Pomors

The discovery of the Northern Sea Route has a long history. In the early stages of the development of the eastern water Arctic and Siberian land expanses, the kochi and boats of the Pomors made voyages. These brave pioneers possessed unique practical skills that made it possible to make long voyages in the ice conditions of the Arctic. In the 11th century, Pomeranian navigators entered the seas of the Arctic Ocean, in the 12th - 13th centuries. discovered the islands of Vaigach, Matka (Novaya Zemlya), and at the end of the 15th century. - Islands Grumant (Svalbard), Bear. In the XVI - XVII centuries. actively developed a section of the Northern Sea Route - from the Northern Dvina to the Taz Bay at the mouth of the Ob, and then the Yenisei River basin.

Kholmogory koch

“The specifics of human life in the conditions of the North also formed a special type of population, including a group of ethnic groups - Pomors, who settled on the shores of the White and Barents Seas. From time immemorial, strong, strong-willed, enterprising and freedom-loving people grew up here ”(V. Bulatov)

Who are they - Pomors?

About 10 thousand years ago, glaciers still stood in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, but the tribes of hunters and fishermen from the more southern regions already penetrated through the Kama region into the basins of the rivers - Vychegda, Pechora and Northern Dvina. The primary settlement of the North took place in later times, at the end of the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. e., during the Neolithic period. These were the inhabitants of the Scandinavian, but to a greater extent the Finno-Ugric tribes - the ancestors of the Veps, Ves, Komi and Zavolotsk Chud. The north of the European part of Russia in the 9th - 13th centuries was called Biarmia by Scandinavian sailors. Slovene - Ilmen (Novgorod) called these lands Zavolochie, or Dvina land. Zavolochye lay to the east of the portage system connecting the basins of the Neva, Volga, Northern Dvina and Onega rivers in the area of ​​Beloye and Kubenskoye lakes. In The Tale of Bygone Years, when listing “all the languages ​​of the Japheth part,” there is a mention of the pre-Russian population of Zavolochye: “merya, muroma, all, mordva, zavolochskaya chyud, perm, pechera, yam, ugr”. It should be noted that the order of enumeration of the four tribes named after the “Zavolochsky chud” corresponds to the order of their settlement from the southwest to the northeast.

Zavolochskaya chyud, who lived in the basin of the Vaga River and in the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina, was a Finnish-speaking population, akin to the Belozersky vesi and Emi (yami), settled north of Lake Onega to the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina (in particular, along the Emtse River).

Slavic colonization of Pomerania began in the 9th - 11th centuries AD. They were attracted to the northern regions primarily by rich natural resources, fur and sea animals, fish and poultry. Newcomers (Slovene-Ilmen) occupied lands convenient for themselves, built villages and owned them on the rights of private property. The cohabitation of the Chud and the first Slovenian settlers is evidenced by written sources, archaeological finds, toponymy, and folklore legends.

Slovene-Ilmenians, immigrants from Veliky Novgorod, who, having come to the lands inhabited by the Chud, Finno-Ugric and other tribes, mixed with them and assimilated the latter.

In the anthropological type of the "Northern Russian" Pomors, some Finnish features are observed that arose from mixed marriages. Much later, immigrants from Vladimir-Rostov-Suzdal lands added a share of their blood, and even later the Normans - Vikings or simply Norwegians - Scandinavians.

Here is what the scientist N.K. Zenger reports on this matter. Traveling around Pomorye, he collected an extensive collection of photographs of portraits of Arkhangelsk Pomors. “Even a cursory review of this collection,” he wrote in his report on the trip, “sufficiently indicates how diverse the type of physiognomies of the Pomors is and how often it is difficult to recognize the forms of the Russian face in them; in most cases there is a sharp admixture of the Finnish, Karelian type, and therefore there is no reason to recognize the direct descendants of the free Novgorodians in the White Sea Pomors.

On the northern coast of the White Sea lived Sami (Lapp) tribes engaged in hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, and the lands in the lower reaches of the Pechora and Mezen rivers were inhabited by unknown tribes - presumably the Pechora people, who lived before the Samoyed tribes came to these lands at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 4th centuries (Nenets).] In the taiga forests along the banks of the high-water rivers of the Pechora and Vychegda lived the ancestors of the peoples of the Komi, Izhemtsy, Ustyaks and Komi-Zyryans. Yugra tribes lived in the northern Urals and beyond the Stone (Ural Range).

The contact of aliens and natives also led to two consequences: in one case, to a gradual rapprochement and assimilation, in the other, to the preservation of their area, but interspersed in this area of ​​​​Slavic-Russian villages, with mutual influence on each other, especially in ethnographic terms ( Karelians, Komi). While the Slavs settled in the basin of the Northern Dvina, the Komi began to move to the area of ​​​​the upper reaches of the Mezen and Vashka rivers, forming here "the volost of Udorskaya, and Vashki also."

