis, and awareness of written activity as a means of communication develop.

2) The analytical stage - pre-alphabetical and alphabetic periods of schooling, during which the development of motility occurs when writing the elements of letters and their compounds and the connection of sound and letters is carried out.

3) The analytical-synthetic stage - the post-book period, which includes the transition to the combination of letters in the word, the synthesis process prevails.

4) The synthetic phase is closer to high school. During this period, writing is automated, the writing technique goes by the wayside, the main thing is the presentation of thought.

Conclusion

Thus, written language is one of the forms of the existence of language, opposed to oral speech. This is a secondary, later in time form of existence of the language. For various forms of linguistic activity, both oral and written speech can be primary (we compare folklore and fiction). If spoken language has distinguished man from the animal world, then writing should be considered the greatest of all inventions created by mankind. Written language not only revolutionized the methods of accumulation, transmission and processing of information, but it changed the person himself, especially his ability to abstract thinking.

Writing uses book language, the use of which is quite strictly normalized and regulated. The order of words in the sentence is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. A sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical-semantic relationships through syntax. Written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences in paragraphs, each of them is strictly related to the previous and subsequent context.

Written speech is focused on the perception by the organs of vision, therefore, it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a system of page numbering, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font emphasis, etc.

You can return to a complex text more than once, ponder it, comprehend what has been written, being able to look through one’s text or another with your eyes.

Written speech is distinguished by the fact that the conditions and purpose of communication find a certain reflection in the very form of speech activity, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation application or an informational message in a newspaper. Consequently, written language has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of language tools that are used to create this or that text. The written form is the main form of speech in the scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.

Literature.

Altukhova T.A. Correction of reading disorders in primary school students with learning difficulties. Belgor. state University, 1998.
Zhinkin N.I. The development of written language for students of grades III-VII. Tongue. Speech. Creation. M. Labyrinth. 1998.
Kazartseva O.M. Vishnyakova O.V. Written Speech. M. Flint. Science, 1998.
Lvov M.R. Methods of development of speech of primary school students. M. Enlightenment. 1985.
Sadovnikova N.I. Violations of written language and their overcoming in younger students. M. VLADOS. 1995.
Russian E.N. Methods of forming independent written speech in children. M. AIRIS PRESS. 2005.
Elkonin D.B. The development of oral and written speech of students. M. INTOR. 1998.

TEST

Discipline: "The culture of speech and business communication"

On the topic “Language and Speech. Basic language features ”

Completed: student

column 15TZEEE51 Aykasheva A.V.

Checked: KE N., Associate Professor

Bobrov Valery Anatolyevich

Penza, 2016

Introduction .............................................. 3

1 The concept of language ..............................................

2 The main functions of the language .............................................

3 The difference between speech and language ………………………………………… .... 9

4 Literary language - the basis of the culture of speech ............................ .. 10

5 Oral speech and its features ............................................. .........eleven

6 Written speech. The main symptoms ... .................................. 12

7 Features of monologic and dialogical speech ... ... 14

8 Functional-semantic types of speech ... ................................... 15

9 The concept of language norm. Norm as a social phenomenon ... .17

List of sources used ... ............................................. 20

Introduction

Language and speech are two sides of just one precious coin.

One of the main concepts of linguistics “language and speech” (Langue - early release), these concepts were introduced by F. de Saussure at the beginning of the last century and today we can not imagine our life without the diversity of their word forms. In accordance with them, the language is a system of elementary and complex signs - phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, utterances and combinations of utterances, it, as such a system, exists in the human mind in the form of several forms that we enjoy when pronouncing our favorite phrases .

The science that studies natural human language is called linguistics. There are two concepts in it, language and speech, which although they are closely related, but they need to learn to distinguish and it is not at all difficult. If language is a means and instrument of communication, a certain system of signs, rules and means of speaking, which unites representatives of a certain community and is a constant phenomenon for a certain time, then speech is a variable concept and depends on the state of the person who pronounces the words, on his level of education , education, etc. This is a process of communication and speech has personality traits of the person who is its carrier. You can even say that these are components of the same, quite complex phenomenon. They can even be compared with a pen and text, which have different semantic meanings.

