When Russia was freed from the Mongol Tatars. Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia. Reference. Conquering the remnants of the Horde

The date of the liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is traditionally considered to be the year 1480 and this event is associated with the Standing on the Ugra. However, in reality, everything was much more complicated. The struggle of the Russian people against the conquerors, which began already in the middle of the 13th century, gave its results: during the 13th-15th centuries, the forms of dependence of Russia on the Horde gradually changed in the direction of weakening, and in the 15th century this dependence was reduced mainly to the payment of tribute, while, in At the end of the 14th and in the 15th centuries there were long periods of time when no tribute was paid at all and Muscovite Rus was in fact an independent state. In addition, the data of sources at our disposal allow us to assert that the cessation of tributary dependence, and hence the liberation of Russia, occurred somewhat earlier than 1480.

In the first century of the yoke, the struggle against the Tatar-Mongols took place in the form of popular uprisings and individual cases of armed opposition to the Horde by the princes. However, in the context of the overwhelming military superiority of the Tatar-Mongol and the lack of unity of the Russian principalities, such performances, even if they ended successfully (for example, the uprising of 1262 or the defeat of the Tatar detachment by Dmitry Pereyaslavsky in 1285), could not lead to liberation, and even such goals our princes, apparently, did not put before themselves, the cases of armed rebuff to the Tatars, with rare exceptions, were associated with princely civil strife. Nevertheless, already at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, significant results were achieved, the situation began to change: by the end of the 13th century, the collection of tribute passed to the Russian princes, the Baskaks disappeared. In the last quarter of the 14th century, a radical change occurred in relations between Russia and the Horde, the national liberation struggle of Russia against the Mongols-Tatars, in contrast to the previous period, took on an organized character and was aimed at complete liberation from foreign domination. The strengthening of the Moscow principality and a favorable foreign policy situation associated with long-term civil strife in the Horde allowed Moscow to refuse to pay tribute in 1374, a series of battles with the Horde took place in 1377-1378, and finally, in 1380, the Russian people won the Great Victory on the Kulikovo field. And even despite the fact that in 1383 Moscow, in connection with the invasion of Tokhtamysh and the transition to the side of the Horde of neighboring principalities, was forced to temporarily resume the payment of tribute, the significance and results of the Kulikovo Victory and the struggle that preceded it were enormous: the most severe forms of dependencies of Russia, associated with the approval of the power of the Russian princes by khan's labels, the great reign was established for the Moscow princes, i.e. in fact, the yoke was reduced mainly to the irregular payment of tribute. In addition, tributary dependence was restored for a fairly short period, until 1395, when, taking advantage of the defeat of the Horde by Tamerlane, the Moscow principality again stopped paying "exit" and even took offensive actions against the Horde, so in 1399 the Moscow troops made a successful campaign on the lands, were part of the Golden Horde. Thus, Muscovite Rus entered the 15th century as an independent state, completely free from Horde domination.
Naturally, the Horde could not come to terms with the loss of power over Russia, and in 1408 the Horde ruler Yedigei launched a large-scale invasion, but failed. Despite the significant damage caused by the ruin of a number of cities in the Moscow principality, Edigey failed to take the capital and force Vasily I to resume paying tribute. From the message sent by Edigey to Vasily the following year, one can get information about the relationship between Russia and the Horde at the beginning of the 15th century: the trips of the Grand Duke to the Horde are stopped: “So Temir-Koutlui sat on the kingdom, the oulous sovereign repented, so from those places the king was not in the horde, you did not know the king, neither the princes, nor the oldest boyars, nor the lesser ones, nor did you send him. So this kingdom passed away, and then Shadibik reigned for 8 years: oh, you have never been like that, you haven’t sent a son or a brother with anyone with a word. The kingdom of Shadibikov has been so minoulo, and now Boulat has sat on the kingdom, for the third year to reign: you have never been the same, neither son nor brother and the oldest boyar "(Novgorod IV chronicle. PSRL. T. 4 http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_04.shtml),; at the same time, sometimes Moscow even tried to use the horde for its foreign policy purposes, for example, in the period 1404-1407, Moscow, promising to resume the payment of tribute, but in reality without paying it ( “And how do you send complaints and letters of complaint to us every now and then, and how much do you say that “the oulous is exhausted, and there’s nothing to get out of”? Ino we did not know your oulous before, but we heard only; and that your orders or your letters to us, then you lied to us all; and what did you have in your dzhava from every oulus with two ruble, and where is the silver to go?”