Historians argue that the ethnonym "Pomor" arose no later than the 12th century on the southwestern (Pomorsky) coast of the White Sea and during the 14th - 16th centuries. spread far to the south and east from the place of its origin. The ethnonym "Russian" began its circulation from the moment of the formation of a single centralized state of Rus in the 15th - 16th centuries. Previously, the term "Russian" had a meaning similar to the term "Russian", and denoted the entire population of Russia, which is under the citizenship of the Grand Duke of Moscow. The once "no-man's" lands of Pomorie (Zavolochye) were taken under guardianship by the Novgorod Veche Republic (Novgorod Rus), and after the victory over the Novgorodians of Moscow Prince Ivan III in July 1471. on the Shelon River, the Pomeranian lands were annexed to the nascent Russian state.

By the time of the settlement of Slovenes - Ilmenians, Novgorodians, the indigenous population of these lands already knew many rich fishing grounds and hunting grounds. The initial stage of spontaneous settlement of the Pomeranian territories corresponded to the spontaneous development of water lands (river, lake, sea), during which there was a more or less uniform development of fishing and hunting trades based on natural resources that constituted the main wealth of the coastal regions: salmon, cod, "white" fish, walrus, seal.

By the beginning of the XVI century. On the coast of the White Sea, a Pomeranian population was formed with a specific marine fishing and fur-hunting economy. Fisheries were the main occupation of the population and the main source of income in all coastal districts of the White and Barents Seas, along with marine animal trade, reindeer breeding, and the forest industry. Fisheries, in addition to serving as an important source of livelihood for local residents, also provided a significant part of the products for export abroad, to the northern and central provinces of Russia. In some areas, fishing was the only source of economic well-being for the Pomors.

In the 17th century Pomorie was included in the system of the All-Russian internal market as a marine fishing area. With the growth of the Pomeranian population and, further, in connection with the economic activities of the monasteries, which had a significant impact on the development of trade and crafts, certain types of crafts begin to develop, especially those that, firstly, more reliably provide food for most of the year and , secondly, the extraction of which had a high marketability (value), i.e. was in demand in the regions of the Russian state, which supplied bread to Pomorie. It is quite natural that already in the sixteenth century. in the Pomeranian economy of all the coasts inhabited by that time, the leading role of marine fisheries was determined. According to foreign chronicles, at the end of the 16th century, there were over 7,500 thousand Pomeranian boats on the Murmansk coast, on which about 30 thousand industrialists were engaged in sea fishing.

One of the main objects of fishing in Pomorye was herring, which was fished from November until the opening of the rivers. Herring was caught mainly with nets and ruzhes, which acted as draft in the summer and as fixed in the winter. Herring fishing was carried out in bays and gulfs of the White Sea. Caught herring was sold fresh, frozen, smoked or salted. In the frozen form, they were exported not only to Arkhangelsk, but also to the Vologda and Olonets provinces.

In terms of profitability, the cod fishery, or, in other words, the "Murmansk" fishery, was in first place. Murman in the old days was called the space from Cape Svyatoy Nos in the northeast of the Kola Peninsula to the Norwegian border in the northwest. The sea waters washing the coast, warmed by one of the branches of the warm current of the Gulf Stream, are rich in small fish, which feed on cod, halibut, and haddock. In the spring, huge shoals of fish moved from the Atlantic to Murman.

Fishing arose in Murman in the middle of the 16th century. At the beginning of the season, cod was caught off the coast of the Motka Peninsula, which later received a new name - Rybachy. In July-August the fishery moved to the east, to Teriberka. Industrialists from all over Pomorye converged on Murmansk fishing. We set off on a journey in early March, when it was still winter in the North, and they were already in a hurry to arrive at Murman in time for the spring season. Upon arrival at the fishery, buildings, vessels and gear were put in order. Despite the bad weather, in rain, snow, wind, the Pomors went to the sea, threw longline (fishing tackle) into the sea, and processed the fish. Having briefly appeared “in the house”, they dried their wet clothes, ate a codfish brew lined with flour, and after a short rest, they again hurried to go to the sea. In June, as soon as the ice melted in the throat of the White Sea, ships of shipowners arrived in the Murmansk camps - boats and kochi, delivering everything necessary for fishing for the next year, there were also fish buyers, summer industrialists.

In addition to cod, herring, salmon and other fish species, Pomors also hunted saffron cod.