Purpose of work - Language is not just a symbolic system that symbolically denotes objects and phenomena.

Language is also an instrument of human activity in which it performs a number of functions.

The main functions of the language include communicative, cognitive, nominative and accumulative. There are also secondary functions (for example, the aesthetic function of a language).

Tasks - consider the main functions of the Russian language .

Concept of language

The American logician and philosopher Charles Pierce, defined the sign as something like that, recognizing which we are accumulating a system of knowledge, and this has been happening for many centuries in different social environments.

The greatest contribution to the study of language as a system of signs was made by the Swiss linguist of the beginning of the last century Ferdinand de Saussure. The provisions of his theory are still being studied by linguists all over the world. He compared the language with other iconic systems, such as military signals in the navy, the alphabet for deaf people or forms of courtesy, he simply is considered an order of magnitude higher.

Scientists approached the study differently and defined the concept of the sign differently, for example, the German logician Gotlob Frege, introduced a distinction between the denotation of expression and its deep meaning, agreeing with the definition that Saussure gave to the sign. In addition to these two scholars, language problems were also dealt with: the semiotic Charles Morris, who was a follower of Charles Pierce, the English linguists Charles Ogden, Ivor Richards, who in 1923 in the book “Meaning of Meaning” presented a pictorial relation in the form of the so-called semantic triangle or triangle reference.

The function of language is determined by their importance for public life. The language performs the following functions:

Communicative function

Thought-forming function

Cognitive (epistemological) function.

Speech was also given and is given much attention by domestic and foreign linguists. The functions of speech were studied by Russian and American linguists of the beginning of the last century, Roman Osipovich Jacobson. He identified the following speech functions:

Communicative (referential) function.

Expressive (emotive) function.

Poetic (aesthetic) function.

Appeal (directive) function.

Phatic function (contact setting).

Metalanguage function.

An important means of transmitting a person’s emotional state is intonation and gestures, which in many ways bring diversity to our speech.

In his practice of teaching, the main provisions of linguistics were used by K.S. Stanislavsky, who, teaching actors, used all kinds of speech techniques and various exercises using intonation, voice, etc. .. For example, the great Russian director used an exercise in which his students had to transmit 40 messages in different forms, but uttering only one phrase , for example, “Fire, gentlemen, fire!”. After pronouncing this phrase, the students had to determine what kind of situation they were talking about. One and the same phrase, as in that joke when a child in various forms asked for money from his father “Dad, send money,” you can pronounce differently with sadness, a question, an exclamation, etc.

Sometimes a person can pronounce the form of a word, and he pronounces it several times. For example, in the novel “War and Peace,” Dolokhov gladly uttered the word “on the spot” about a killed soldier, not because he had sadistic inclinations, but because he really liked the word, its shape and sound.

Statements, remarks, disputes - we cannot imagine our life today without them. She will seem boring and monotonous. It is speech and signs that bring bright colors to our lives.

Basic language features

Communicative function

This function is due to the fact that language is a means of interpersonal communication, which allows one person to express his thoughts and transfer them to another, and to another, in turn, to understand them and react. In fact, the language arose specifically for communication, that is, communication, exchange of information. The communicative function is carried out thanks to the sign of the language.

Within a communicative function, one can distinguish an emotional function, explaining it by the fact that with the help of language one can convey feelings, desires, states. Animals that cannot pronounce words communicate precisely to convey emotions. The emotional function of our speech, of course, is more complex than that of animals. Thus, a communicative function implies the implementation of communication through communication, communication, exposure and expression of emotions, states and feelings.

Cognitive function

Cognitive function is connected with the fact that in linguistic signs there is a human consciousness. Language is an instrument of consciousness, reflecting the result of a person’s cognitive activity. The debate of linguists about what comes before, language or thinking, it seems, has never stopped. The only opinion that is unmistakable: language is inextricably linked with thinking, because we not only express our thoughts with words, but thoughts themselves are presented in the form of words; man thinks in words.

Cognitive function allows you to capture the results of thinking and use them in communication. This function helps to cognize the world and verbalize it.