(Novgorod IV chronicle. PSRL. T. 4), used (in 1407) mercenary Tatar detachments to fight Lithuania. However, in 1412, Vasily Dmitrievich made a trip to the Horde, accompanied by the payment of tribute. The reason for the change in Moscow's policy was the unfavorable political situation. Shortly after the invasion of Moscow, Edigei, having not achieved his goals by military means, restores the independence of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, which was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1410, Nizhny Novgorod and Tatars sacked Vladimir. Military operations against the princes of Nizhny Novgorod, undertaken the following year, were not successful, the Moscow army was defeated. The need to return the Nizhny Novgorod land under the rule of Moscow was the reason for the resumption of relations with the Horde. Nevertheless, there was no return to the times of the XIII-XIV centuries: the great reign remained with the Moscow princes, in foreign policy issues Moscow acted quite independently, while showing open disobedience to the will of the khan, for example, not having achieved the return of Nizhny Novgorod during its trip to the Horde , Vasily I in 1414 nevertheless restores control over the Nizhny Novgorod land, by force removing the Nizhny Novgorod prince from power, despite the fact that the latter received the khan's label.
There is no exact data on how regularly tribute was paid after 1412. An indirect confirmation of the fact that Moscow Rus, at least in the second half of the 20s and until the beginning of the 30s of the XV century. did not pay the "exit" may be Tatar raids on Galich and Kostroma in 1429 and a campaign against the Horde of Moscow troops in 1431. Although it is possible that these attacks of the Tatars could be ordinary predatory raids carried out without the sanction of the khan, while about some or invasions like Edigeev or Tokhtamyshev, which were undertaken by the Tatars in the event of Moscow's refusal to pay tribute, the sources do not report. But on the other hand, it is also possible that due to the almost constant Horde strife, the khans simply did not have the opportunity to organize a large-scale invasion, and it is likely that in 1413-1430, tribute was either not paid at all, or paid rarely and irregularly .
It is only known for certain that the payment of tribute resumed after 1431, when the son and brother of Vasily I, Vasily II Vasilyevich and Yuri Dmitrievich, vying for the grand prince's throne, in an effort to win over the khan, visited the Horde, and continued in the 30-50s XV century, despite the collapse of a single Horde state. In the 1930s, civil strife once again resumed in the Horde, which ultimately led to its collapse: the independent Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Said-Ahmad Horde, and the Siberian Khanate were formed. The largest state formation - the "legal successor" of the former Golden Horde, becomes the Great Horde. Thus, as during the “great zamyatna” of the 14th century, quite real prerequisites were created for the complete liberation of Russia from the remnants of the Horde dependence, but this did not happen, the reason for which was the many years of civil strife in the Moscow principality, called the “feudal war”. Only united Russia was able to successfully resist the horde, but in the absence of unity and internecine war, dependence on the Horde continued to persist. As for the trip in 1431-1432 to the Horde of Vasily II and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich and the dispute between them about the label, at first glance it may seem that it is no different from the trips of Russian princes to the horde of the XIII-XIV centuries, but unlike those times when the princes were obliged to appear in the Horde at the request of the khan, the reason for visiting the horde in 1431-1432 was not the will of the Horde ruler, but the initiative of the warring princes themselves, each of whom, in the conditions of a struggle for power, expected to find an ally in the person of the khan. As you know, Yuri Dmitrievich failed to achieve a great reign with the help of the Tatars, Khan Ulu-Mohammed preferred to give the label to Vasily II. Nevertheless, no one considered the will of the Khan for a long time, so immediately upon returning to Russia, Vasily II violates the Khan's order and takes away from Yuri the city of Dmitrov, given by the Khan to Yuri, and Yuri himself in 1433 overthrows Vasily. Thus, even during the feudal war, the situation continues in which the dependence of Russia on the Horde was expressed solely in the payment of tribute. In addition, in the 40s, in connection with the collapse of the Horde, Muscovite Russia had