Navaga was caught along the entire coast, but especially on the Winter Coast. In large quantities, it was caught in the Dry Sea (between Mudyug Island and the mainland). This fishing began from the time the rivers and the Dry Sea were covered with ice, approximately from the end of October, and continued until mid-December. Pomors went to the fishing grounds in September. They took with them the necessary amount of food and equipment intended for catching saffron cod and transporting it - ruzhi, reindeer sleigh with a full team and firewood. The nets were fastened with ropes to stakes frozen into the ice, and descended with stones-weights through a hole in the ice into the water. The best fishing for navaga was shortly after the river was covered with ice. The saffron cod, pulled out of the water in ruffles, was transferred closer to the winter huts, culled, straightened, folded in rows and loaded into the brought sledges. As saffron cod accumulated, it was taken out from commercial winter quarters to places of sale. Navaga was sold in Nes to buyers, visitors from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Mezen and other places.

The active development of the Gandvik (White Sea) by the Pomors is associated with the harp seal hunt. The seal migrates in spring from Gandvik (White Sea) north to the Arctic Ocean and returns in winter. In Gandvik, the beast gathers in large herds, which makes it easier to hunt.

In the month of December, in search of a safe place for childbirth, the seal begins to migrate, in Pomeranian - "rake" from the Icy Sea (Arctic Ocean) to Gandvik. Residents of the Zimny ​​and Tersky coasts, under favorable conditions, began hunting for seals already at the time of the return of seals to Gandvik, if the animal was walking near the shore. This fishery was short-lived and unstable, a small number of industrialists took part in it. Males and females were beaten, while unborn cubs (zelenets) were pulled out of females.

Winter hunting began in early February and continued until the end of March. Coastal residents began to guard the beast in advance, sometimes leaving along the coast for 100 - 150 miles from home. Messages were transmitted from village to village with the help of horses, and on the Winter, Abramovsky, Konushinsky and Tersky banks with the help of deer. In the gathering places of industrialists, special fishing huts were built for one or two boats (7 - 15 people).

Hunting the beast on the ice, the Pomors entered the sea for several kilometers. Having obtained the beast, the hunters removed the horovina from it, and the meat was thrown away.

At the end of the winter campaign, the Pomors began to prepare for the spring, or spring, hunting, which took place during the molt of the animal from April to May. During this period, the seal was hunted.

Before spring fishing, industrialists united in bursa, skeya, romsha (artel). Bursa, where along the market (leads), where it was dragged along the ice, arrived in the fishing area. In the gathering places, the Pomors chose fishing elders (yurovsh (sh) iks), as a rule, from among the most experienced and knowledgeable. The headman was also the leader of his boat. Usually bursa, skei, romsha (artel) consisted of Pomors who arrived from different settlements. Small burses consisted of 10 - 30 boats, large ones exceeded a hundred. If several fishing artels came out of one place, then the elders agreed among themselves on which mining area each of them would lead their bursa. This was done in order not to interfere with each other during fishing.

The evolution of Pomeranian shipbuilding is closely connected with the development of sea and river crafts. The construction of fishing vessels - large and small - was carried out in Pomorie almost everywhere, but the craftsmen of the Pomeranian and Karelian coasts were especially famous. Pomors built and used in various fisheries the most tested sea vessel - karbas, and on coastal fishing - dugout boats of an ancient type with sewn-on sides - aspen, stoneflies, ice caps, etc.

The ice boat was one of the most versatile watercraft created by the Pomors for walking along rivers, lakes and especially the Arctic seas. And also for fishing in harsh winter conditions and ice.

The glacier performed several different functions, it was used as a means of navigation, if necessary, it could be pulled onto land, ice and dragged as a land vehicle. It transported all the necessary equipment for fishing and everything that was needed for human life: firewood, food, clothing. Each boat had special equipment: a hook (tail) - a fathom stick with an iron tip. There were 7 hooks, 8 oars (one spare), 8 straps for dragging the boat on the boat-seven.

In addition, this boat was used as housing in the fishery. For the device of lodging for the night it was used violently. In the old days, wildly sewn from the skins of the beast, in particular, deer skins were used. They settled down for the night like this: they put a mast from the bow to the stern of the boat and threw it wildly on top, it turned out to be a tent over the boat. So that the wind would not throw back its edges and blow inward, oars were inserted into the ears, which were violently attached to the edges, and its edges were tightly pressed against the edges of the boat. St. John's wort slept (including women - Pomeranian zhonki - who, together with Pomors, participated in the fisheries) in a boat, with their heads to the bow and stern, and with their feet to the middle, in the middle they laid younger or sick people for more heating. The bed, as a rule, consisted of deer skins.