Nomative function

It is known that a person thinks in categories, and in the process of cognition, he names new concepts and phenomena. Such a language function is called nominative. It is closely related to cognitive, since everything that is known should have its own name. It is also related to the ability of a linguistic sign to denote things. It was this ability that helped a person create a symbolic world. Nevertheless, in our world there are a lot of things that have no names. What is interesting to name a pin on a belt buckle? In fact, despite the absence of a name, the nominative function is implemented through the description.

Accumulative function

The accumulative function is associated with the collection and storage of information. It is no secret that language lives much longer than people, people. A vivid example is the dead languages \u200b\u200bthat survived their native speakers. Whatever the language, living or dead, it preserves the memory of entire generations, the centuries-old history of mankind. Even in the case of loss of oral tradition, one can study the ancient writings and draw certain conclusions about the past of the nation.

Recently, the process of accumulating information has accelerated, and the amount of information that people produce these days is increasing by 30% per year. Many linguists distinguish other functions of the language. Among them, for example, contact installation, aesthetic and others. If you carefully look at the additional functions, we can conclude that they are all in one way or another connected with the above. The study of the secondary functions of the language does not stop and provides very interesting data for further scientific research. It is safe to say that language and its functions will always be relevant to humans.

The difference between speech and language

The difference between speech and language is expressed in the fact that speech is an individual psychic phenomenon, while language as a system is a public phenomenon. Speech is dynamic, agile, situationally determined.

Language is a balanced system of internal relations. It is constant and stable, invariant in its basic laws. Elements of the language are organized into a system according to the formal semantic principle, and function in speech on a communicative - semantic basis. In speech, general linguistic patterns always manifest themselves specifically, situationally and contextually. Knowledge of the language system, which are formulated in the form of rules, can be acquired theoretically, while mastering a speech requires appropriate practice, as a result of which speech skills and abilities are created.

The original unit of language is the word, and the original unit of speech - sentence or phrase. For theoretical purposes of the language being studied, full knowledge of its system is important. For practical purposes in high school it is necessary to possess such a volume of language material that is sufficient for limited communicative purposes and is real for mastering it in these conditions.

Speech is the use of language in communication. The starting point of speech actions is a speech situation when a person has a need or need to perform a particular speech action. Moreover, verbal communication takes place in any specific conditions: in one place or another, with those or other participants in a communicative act. In each speech situation, this or that function of the language is realized in order to achieve the goal for which a communicative act is performed. So, speech can be characterized as follows: this phenomenon is concrete, particular, random, individual, non-systemic, variable.

Language is a specific sign system that a person uses to communicate with other people. Thanks to language, a person has a universal means of accumulating and transmitting information, and without this, the development of human society would not have been possible. The system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical means, which are an instrument of expression of thoughts, feelings, wills, which serves as the most important means of communication between people.

4 Literary language-the basis of speech culture

Literary language constitutes the highest form of national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, the media. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, science, legislation, official-business communication, everyday communication, interethnic communication, print, radio, television. Among the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role.

The main features of the literary language:

Processability (literary language is a language processed by word masters: writers, poets, scientists, public figures);

Sustainability (stability);

A must for all native speakers;

Standardization;

The presence of functional styles.

The modern concept of speech culture as a science distinguishes 3 leading aspects of speech culture:

Regulatory (compliance with applicable standards);

Ethical (compliance with certain rules of communication, ethical standards of behavior);

Communicative (culture of knowledge of different functional varieties of the language).

Oral speech and its features

Oral speech - pronounced, sounding, audible - is expressed by sounds (acoustic code). Oral speech has two forms - monological and dialogical. The monologue is a detailed statement of one person, completed in semantic terms. The psychological and pedagogical feature of monologic speech is that the listeners' reaction is guessed, gestures and facial expressions play a greater role than in a monologue. A monologue is most often a public speech addressed to a large number of people. The oratory monologue is dialogical. The speaker, as it were, talks to the audience, that is, there is a hidden dialogue. But open dialogue is possible, for example, answers to the questions of those present.

Dialogue is a direct exchange of statements between two or more interlocutors. Structurally, the dialogue consists of a replica - a stimulus and a replica - a reaction that are closely related in content to each other. Dialogic speech is the primary, natural form of communication. In everyday dialogue, partners do not care about the form and style of expression, are frank. Participants in a public dialogue take into account the presence of the audience, build speech literary. Sometimes a polylogue is distinguished - this is an exchange of statements, a conversation of several people.