to deal with several Tatar hordes, paying tribute to some khans and repelling the raids of others. After the overthrow of Ulu-Muhamed, tribute was paid to the Big Horde of Kichi-Muhamed, as a result of the defeat in 1445 from the founder of an independent khanate Ulu-Muhamed and the capture of Vasily II, the latter was forced to pay tribute to the Kazan Khan, but dependence on Kazan did not last long: under 1447 there were information about the payment of the "exit" to Said-Ahmad, and under 1448 about the repulse of the invasion of the Kazan Tatars on Vladimir and Mur, in the same 1448, tributary relations with the horde of Said-Ahmad ended, while the latter repeatedly (in 1449, 1451, 1454, 1455, 1459) undertook attacks on the Moscow principality, which were successfully repelled by Russian troops. Armed clashes in 1448-1459 with the hordes of Ulu-Mukhamed and Said-Ahmad are evidence of the absence of tributary relations with these state formations. However, based on this, it is not necessary to draw a conclusion about the end of the Horde yoke. The fact is that the sources do not mention any military clashes with the Great Horde of Kichi-Mukhamed, in connection with which it can be argued that tribute was paid in the period from 1448 to 1459 to the Great Horde.
However, the situation is changing in the next decade. In 1459, the Russian troops inflicted a defeat on the Said-Akhmadova horde, soon the state itself, who was captured by the Lithuanian and Said-Akhmad died there, soon ceases to exist, and under the year 1460, the annals report an attack on Ryazan already by the Great Horde troops. It should be borne in mind that starting from 1456, the Ryazan principality, formally continuing to remain an independent grand principality, was actually annexed to Moscow, the young Ryazan prince was in Moscow, and Ryazan itself was ruled by Moscow governors. So the attack on Ryazan was a hostile action in relation to the Moscow principality. In this regard, it can be assumed that in 1459, after eliminating the danger from Said-Ahmad, Vasily the Dark broke off relations with Kichi-Mukhamed, which was the reason for the Tatars' campaign against Ryazan. However, another explanation of this event is also possible: it is known that after the death of Kichi-Mukhamed, his two sons Mahmud, who was the khan during the invasion of Ryazan, and Akhmat (the same “hero” of standing on the Ugra) remained. In the annals, the khan who led the campaign against Ryazan is called in one case "Akhmut", and in another - Mehmet", i.e. it is not clear who was the organizer of this invasion: if Mahmud, who was Khan at that time, then in this case the reason for the invasion could well be Moscow’s refusal to pay tribute, but if it was Akhmat’s raid not authorized by the khan, then talk about the termination of payment of tribute in 1459-1460. prematurely. Thus, the question of whether tribute was paid at the end of the reign of Vasily II the Dark remains open. But already from the beginning of the independent reign of Ivan III, one can confidently assert the termination of tributary relations, as evidenced by the failed invasion of 1465: “The same summer, the godless Tsar Mahmut went to the Russian land with the entire Horde and was on the Don. By the mercy of God and His most pure Mother, King Azigireus came to him and beat him and took the Horde. And we began to fight between ourselves, and so God deliver the Russian land from the filthy ones ”(Nikon chronicle. PSRL. T. 12, pp. 116-117 http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_12.shtml)
At the same time, this chronicle message contains an important detail about the fact that the khan went to Russia “with the whole horde”, from which it becomes clear that this was not just a raid, but a general Horde large-scale action, the reasons for which were nothing more than the non-payment of the “exit ' cannot be explained. Then the Tatars failed to carry out their plans, the Greater Horde army was subjected to a sudden attack by the Crimeans and defeated, and Mahmud was soon overthrown by Akhmat. And although there were no major Horde invasions until the end of the 60s, nevertheless, the danger from the Great Horde remained: in 1468. there were Tatar attacks on the southern outskirts of Russia, therefore, in the second half of the 60s, tribute was not paid, and Russia was at war with the Horde. However, there is information about the resumption of tributary relations in the early 70s. The Vologda-Perm chronicle, when describing the Standing on the Ugra, explaining the reasons for the campaign of Akhmat in 1480, provides important information that allows us to establish the date of the final cessation of tribute payments: “Ivan’s yaz came, dividing, but for his lies that he doesn’t come to me, but he doesn’t hit me with his forehead, and THE NINTH YEAR DOES NOT GIVE ME OUT”(Vologda-Perm chronicle. PSRL. T. 26. http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_26.shtml).