In addition to the ice boat in Pomorie, such a watercraft as the karbas was widespread, which was adapted for navigation on rivers and seas. It was used both as a fishing vessel in sea fishing and animal trades, and as a means of transporting food, hay, building materials and people. The karbas used in the marine trades was a little smaller than the koch, which makes it possible to put it on a par with sea vessels (koch, Pomeranian boat). Such a karbas was called a fishing karbas and went to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bcatching or prey of the beast on its own. It is safe to say that some of the karbas had decks - this is mentioned in a written document: for example, Matvey Balukov’s karbas was eagle-marked “with an eagle mark on the front left, on which the decks are approved”, the cart of the Dvinian Alexei Banin was “eagled in the decks on the bow above the fence at the bottom of the roof.

Coming to the shores of the Arctic Ocean and having mastered the islands of the Barents Sea, the Pomors took up navigation both for fishing and fishing for sea animals, and for trade. It was trade with the indigenous people, mainly fur, that gave impetus to the development of the merchant class and the merchant fleet, which for several centuries, until the beginning of the 18th century, determined the level of development of Pomeranian Arctic navigation. This was largely facilitated by the creation on the experience of the White Sea navigation of a type of sea vessels, called koch. Kochi were big and small. The exact parameters of these vessels have not yet been established, but according to some technical features, according to the details found by archaeologists during excavations, certain conclusions can be drawn.

Koch - an old Pomeranian sailing and rowing vessel of the 11th - 19th centuries. It had characteristic contours for ice navigation, was equipped with a mast, a hinged rudder and oars. At first, kochi were built without the use of metal: sheathing boards were sewn with straps to a set of hulls fastened with wooden dowels. The length of such a vessel was 10 - 15 m, width 3 - 4 m, draft 1 - 1.5 m. With a fair wind, a straight sail was set, sometimes made of skins, which allowed a speed of 6 - 7 knots.

In the 16th - 17th centuries, this type of ship spread beyond the Urals to Siberia, having undergone major changes. The length of the koch increased to 20-25 m, width up to 5-8 m, draft up to 2 m. The vessel accommodated 10-15 crew members and up to 30 fishermen. Kochi for the "sea course" was built very firmly. The set was fastened with iron nails, bolts and staples. The grooves and joints of the skin were caulked with tarred tow, filled with pitch, covered with slats on the brackets. More than 3,000 special staples were required to completely “spread out” the koch. About 1,000 m of various ropes were needed. A sail 14 m high was sewn from separate panels with a total area of ​​​​over 230 square meters. m.

At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, they began to build stacked deck large three-masted koches. On these ships, a steering wheel was used to control the steering wheel. In the stern they arranged a "breech" - a small cabin for the feeder (captain) and the clerk. The team and the galley (dining room) were located in the hold. To raise the anchor on the forecastle (the bow of the ship) there was a gate (manual capstan). With fair winds, the ship sailed up to 250 km per day.

The large sea koch was a two-masted keel ship (the Pomors called the keel a kokora), had a length of 19 to 21 m, with a width of 5-6 m. It had up to 90 tons of displacement and 40 tons of carrying capacity. On the upper deck there were two boats (usually karbasy), on the lower deck - three to five iron anchors, called sheims, weighing from 5 to 10 pounds each. The height of the sides above the water exceeded 2 m, and the total reached 4-4.5 m. The sides were reinforced along the waterline with additional lining, which protected against friction against ice, the “ice coat”. The large koch had direct sails (usually two) and traveled up to 200 kilometers per day. The design feature of the koch was the shape of the sides, with a bend resembling an egg. Under ice compression, such a vessel did not break, but was squeezed out of the water.

It was these ships that allowed the Pomors to first master the waters of the White and Barents Seas, and later the natives of Pomorye (Pomors) on their ships sailed along the entire Arctic coast both westward to the “Sveian countries” and eastward, “meet the sun” to Siberia, to the Far East and even to Alaska, where they founded the city of Novo-Arkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka).

Pomors went fishing not only in the White and Barents Seas. Northern sailors owned the secrets of passing many sea routes in the Kara, Norwegian and Greenland seas.

At the end of the 15th century, Pomors went to the northern shores of Scandinavia. In the Pomeranian navigational practice, this path was called "The passage to the German end." It ran along the eastern coast of the White Sea and the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula with a portage through the Rybachy Peninsula. In 1494, the Russian diplomat Dmitry Zaitsev, returning home from Denmark, for the first time passed by sea around Scandinavia to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. In 1496, the envoy of Ivan III, the Moscow clerk Grigory Istoma, crossed the same path. His way to Denmark lay through Novgorod, the mouth of the Northern Dvina and the northern seas. At the beginning of the 16th century, Dmitry Gerasimov, a Russian diplomat and learned clerk of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III, walked three times through the mouth of the Northern Dvina, past the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Monastery to Norway and Denmark. In Rome, he met the writer Paul Jovius and expressed a hypothesis about the possibility of sailing to the east through the northern countries (Northern Sea Route). In 1500-1501, the envoys of Ivan III Tretyak Dolmatov and Yuri Manuilov traveled to Denmark in the same way.