Oral and written language are two equivalent ways of expressing the same content with language tools.

Oral speech is an important and necessary condition for the general linguistic culture of a business person.

"Written speech is a graphic transmission of oral speech (its sound stream) and at the same time the meaning-intonational content contained in it." (Shansky, 1988, pp. 159-165).

Oral and written speech are closely related, but each of them has a number of differences.

Knowledge of these differences, as well as knowledge of the stylistic means by which oral and written speech develops practical skills in using the wealth of the Russian language.

Oral speech is the sound design of words and depends on the speaker.

Oral speech is expressive, factors such as intonation, tone, pace play an important role in it.

In spoken language, connecting and plug-in constructions, introductory words, periphrases and rhetorical questions are widely used.

Successful speech is characterized by extralinguistic means of expressing a certain meaning: facial expressions, gestures. Oral speech includes listening (listening and understanding speech by ear) and speaking (the result of utterance, speech).

Writing uses book language, the use of which is quite strictly normalized and regulated. The order of words in the sentence is fixed, inversion (changes in the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, is unacceptable. A sentence, which is the basic unit of written language, expresses complex logical-semantic relationships through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written language is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences in paragraphs, each of them is strictly related to the previous and subsequent context.

Oral speech sounds, it uses phonetic (sound) and prosodic (Greek "prosodia" - the doctrine of the ratio of syllables in a verse - percussion and unstressed, long and short) means. The speaking person simultaneously creates both the form and the content of speech, therefore it is finite in time and cannot be corrected. Orally communicating communicants most often see each other, and direct visual contact promotes mutual understanding. Oral speech is much more active than written - we speak and listen more than we write and read. Wider and its expressive capabilities. B. Shaw on this occasion noted that "there are fifty ways to say yes and fifty ways to say no, and only one way to write."

In writing, a system of graphic means of expression is used, and it is perceived visually. The writer and the reader, as a rule, not only do not see each other, but do not represent the appearance of their communicant at all. This makes it difficult to establish contact, so the writer should strive to maximize, improve the text in order to be understood. Written speech exists indefinitely, and the reading person always has the opportunity to clarify an incomprehensible expression in the text. The written form of speech is distinguished by a preliminary pondering of statements, editorial processing of the text, which the author himself can perform. This determines the accuracy and correctness of the written form of speech.

The differences between spoken and written speech are often reduced to means of expression. spoken language is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbal, it uses a certain amount of “its” language means, it is tied to the colloquial style. A letter uses alphabetic, graphic designations, more often a book language with all its styles and features, standardization and formal organization. Written speech in the process of using which the interlocutor is absent (paperwork), requires the maximum completeness of language tools.

A prerequisite is the ability to freely combine sentences in the sequence necessary for disclosing the content. In written speech there should be no constructions that could cause a misunderstanding of one or another thought. In addition, when writing, you must rely on the laws of syntax of a coherent text.

However, despite significant differences, there is a direct connection and interdependence between oral and written speech. Both oral and written speech are a means of communication, both forms of the language use the same dictionary, the same ways of connecting words and phrases.

RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF PEOPLE'S FRIENDSHIP

RUDN Branch in Perm

Faculty: LEGAL

Discipline: RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE

CONTROL WORK No. 2

1. Why is dialogue prevailing in oral speech, and a monologue in writing

. What types of speech exist

. What is the use of stable phrases related to

. Why, unlike spoken language, written language is more standardized

. Identify the use of the following language tools in terms of speaking or writing

List of references

oral writing

1. Why is dialogue prevailing in oral speech, and a monologue in writing

Depending on how the speaker uses the language, there are two forms: oral and written. Let's consider them in comparison.

Oral form

1. Primary to the written. Initially, the sound - the most natural form of the existence of a language - was the only one. The language was only spoken. And still, according to the degree of use, spoken language clearly prevails.

Oral speech has the means of sound expressiveness: tempo and timbre, pauses, logical stresses, sound power. In addition, it can be accompanied by gestures, facial expressions.