Consequently, in 1470-1471, after a long break, the tribute was again paid. What caused such an unexpected decision of Ivan III. The answer lies in the difficult situation connected with the relations of Muscovite Russia with Novgorod and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. From the annals it is known that in 1470 a Lithuanian ambassador arrived to Akhmat with a proposal for a joint Lithuanian-Tatar campaign against Russia. In addition, it was at this time that important events took place in Novgorod, which eventually led to the Battle of Shelon and the subordination of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow Russia. Considering that the threat of the attacks of the Tatars and the joint Lithuanian-Tatar invasion was quite real, it can be assumed that Ivan III preferred not to risk it, and decided to pay tribute, thereby protecting Russia from a possible attack, since the invasion of the Tatars, at a time when the main military forces of Muscovite Russia were involved in the Novgorod campaign, which created a serious danger for the Moscow principality. Indirect confirmation of this is the chronicle report about the presence of the Russian ambassador Grigory Volnin at Akhmat in 1472, whose tasks probably included the delivery of tribute to the Horde, as well as an attempt to disrupt the plans of the Lithuanian-Tatar campaign against Russia. In fact, this tribute payment had little in common with the usual practice of tributary relations between Russia and the Horde, in fact, being a diplomatic move in order to prevent the invasion of the Horde at an unfavorable time for Moscow. And as subsequent events showed, Ivan III managed to achieve his goals: in 1471, during the war with Novgorod, when the military-political situation favored the Tatars, the invasion did not take place most likely as a result of the timely paid "exit".
However, to avoid the invasion still failed. Considering that since the beginning of the reign of Ivan III, Russia had stopped paying tribute, and was a completely independent state, the Horde understood that it was possible to restore long-lost power over Russia only as a result of a decisive military defeat to Moscow. And in 1472, the second, after 1465, large-scale invasion of the Great Horde followed. From July 29 to August 1, the confrontation lasted, thanks to the courage of the defenders of Aleksin, who died but did not surrender, the soldiers of the governor Peter Chelyadnin and Semyon Beklemishev, princes Vasily Mikhailovich Vereisky and brother Ivan III Yuri Vasilyevich, who stopped the onslaught of superior forces of the Horde at the Oka crossing, and timely the concentration of the main Russian forces that reliably covered the Oka line, the invasion of Akhmat ended in complete failure. “For this reason, the packs of the Tatars went along the shore to the shore to Otse with a lot of force and rushed all into the river, who wanted to go to our side, since there was no army in that place, bring our own bysh to a deserted place. But only Pyotr Fedorovich and Semyon Beklemishev stood here with small big people, and Tatars wandered over to them. They began to shoot with them and fought a lot with them, they already had few arrows, and they thought to run away. And at that time, Prince Vasilei Mikhailovich came to them with his regiment, and half a dozen of Prince Yuryeva Vasilyevich arrived at the same time; at the same hour, Prince Yury himself came after them, and so began to defeat the Christian Tatars.(Simeonov Chronicle. PSRL vol. 18, p. 242) http://psrl.csu.ru/toms/Tom_18.shtml Russia won not only a military but also a political victory: it was from 1472 that the payment of tribute finally stopped, therefore, then, in 1472, and not in 1480, and the final liberation of Russia from the Horde dependence took place. As for the famous "standing on the Ugra", it was just an attempt by Akhmat to restore the already overthrown yoke. Not having achieved in 1474-1476. diplomatically through his goals, in 1480 Akhmat, who by this time had managed to temporarily subdue the Uzbek and Astrakhan khanates, organized a new invasion, which was the last attempt of the Great Horde to regain the long-lost power over Russia, but as you know, it ended in nothing.
The process of liberation from the Tatar-Mongol domination was long and went through several stages. The “first liberation” took place already in 1374 during the “reconciliation with Mamai”, and although in 1383 tributary relations with the Horde were temporarily resumed, in 1395 the independence of Muscovite Russia was restored for a rather long period, until 1412. In fact, the period of the late XIV - early XV was a turning point in the national liberation struggle of the Russian people, which resulted in liberation from the most severe forms of dependence associated with the complete control of the Horde of the internal political life of Russia, and the final liberation from the yoke, expressed in the XV century in mainly in the payment of tribute, it became only a matter of time. A long civil strife within the Moscow principality postponed the moment of liberation, but after its termination, Moscow again in 1462 (and possibly in 1459) stops paying tribute. The last time the tribute was paid was in 1470-1471, and in 1472 Russia was finally freed from the remnants of the Horde dependence.

The liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke historians call the process of overcoming the Horde dominion by the Russian people, which lasted in Russia from 1240 to 1480.

Most of the lands of the Russian principalities, which became completely dependent on the Golden Horde and the Mongol Empire in the middle of the thirteenth century, were annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, thus breaking the political dependence of these lands on the Horde (but there are facts indicating a temporary resumption of the tributary Horde dependence of the South Russian lands in the second half of the fourteenth century, being part of Lithuania). The most impressive success, researchers tend to consider the battle against the Horde at Blue Waters, which was led in 1362 by the great Lithuanian prince Olgerd Gediminovich during the period of the “great memorial”, that is, the struggle for the right to power in the Horde (after the death of Khan Berdibek).

Having defeated the Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow and Vladimir was able to transfer (for the first time in one hundred and forty years) to his offspring Vasily the reign without a khan's label.

in 1472 Ivan the Third refuses to pay tribute to the Horde, having entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray. And in 1476, Ivan refused to appear in the Horde in order to receive from her a label for a great reign, thus refusing to submit to the Horde Khan. In the summer of 1480, Akhmat, with the support of Casimir the Fourth, went on a campaign against Russia. The main Russian military forces met with the Horde army on the Ugra River, which is a tributary of the Oka. And not daring to enter into a big battle, Akhmat leads away his warriors. The retreating army of Akhmat plundered a dozen volosts located on the right bank of the Oka, including Kozelsk, which was subordinate to Kazimir, but after learning that Ivan the Third was pursuing him, he returned to the steppes. A year later (January 6, 1481) he was killed by the Tyumn Khan Ibak.

Thus, the Russian land was freed from the Mughal-Tatar domination, which lasted two hundred and forty years.

Since the Horde army was eliminated without a military campaign or a major battle, the events of the autumn of 1480, researchers and historians are accustomed to call "standing on the Ugra". Some time later (around the beginning of the sixteenth century) the Golden Horde ceased to exist altogether.

For several centuries, Russian lands paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Princes from generation to generation went to the Horde to pay give, exchange hostages and take labels for reigning. The liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke took place in 1480. This date was a turning point in the history of our state.

Mongol-Tatar yoke

The occupation of the entire northeastern region of Russian territory was beyond the power of the Golden Horde. But the invaders needed these lands as a permanent reliable source of tribute. The Tatars did not have garrisons on Russian territory, they did not establish their permanent power. But, despite the annual monetary offerings, the Tatar-Mongols did not at all guarantee the protection of the principalities. The borders of Russia were constantly invaded by Swedish and Lithuanian troops. From within, the country was torn apart by contradictions and civil strife. The invaders understood that a fragmented state would not be able to give them a worthy rebuff, so they carefully incited hatred between neighboring principalities.

Ivan Kalita

In 1327, the only uprising of the people against the Horde yoke took place. Russia fearfully awaited a new punitive raid. At this moment, Ivan Kalita appears on the political horizon. Unable to retreat before the Tatar-Mongols, he decides on the only right way out, from his point of view - to lead the army of the Golden Horde against Moscow's old enemy - the Tver principality.

For this, Kalita received a label from the Horde Khan and became. Thus, the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke did not take place.