The route across the White Sea from the Northern Dvina became so beaten and well known that since the end of the 15th century, the ambassadors of the Danish king repeatedly and independently entered the mouth of the Dvina during their diplomatic missions to the Muscovite state. Pomeranian industrialists annually and repeatedly went through the White Sea to Kola and the Pecheneg Bay.

Until the middle of the sixteenth century the northern lands did not have sources of sales, being content with the exchange of internal Russian trade. Kola, Varzuga, Mezen, Kevrola, Pustozersk were engaged in trade. New sources of sales arose at the end of the 16th century, when trade with England began and a trade route to Western Europe opened through the White Sea (Arkhangelsk).

From the middle of the 16th century, regular trade relations between the Muscovite state and Western Europe began through the White Sea. From Russia they exported timber (mainly mast), skins - deer, horse, elk, brought to the West wax, horse hair, goose down, walrus bone, lard of marine animals.

In the 16th - 17th centuries, the area of ​​fishing and trading activities became even more extensive. Fishermen and seafarers traveled across the polar territory of Western Siberia to the mouth of the Yenisei, went to Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard and the coastal islands of the Barents and Kara Seas. This is how the main sea routes of the 16th century were called: “Mangazeya sea way”, “Novaya Zemlya way”, “Yenisei way”, “Grumanlansky way”.

"Mangazeya marine move”

He was one of the most famous in the history of the development of Siberia. It passed along the coast of the Barents Sea, through the Yugorsky Shar Strait into the Kara Sea to the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, where ships were dragged through portage. Judging by the chronicles, this route was mastered by the Pomors no later than the end of the 16th century, and at the beginning of the next century Mangazeya became the largest trading center in Siberia.

In those days, furs were no less attractive than silver and gold. Every year, 25-30 koches with food and various goods came to Mangazeya, and from 100 to 150 thousand skins of soft junk were sent to Russia: sables, arctic foxes, foxes, beavers ... It was a real fur Klondike, where any industrialist could make a whole year condition. The cost of one silver fox at that time ranged from 30 to 80 rubles, and for 20 rubles in Russia you could buy 20 acres of land (that is, a little more than 20 hectares), for 10 rubles - a beautiful house or 5 horses ...

The uncontrolled fur trade and trade of enterprising Pomors and “many sovereign cities of trading people” was soon put to an end. In 1601, a royal governor appeared in Mangazeya, and a few years later there was already a fortress, a Kremlin and an extensive settlement.

"Yenisei Sea Route"

In the first decades of the 17th century Pomeranian industrialists began to vigorously develop areas along the largest eastern tributaries of the Yenisei - the Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska, and also move along the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the mouth of the Pyasina River, to the northeastern shores of Taimyr. In the first half of the XVII century. Mangazeya industrialists founded Dubichnaya Sloboda (1637), Khantaiskaya Sloboda, which grew out of a winter hut (1626), settlements in the upper reaches of the Lower Tunguska and other settlements with a permanent population, on the Yenisei. By 1607, the Turukhansk and Enbat winter huts were founded on the lower Yenisei. Thus, the territory under consideration practically became part of the Russian state by the time when the fur trades of the Pomeranian industrialists and their economic ties with the local population were already in their prime. Since the 1930s, as the main areas of fur trade moved away to the east, Mangazeya began to lose its significance as a trading and transshipment point, and its role was transferred to the Turukhansk winter hut in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. The Pomeranian population that settled there concentrated in places convenient for fishing, primarily along the banks of the Yenisei below Turukhansk, settled in the lower reaches of the Pyasina, Kheta and Khatanga, gradually developing the coastal regions of the Arctic Ocean for permanent residence.

Thus, a kind of breakthrough from the Turukhansk winter hut down the Yenisei to the Yenisei Bay and further to the Kara Sea, to the Taimyr Peninsula, to the western part of the Laptev Sea turned out to be a turning point in the history of the Pomors walking in the Arctic waters and the further development of Siberia! It became possible thanks to the Mangazeya sea route, the developed ice navigation of the Pomors in the White and Pechora Seas. The result of it was that, to the east of the Yenisei Bay, the Pomors-Mangazeians laid river and portage routes, and possibly sea routes (around the Taimyr Peninsula) along the Anabar River, and from there to the Olenek River, to the mouth of the Lena and further to the east.