Orthoepic requirements are presented for oral speech (correct pronunciation of sounds, emphasis).

Writing

Writing is secondary. She appeared because of the need to transmit speech at a distance and keep it for long times. At first it was only a way of transmitting oral speech, but then it turned out that the difference between them was so great that they spoke of special, written speech.

Written language is more strict, complex in form, more complete and logical in content, in it literary norms are observed. It has a stricter choice of words, harder sentences.

Writing is unusual, therefore it is less expressive (to some extent, these shortcomings are compensated for by the use of punctuation, italics, petite, type marks, etc.).

Spelling and punctuation requirements are presented for written language.

Currently, there is an interaction between oral and written forms of speech: oral speech is often based on written. Reports, speeches, sound letters, etc., are initially written and then voiced, so such spoken language has many written features: preparedness, completeness and correctness, but at the same time it retains such oral advantages as sound expressiveness, facial expressions and gestures .

Speech also exists in the form of a monologue or dialogue.

A monologue is the speech of one person addressed to many listeners (less often than one). This is a detailed type of speech, usually prepared in advance. It has a certain purpose and composition, has a relative completeness (report, lecture, speech at a meeting, etc.).

The monologue is little dependent on the situation, on the conditions; it is usually not supported and not guided by questions from the audience.

A dialogue is a conversation of two or more persons. It is associated with the environment in which the speech takes place. Each new remark in the dialogue is based on the previous ones. An important role in dialogue is played by gestures, facial expressions, references to surrounding objects, appeals, interjections, onomatopoeic words, intonation.

This is predetermined by the address of oral speech. She is addressed to the interlocutor. Questions and answers alternate. The dialogical form of communication is an excellent means for communication, the establishment of communicative relationships.

Dialogue can go on the level of scientific dispute and everyday everyday communication.

Dialogue makes speech lively, interesting, involves the manifestation of impromptu thoughts and feelings.

The monologue can be in oral and written speech. (Monologues in works of art performed by artists, teacher's lectures are lengthy (lengthy) statements by one person aloud.

There is no doubt that the format of the monologue is a letter.

Monologous speech is tiring for listeners. Experienced lecturers introduce rhetorical questions into it, which they themselves answer.

As a rule, in the process of communication, all this is closely intertwined: monologue and dialogue.

Most of today's TV shows are based on dialogue as a form of active resolution of the problems posed by the listeners themselves.

What types of speech exist

A speech delivered aloud can be called an external speech. But we have already said that we use speech and to ourselves when we think. This speech is called internal. External speech is spoken and written.

Oral speech can be monological and dialogical.

Monological speech, as its name shows, is the speech of one person. She is usually addressed to other people, listeners (in the form of lectures, a report, a story, a speech at a meeting, etc.), but can be pronounced aloud for herself, in the absence of listeners. When monologic speech is addressed to listeners, it should be understood by them. Therefore, a person who addresses others needs to reckon with how his speech is perceived.

A teacher’s presentation in a lesson can also take the form of a monologue. It must be said that in the elementary grades one should not abuse the monological form of speech. Younger schoolchildren perceive, understand, and absorb much better what is communicated to them in the process of lively conversation than what is presented in the form of a lecture.

Dialogue is the conversation of two or more persons. The statements of each speaker are usually alternated and are not as long as in monologic speech. Sometimes dialogical speech takes the form of a dispute, a dispute, during which a question can be clarified.

Special requirements are imposed on written language. The reader, as a rule, gets acquainted with the content of speech in the absence of the author, so it should be especially clear, understandable, accurate.

In addition, written speech excludes the possibility of using appropriate intonation, facial expressions, gestures to help make speech more clear. In this regard, writing is more difficult.

If spoken language can be more abbreviated, since the listener always has the opportunity to find out what is not clear from the interlocutor, then written speech must be structured so that it is complete, expanded. Oral and written speech makes various demands on a person. Some people know how to speak well, but write poorly, while others express their thoughts well in writing, but their spoken language suffers from defects (especially if you have to speak in public, in front of an audience).

All these types of speech are included in the concept of active speech. But there is passive speech, when a person does not have to speak (and not write), but only listen. Passive speech includes the perception and understanding of another's speech. For this, it is necessary to understand the language means (sounds, words, their combinations) and those thoughts that are expressed by these means.