The Age of Strength

In the end, Moscow rose above other cities and became the center of the lands of South-Eastern Russia. Prince Ivan Kalita did a lot to strengthen the city and to ensure that hordes of Horde robbers no longer appeared on Russian lands. His policy was successfully continued by Simeon the Proud. In 1346 he reached a reconciliation with Tver and even married one of the daughters of Prince Vsevolod of Tver. Thus gradually began the reconciliation of the Russian princes.

The second memorable date in the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke was 1362. At this time, the khan gave a label for the great reign to the nephew of Simeon the Proud - Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. In the same year, the name Mamai appeared in Russian chronicles. No one could then admit that after many years they would have to meet, and this battle would be one of the greatest battles of the Middle Ages. Donskoy brought closer the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke. Mamai defended the state once created by Batu. The question was as follows: will Dmitry Ivanovich have time to collect Russian lands around Moscow, or will Mamai come with his army to strangle Moscow sedition.

Battle of Kulikovo

Donskoy was only 20 years old when the need arose to repulse the Golden Horde. The Russian state developed trade and cultural relations with Western countries, this contributed to the development of military affairs and the growth of industry. It took time to develop tactics and retrain the troops. Do not forget that a strong centralized power required the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke.

The year and century of the Battle of Kulikovo were carefully chosen. The Moscow principality already had economic and military levers of influence on the allies, so the consolidation of the forces of the Russian army and the development of tactics were quite successful.

The Battle of Kulikovo took place on September 8, 1380. For the first time, the Russian army managed to give a worthy rebuff. The horde had a numerical advantage over the troops of the Don, but the right tactics bore fruit - the main forces of Mamai were destroyed, and the khan had to retreat. But, despite the fact that the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke did not take place this time, the Battle of Kulikovo became the beginning of the revival of national identity. And the Golden Horde continued to try to restore its influence and prevent the unification of Russian lands.

The era of Ivan III

The period became the time of strengthening the Russian army and the cordons of the state. The Kazan kingdom was the first conquest of the tsar, after which he was able to subjugate Veliky Novgorod. Such military activity disturbed him and he began to prepare an invasion. By 1480, everything was ready for the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke finally took place. The year and century for this were not chosen by chance - Russia became a major political and economic center with its own, rather strong army.

The news that Khan Akhmat was preparing for battle came to Moscow in the early autumn of 1480. Grand Duke Ivan III set up his strongest regiments on the Oka River. Khan Akhmat found out that he was being met, and turned to Kaluga to unite with his ally Kazimir. Having correctly determined the direction of movement of the troops of the Golden Horde, Ivan III intercepted the enemy on Akhmat and threatened to launch an offensive when the river was covered with ice. October 26 Ugra rose. Akhmat also stood. On November 11, despite the fact that all the paths to the offensive were open, the khan turned back. On this day, the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke is celebrated.

Conclusion

The heroic struggle of the Russian people against the invaders ensured the disruption of the Tatar-Mongolian expansion. For 240 years, the Russian state protected Europe from the dark Asian horde, took upon itself the brunt of the foreign invasion and repulsed the blows of the invaders. The year of the liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke allowed our state to follow the path of its own development.

Already at the age of 12 future Grand Duke married, at the age of 16 he began to replace his father when he was absent, and at 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Ivan III had a secretive and at the same time firm character (later these character traits appeared in his grandson).

Under Prince Ivan, the issue of coins began with the image of him and his son Ivan the Young and the signature "God All Russia". As a stern and demanding prince, Ivan III received the nickname Ivan groznyj, but a little later, under this phrase, they began to understand another ruler Russia .

Ivan continued the policy of his ancestors - the gathering of Russian lands and the centralization of power. In the 1460s, Moscow's relations with Veliky Novgorod escalated, the inhabitants and princes of which continued to look west, towards Poland and Lithuania. After failing to improve relations with the Novgorodians twice, the conflict reached a new level. Novgorod enlisted the support of the Polish king and the Lithuanian prince Casimir, and Ivan stopped sending embassies. On July 14, 1471, Ivan III, at the head of a 15-20 thousandth army, defeated the almost 40,000th army of Novgorod, Casimir did not come to the rescue.

Novgorod lost most of its autonomy and submitted to Moscow. A little later, in 1477, the Novgorodians organized a new rebellion, which was also suppressed, and on January 13, 1478, Novgorod completely lost its autonomy and became part of Moscow State.