"New Zealand move"

The discovery of Novaya Zemlya by the Pomors dates back to the 12th-15th centuries. The first written evidence of the presence and fishing activities of the Pomors in the archipelago dates back to the 16th century.

Pomors were attracted to Matka (Novaya Zemlya) by various rich crafts. They hunted for walrus tusks; fox, bear, walrus, seal and deer skins; walrus, seal, beluga and bear “lard” (blubber); omul and loaches; geese and other birds; eiderdown. In the early summer, original artels from 8 to 20 people set off on industrial ships from the White Sea, from Mezen, Pinega and Pechora to the islands of Novaya Zemlya. They went from year to year, which contributed to the formation of entire dynasties of Novaya Zemlya industrialists and sailors. They went on boats, kochas and karbas, the team of which was led by a feeder. Often, ice conditions, severe storms, and the loss of a ship forced industrialists to spend the winter on Novaya Zemlya. Some of them died, others survived, gained experience. For the construction of housing and its heating, initially only a fin was used. Then they began to take with them a variety of log cabins (for installations in wintering areas) and a supply of firewood.

In winter, the main trade of the Pomors was catching arctic foxes with the help of traps - sacks. Kulems were built along the coast, over a long distance. In order to inspect the kulems in time, the industrialists set up at a distance of 5-10 km from the camp hut (and from each other) several huts for 2-3 people. Having built a camp hut with a stove-heater, bunks and a canopy, a bathhouse and a “hut” from logs were built nearby or close to the hut to store provisions and booty. Next to the hut, a multi-meter worship cross was erected. The cross served as a kind of sign-beacon for many years. In the same season or in subsequent seasons, a whole system of Pomeranian crosses and gurii (pyramids made of stones) was usually erected on the coast, which served as gates, beacons and indicated safe approaches to the anchorage for ships.

"Grumanlan move"

The Pomors, who hunted for marine animals and fished long before the Barents, in the 11th-12th centuries, paved the way to the Spitsbergen archipelago, calling it Grumant.

The Grumanlan Way is a path from the White Sea along the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula to Medvezhiy Island and further to the Svalbard archipelago. The way to Svalbard was considered relatively easy: in conditions of free navigation - eight to nine days. Pomors went to Svalbard mainly to hunt walruses. In addition, they hunted beluga whales, seals, polar bears, arctic foxes, and hunted deer. An important source of income for the "grumanlans" was eider down. Unlike the Dutch, who were engaged in whaling on Svalbard only in the summer, Pomeranian industrialists stayed here for the winter.

At the end of the XVIII century. on Grumant (Svalbard) there were about 270 Pomeranian ships with teams of over 2 thousand Pomor industrialists.

So, in the 16th - 17th centuries, Pomors already made regular fishing voyages to the Matka (Novaya Zemlya) and Grumant (Svalbard). From the 16th century, they established regular sea communication with the polar city of Mangazeya (Western Siberia), and from there, along the rivers and land, Pomeranian industrialists rushed to the Yenisei and Lena.

The development of the lands of Siberia and the Far East by the Pomors, as mentioned above, which actively began in the 16th century, proceeded in two ways.

The first was laid by Pomors across the northern seas from the mouth of one river to another along the coast of the Arctic Ocean - the Breathing Sea (Studenets, Studenogo Sea), through the city of Mangazeya on the Taz River to the Yenisei River, and along its right tributaries - to the Lena River and further to East. As a result, by the middle of the 17th century, Eastern Siberia turned out to be passed, and the Amur was opened to Europeans - Yerofei Pavlovich Khabarov - Svyatitsky, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands - Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov, both Ustyuzhans, the Chukotka Peninsula - Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, Pinezhan.

Cape Dezhnev

The towns of Turukhansk, Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, Anadyr, the villages of Khatanga, Nizhnekolymsk and others were founded by the natives of Veliky Ustyug, the Mezen, Pinega and Kholmogory Pomors.

Another way of developing Siberia and the Far East began from the south of Pomorye, the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina, where, at the expense of the Solvychegodsky - Pomeranian merchants Stroganovs, Ermak Timofeevich recruited and prepared for two years from the population of his native village Borok on the Northern Dvina a combat detachment of Pomors. Which, along the Chusovaya River, entered the more populated forest-steppe part of Siberia. What opened the way for the population of Pomorie and Muscovy to the east, to the north and to the center of Siberia.

The bulk of the people who crossed the Urals were immigrants from Pomorie - Mezens, Dvinyans, Ustyuzhans, Kevrolets, Vologdas, Pustoozertsy. Siberia beckoned them with undeveloped spaces, countless riches of mineral resources, priceless furs.