3. What is the use of stable phrases related to

Many problems that exist in modern Russian phraseology are explained, on the one hand, by the complexity of the subject of the study, its versatility and diversity, the fuzziness and ambiguity of the boundaries of its units, etc., on the other hand, the history of the study of stable phrases, the history of the use of basic terms in this area: phraseological unit, phraseology, idiom, idiomatics, stable collocation, stability and some others. "Fluctuation, uncertainty and diversity in understanding the object of phraseological research are associated with such an intricate terminology that is probably not in any section of linguistics"

In the broadest sense, phraseology is understood as everything that has one degree or another of stability, reproducibility and / or the property of graphic and figurative. In this case, phraseological units of the language include both idioms proper (see below), as well as sayings, proverbs, aphorisms of writers, stable expression formulas (cliches, cliches), scientific and terminological turns, production and technical expressions, etc., and even single words with a vivid metaphorical meaning.

So, for example, A. A. Reformatsky, and having put forward as their main criterion for phraseological units their intolerance to other languages, he divided all the words into terms and idioms. The term, in his opinion, is abstract, unambiguous, international, logical and systematic.

The idiom is concrete, often ambiguous, individual (belongs only to this language), sometimes illogical, but expressive.

The composition of the idiom in this sense is very broad and includes all the expressive means of the language: phrases and individual words (for example, the word hare in the meaning "stowaway"). By phraseology, we mean words and phrases specific to the speech of various groups of the population: social, professional, territorial - for one or another literary direction, the language of an individual author, etc. Therefore, physicians have their own phraseology, and trade workers have their own , special expressions are found in the speeches of philistines and townsfolk, workers and collective farmers, there are words and phrases specific to romanticism, realism, classicism, etc., as well as to Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky, etc. Thus, term phraseologist I'm moving closer to the notion of "specific manner, mode of expression, saying"

Equally broadly, although somewhat differently, he understood phraseology and L.A. Bulakhovsky, for whom the main criterion in her definition was also the criterion of untranslability, "peculiar expressions of certain languages \u200b\u200binto other languages." L. A. Bulakhovsky attributed everything to the idiomatics of the language that we now call phraseological unions, unities and combinations (headlong, getting caught, a bosom friend, etc. about them - below), and phraseology - a running quote, proverbs, sayings, etc.

Works A.A. Reformed and L.A. Bulakhovsky mainly reflects the traditional understanding and use of the terms "idiom" and "phraseology", sometimes still encountered in the speech of people (among them linguists) of the older generation. But already at the end of the 40s of our century V.V. Vinogradov (following the representatives of the “Swiss school” Albert Sesche and Charles Balli - 1921) introduced a number of works in very significant adjustments to the understanding of phraseology, significantly narrowed and more specifically outlined subject of phraseological research. In his articles, V.V. Vinogradov, proceeding from the "semantic analysis of unfree phraseological groups" exclusively in a synchronous plan, proposes "to more clearly distinguish their main types and determine their semantic foundations." In other words, the structural-semantic principle of the classification of unfree phrases by the degree of their semantic cohesion is advanced.

The following types of stable phrases are distinguished:

Phraseological adhesions. This is a “type of phrases that are indecomposable, the meaning of which is completely independent of their lexical composition, the meanings of their components, and is just as conditional and derivative as the meaning of the unmotivated word-sign“ The main sign of fusion is “its semantic indivisibility, the absolute irreducibility of the meaning of the whole” from the meanings its components: kuz'kina mother, eat a dog (in anything), etc.

The indecomposability of adhesions is due to the following reasons:

a) the presence in them of uncommon, extinct, and, therefore, completely incomprehensible words: the devil’s on the Easter cakes, get into a mess;

b) the presence of grammatical archaisms: summing up nothing, was not, and all was short!

c) expressive individualization: what good, here you are,

d) the complete indifference of the lexical meanings of the components for understanding the whole: to sit on beans, not to douche the soul (in the room), etc.