Ivan settled all the unfavorable princes and boyars of the Novgorod principality throughout Russia, and the city itself was settled by Muscovites. Thus he secured himself against further possible rebellions.

Methods of "carrot and stick" Ivan Vasilievich gathered under his rule the Yaroslavl, Tver, Ryazan, Rostov principalities, as well as the Vyatka lands.

End of the Mongol yoke.

While Akhmat was waiting for Kazimir's help, Ivan Vasilyevich sent a sabotage detachment under the command of the Zvenigorod prince Vasily Nozdrovaty, who descended along the Oka River, then along the Volga and began to smash Akhmat's possessions in the rear. Ivan III himself moved away from the river, trying to lure the enemy into a trap, as in his time Dmitry Donskoy lured the Mongols in the battle on the Vozha River. Akhmat did not fall for the trick (either he remembered the success of Donskoy, or he was distracted by sabotage behind his back, in an unprotected rear) and retreated from the Russian lands. On January 6, 1481, immediately upon returning to the headquarters of the Great Horde, Akhmat was killed by the Tyumen Khan. Civil strife began among his sons ( Akhmatova's children), the result was the collapse of the Great Horde, as well as the Golden Horde (which formally still existed before that). The remaining khanates became fully sovereign. Thus, standing on the Ugra became the official end Tatar-Mongolian yoke, and the Golden Horde, unlike Russia, could not survive the stage of fragmentation - later several unrelated states arose from it. And here is the power Russian state started to grow.

Meanwhile, Poland and Lithuania also threatened Moscow's calm. Even before standing on the Ugra, Ivan III entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Gerey, the enemy of Akhmat. The same alliance helped Ivan in containing pressure from Lithuania and Poland.

The Crimean Khan in the 80s of the XV century defeated the Polish-Lithuanian troops and defeated their possessions in the territory of present-day central, southern and western Ukraine. Ivan III, on the other hand, entered the battle for the western and northwestern lands controlled by Lithuania.

In 1492, Kazimir died, and Ivan Vasilyevich took the strategically important fortress of Vyazma, as well as many settlements on the territory of the current Smolensk, Oryol and Kaluga regions.

In 1501, Ivan Vasilyevich ordered the Livonian Order to pay tribute for Yuryev - from that moment Russian-Livonian war temporarily stopped. The sequel was already Ivan IV Grozny.

Until the end of his life, Ivan maintained friendly relations with the Kazan and Crimean khanates, but later relations began to deteriorate. Historically, this is associated with the disappearance of the main enemy - the Great Horde.

In 1497, the Grand Duke developed his collection of civil laws called Sudebnik and also organized Boyar Duma.

The Sudebnik almost officially fixed such a concept as “ serfdom”, although the peasants still retained some rights, for example, the right to transfer from one owner to another in Yuriev day. Nevertheless, the Sudebnik became a prerequisite for the transition to an absolute monarchy.

On October 27, 1505, Ivan III Vasilyevich died, judging by the description of the chronicles, from several strokes.

Under the Grand Duke, the Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, literature (in the form of chronicles) and architecture flourished. But the most important achievement of that era - liberation of Russia from Mongolian yoke.

It has long been no secret that there was no "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and no Tatars with Mongols conquered Russia. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Russia….

There are a large number of facts that not only unequivocally refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who deliberately distorted history and why? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze the historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kiev principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion later fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe”.).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide).

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds ...” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith! .. "

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, in this “ancient” document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, the Russian land, about the Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform ... Therefore, this document could not have been written earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” ...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following picture. The western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Russia, the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Russia, which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Russia

And here the baptism of Russia? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count. Let us recall from the school curriculum on history, at least, the same “Birch Bark Letters” - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and by no means all of them ...

Everyone perfectly understood what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But there were large forces behind Vladimir, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while she herself continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, which destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kiev Principality. Only her response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of the Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic Empire were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Khan Batu into Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they beat us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Batu Khan had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic Empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians in Russia. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”, Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, only children and a very small part of the adult population who adopted the Greek religion remained alive after baptism in the Principality of Kiev - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”…