By the middle of the 18th century, the Pomors had crossed and acquired the Aleutian Islands and Alaska for Russia. Since 1803, immigrants from Pomerania conducted a study of the West Coast of North America (Oregon, California, the Columbia River), at that time uninhabited by Europeans. From 1804 - 1807, they actively began to develop the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands.

On September 11, 1812, Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, a Pomeranian merchant, a native of Totma, founded Fort Ross, the first European settlement and fortress on the coast of northern California, 80 km north of San Francisco.

fort ross

Fort Ross operated from 1812 to 1841. In September 1816, the construction of three forts began on the island of Kauai (Hawaii). Fort Elizabeth - in honor of the wife of Alexander I, Fort Barclay and Fort Alexander. The remains of the stone foundation of the Elizabethan fortress have survived to this day, the walls of the other two were earthen. A small church was built on the territory of the Elizabethan fortress, and a chapel was built on the territory of the Alexander Fortress. It was the first Orthodox church in Hawaii. The activities of the Pomors in the Hawaiian Islands continued until the 1920s. XIX century.

Conclusion

The discovery and start of operation of the Northern Sea Route can be called one of the most outstanding pages in the development of the Russian North. It has become not only the shortest waterway between European Russia and the Far East, but also a unique transcontinental route of considerable interest to the economies of many countries of the world. The length of the Northern Sea Route from the Kara Gate to Providence Bay is about 5600 km. The Northern Sea Route can serve as the shortest transport route between Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, so it is possible that it has yet to play a significant role in global economic processes. In addition, for the Russian Federation, it is of great strategic importance, associated with the possibility of transporting hydrocarbon and mineral raw materials from the Far North, as well as for supplying these regions with equipment and food. A whole network of unique scientific facilities and meteorological stations is concentrated along the route of the Northern Sea Route, without the existence of which in the modern world it is impossible to imagine the life of not only domestic, but also many foreign scientific communities studying the natural and climatic features of the Far North.

And the Pomors? Pomors have not disappeared anywhere today. The stereotype of behavior, self-name, ethnic self-consciousness and a sense of “speciality” have been preserved. The Pomor spirit and Pomor character are the values ​​that our ancestors forged over the centuries, fighting for self-survival and existence in the harsh conditions of the North and the development of the Arctic. It is these values ​​that continue to define the essence of modern Pomors.

When it comes to the history of the creation of the Russian fleet, they talk about the tercentenary. The figure is very strange, it causes bewilderment. It is hard not to ask the question: how did our state live, having so many maritime borders, before Peter I, who is traditionally considered the founder of the national fleet? After all, the history of Russia is measured in millennia.

However, numerous reference books provide information regarding the history of shipbuilding in Russia only starting from the time of Peter the Great.

Despite this, history keeps the memory of the ancient Pomeranian vessel with an amazing name - KOCH. And this word came to Pomors from Novgorod land, where "kotsa" or "kocha" meant clothes. The name was not chosen by chance, since the ships literally “dressed in a fur coat” - their hull was protected from the onslaught of ice by a double skin. On such vessels, the Pomors could travel thousands of kilometers across the northern sea expanses, engaged in fishing. Kochi were famous for their strength. Wooden structures made of the best wood species (larch, pine, mahogany) were fastened with iron brackets, which went to the ship from three to four thousand, and nails. In the documents of the Archbishop of Kholmogory for 1695 (!) One can read about Arkhangelsk kochs 18.5 meters long and 5.14 meters wide, with a carrying capacity of 30-40 tons, which exceeds the size of some modern trawlers.

Pomeranian kochi covered 150-200 kilometers per day, while English merchant ships - about 120 kilometers, and Dutch frigates - only up to 80-90 kilometers.

On these unique ships, the Pomors reached such Arctic latitudes that were inaccessible to any other ships with a metal hull and mechanical engines. They were unique not only for their protective coat, but also for their egg-shaped body. The bottom of the hull was rounded, resembling half a nutshell. If the ice squeezed such a vessel, its hull was not crushed, but squeezed out. These ships, reputed to be the most durable for five centuries, acquired, thanks to the skill and inquisitive mind of the Pomeranian craftsmen, another unusual feature: the stern and bow had almost the same shape and were cut at an angle of 30 degrees, which made it easy to pull them ashore.

The peoples of the Russian North have preserved the names of the brilliant "nomadic masters" who made up entire dynasties. These are the families of the Deryabins, Vargasovs, Vaygachevs from Kholmogory, the Kulakov brothers from Arkhangelsk, the Pinega craftsmen Anton Pykhunov and Efim Tarasov. Some geographical names of the Arctic remind us of the ancient Pomeranian koch. For example, Nomadic Bay at the mouth of the Yana River. It is characteristic that all the craftsmen used only their own, “nomadic” tools in the construction of koches: specially sharpened drills, gimlets, saws, adzes, axes.