Phraseological unity. Them V.V. Vinogradov gives the following characteristic: "If at least weak signs of semantic separation of components are preserved in a close phraseological group, if there is at least a dull hint of motivation for general meaning, then it’s already difficult to talk about fusion." In these groups "the meaning of the whole is connected with an understanding of the inner figurative core phrases, the potential meaning of words, many tightly knit phraseological groups are easily deciphered as figurative expressions, "the main sign of phraseological unity is figurativeness: hold a stone in the bosom, take litter out of the hut, go with the flow, etc.

Phraseological combinations. They are formed by “stable phraseological groups in which the meanings of the component words are distinguished much more clearly and sharply, but remain not free,” that is, phrases that include a word with a phraseologically connected (limited) meaning. “Phraseological groups formed by the implementation of proprietary, related meanings of words make up the most numerous and semantically weighty category of stable combinations of words in Russian” Thus, the main feature of a phraseological combination is the phraseologically related meaning of one of its component words and free meanings of others: delicate the question is to overtake with malice, etc.

From the proposed V.V. Vinogradov’s classification shows that he includes language units in the phraseology “that arise as a result of the specific semantic development of lexical means in certain syntactic and stylistic conditions.” ... “proverbs, sayings,“ winged words ”, various sayings, etc. . stand outside the phenomena considered by academician V.V. Vinogradov as phraseological "

Subsequently, the classification of stable phrases according to the degree of their semantic cohesion was somewhat expanded by N.M. Shansky, who introduced another category into it:

Phraseological expressions. Phraseological expressions N.M. Shansky contrasts all phraseological turns (mergers, unities and combinations) and includes in them phraseological units that are stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically articulated, but also consist entirely of words with free meanings, the main (and only) sign of phraseological expressions , bringing them closer to phraseological turns, is a sign of reproducibility, their non-creation in the stream of speech.

In their structure, phraseological expressions are divided into two types:

a) phraseological expressions of a communicative nature: Long live the sun! May darkness be hidden! (Pushkin); Finished business - walk boldly - proverbs, sayings, winged expressions, popular quotes, etc .;

b) of a nominative nature: higher education institution, arsonists of war, atomic energy - compound terms, cliches, cliches, etc.

A significant influence on the further development of the doctrine of the phraseology of the Russian language had an article by B.A. Larina "Essays on phraseology. On the systematization and research methods of phraseology", first published in 1956

B.A. Larin believed that "a significant drawback of the classifications proposed so far is their restriction by the material of the modern - and moreover, almost exclusively literary language", and insisted on the need to study the causes of phraseology, on the historical principle of classification: "It is hardly possible to dispute the thesis that everything is indecomposable phrases (idioms, phraseological accretions) were the result of a series of deformations of the verbal expression of thought, which was once quite clear, unambiguous and concrete, meeting the norm living language and grammatical structure, and lexical composition, and semantic content "

On the examples of analysis of specific verbal material of the Russian language of the ХУI - ХIХ centuries. B.A. Larin vividly showed "how the idiomatics of the language crystallize. The initial speech turns out to be free speech, complete in composition, normal in grammatical structure, direct in meaning. Semantic renewal usually occurs due to more and more free, figurative use: from a concrete value to an abstract, from a particular case to generalization. A new metaphorical meaning has a tendency to cohesion, to some simplification "

So, for example, “to find out all the ins and outs” was a common phraseological union of the 19th century with the meaning of “to find out all intimate details, all personal secrets.” “It dates back to the Middle Ages, to the era of cruel torture in the dungeons of Moscow Russia. Until the ХУШ century, while hammering knitting needles, red-hot needles under the nails was well and widely known as ordinary torture during interrogation, the formula of that time: to recognize all the ins and outs (truth) was completely decomposable and concrete in meaning, it became idiomatic, semantically indecomposable from the moment when it loses its real meaning and becomes metaphorical "

However, "phraseological phrases include not only idioms (phraseological mergers by VV Vinogradov - G.M.), but also unity of varying degrees of cohesion. Therefore, in modern language such holistic phrases may arise. During the XIX - XX centuries. one can observe the transition from quite fluid (“free”) to stable phrases, some of which may possibly turn into idioms over time. Transitional types from simple expressions with a direct and specific meaning to phraseological stereotypes arise even now. In other words, a language constantly moves, moving free phrases in the direction, in the direction of idiomatics (phraseological conjunctions). Therefore, if we take the language, so to speak, in its synchronous section, at one of the moments of its historical development, we will inevitably find in it phrases that are at different levels, at different points of the path from free to idiomatic.

Particular difficulties include the use of stable phrases, phraseological units. There are various cases of modification, destruction of phraseologisms (cf. so far the point is the case instead of the court and the case, playing the main violin instead of playing the first violin, wasting nerves instead of spoiling the nerves, in the majority instead of in most cases or for the most part, etc.) , their contamination, that is, the unlawful combination of two close in value combinations in one combination (for example, to play a role - to play a role and make a difference, spend nerves - from waste strength and rub nerves, etc.).

Why, unlike spoken language, written language is more standardized

The information function of writing determines the style-forming features: accuracy, consistency, formality, standardization. In order to prepare written communications, it defines the standardization of the language of the newspaper. In the book “Russian language on a newspaper page” Kostomarov V.G. V.G. Kostomarov showed that it is the standardization of speech that provides speed in the preparation of information. Moreover, the use of linguistic standards not only saves the reporter’s efforts, helping him to quickly respond to events, but also makes it easier for readers to quickly absorb new information: looking through a publication, you can easily grasp its main meaning if it is presented in simple, familiar expressions.

Written speech prevails over oral speech in that it is officially business and stamps are affixed on it.

5. Identify the use of the following language tools in terms of oral or written language

Verbs: fight, participate, influence, observe, compare, be interested.

Nominal phrases: to fight, to take part, to influence, to make comparisons, to show interest, to observe.

Participation: using facts, comparing events, managing the economy, familiarizing yourself with the results.

Verbal phrases: use facts, compare events, manage the economy, get acquainted with the results.

Make sentences with these words and phrases typical of oral and written speech.

Sentences with verbs: fight, participate, influence, observe, compare, be interested.

Fight and seek, find and not give up (art style).

Three boxers (conversational) came out to fight for the national championship.

The whole class agreed to participate in the cross-country skiing (oral speech)

First of all, superpowers, who are able to assert their power (scientific), take part in the redivision of the world.

First of all, the mother should influence the formation of the personality of the child (oral speech).

Influencing a future adversary is necessary through diplomatic means (written language).

Observe, compare, analyze the phenomena of nature is necessary to identify patterns of their development, scientific conclusions.

I do not get tired of watching the growing roses: it is so beautiful (conversational).

It is very interesting to compare the answer of a task with the results of a computer.

Comparing the results of negotiations, taking new steps towards a peaceful existence is the duty of the leader of all countries (scientific).

To be interested in dancing and sports is typical for young people (conversational).

To be interested in the past of mankind is to try to understand the scientific picture of the world, to comprehend the laws of its development (scientific).

Examples of the use of words and phrases in business speech, in colloquial speech.

The struggle for the purity of the Russian language is the duty of every dictionary. (Business style).

The concert was attended by local artists (conversational style).

Light has an effect on plant growth.

A comparison of the results obtained is necessary for the material of the analytical reference (scientific).

To understand a person, one must show interest not only in appearance, but in his inner world (conversational and business).

Conducting surveillance of the enemy was prevented by a dense forest (conversational).

Suggestions with participles: using facts, comparing events, managing the economy, familiarizing yourself with the results.

Using the facts of recent days, the commission concluded that preventive law enforcement (business) is necessary.

Comparing the events in December and January, we were convinced that the situation had stabilized. (business).

By managing the economy, it is possible to achieve a rapid increase in the country's well-being (colloquial speech).

To get acquainted with the results of the inspection, the school administration issued an order to eliminate the shortcomings of educational and educational work (written language).

List of references

1.Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. - M .: Logos, 2001.

2.Krylova O.A., Maksimov L.Yu., Shiryaev E.N. Modern Russian language: Theoretical course. M., 2005.

.Edited by prof. V.I.Maksimova - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. - Moscow. Gardariki, 2002.

.Modern Russian language. Volgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Textbook for high schools. Publisher: Logos, 2006 with the requirements right now to find out the cost and possibility of writing.