Old Russian koch "ice class"

Thus, it becomes obvious that Russia in the field of shipbuilding followed its own, completely special, original path, different from Western traditions. Tsar Peter I, having borrowed foreign experience in shipbuilding, decided to transform the Russian fleet according to Western models. Under the threat of the death penalty, the construction of "old-fashioned" courts was strictly prohibited. According to some sources, kochi were simply destroyed by order of the king.

But, despite strict measures, the great Russian reformer could not achieve complete obedience of hereditary nomadic masters, who, under the threat of reprisal, managed to preserve the centuries-old experience and traditions of their ancestors, continuing to build kochi.

Thanks to the feat of the Pomors, a certain number of koches survived until the beginning of the 20th century, when F. Nansen drew attention to them and appreciated them, who by that time had planned a difficult expedition to the North Pole. When choosing a prototype for the construction of the Fram ship, which, according to the plan, was supposed to drift in the ice, he abandoned all the latest types of steel ships and decided to build a ship according to the experience of nomadic craftsmen, from the best woods, with an egg-shaped hull than ensured the success of the expedition.

Admiral S.O. Makarov, developing a model of the world's first icebreaker, took Nansen's advice and also opted for an egg-shaped hull and, following the model of Pomeranian koches, cut off the bow and stern. These ingenious inventions of the ancient Pomeranian masters turned out to be so successful that even today, a century after the creation of the world's first icebreaker Yermak, the Makarov icebreaker, they are considered unsurpassed for the construction of ice-going ships.

If you open the multi-volume "TSB", then do not look for the word "koch" in it. He's not there. How could this happen? Oversight, intent or disregard for the historical heritage of the Motherland? A riddle to which there is no answer. There is not a word about them in school textbooks. Only in the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dalia, bow to him, there was a short message in a few lines about the glorious ship Koch.

... And today the great-grandchildren of the ancient Pomeranian ships ply the icy northern seas - the nuclear-powered ships Siberia, Arktika, Rossiya, so strikingly similar to their undeservedly forgotten, beautiful, technically perfect ancestor - the ancient Koch.

By the will of fate, they became a worthy monument to him.

FEBRUARY 2010

What are the ships?

POMOR VESSELS

In the previous issue, in the story about the Viking ships, we noted that the Scandinavian traditions of building ships took root well in Russia. It's time to get acquainted with our ancient courts.

Already in the XII century Novgorodians reached the shores of the Arctic Ocean. And later, in the Russian North, a peculiar nautical culture of the Pomors, the Russian inhabitants of the White Sea region, developed.

Pomors already in the XVI-XVII centuries. made long trips across the Arctic Ocean - to Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard (Pomors called this archipelago from the Norman Grumant). Fish and sea animals were caught in the sea, they traded with Norwegian ports. The navigators of the Russian North had their own names for the cardinal directions and the main points (directions) of the compass, special designations for navigational dangers - pitfalls and shoals.

Sailing conditions in the Arctic Ocean are very difficult for wooden ships. Any collision with a large ice floe threatens death. The ship's hull, squeezed between ice fields, can easily be crushed. For navigation in the Studen Sea, the Pomors learned to build special ships - kochi. Kochi were very strong, with additional ice belts on the sides. The body of the koch was somewhat reminiscent of a nut shell in shape and was pushed up when the ice was compressed. The plating of the Pomeranian ships outwardly somewhat resembled the plating of the Scandinavian ships - it was also made "in the cut", with the overlapping of the plating belts on top of each other. But when assembling their ships, the Pomors used a very interesting technique. The plating of koches and other northern ships was assembled not on nails, but on juniper threads - they did not loosen with time and did not leak.

Each large Pomeranian village had its own tradition of shipbuilding. For short trips near the coast and for fishing, small boats-karbass were built. For long-distance trade voyages on the White Sea, large three-masted ships were used - boats capable of transporting large consignments. On such boats, the Pomors went to northern Norway, reaching the city of Tromsø. And in the east, Pomeranian ships were used for trips along the Siberian rivers and polar seas off the coast of Siberia.

OUR REGATA

And the new issue of our Regatta is connected precisely with the voyages of Russian sailors of the 17th century, or rather, with the pioneers of Siberia and the Far East.

A Russian explorer first passed through this strait in the 17th century, a second time a Russian navigator discovered and mapped it in the first half of the 18th century, and the strait received its name in honor of this navigator already in the second half of the same century from one of the expedition members of the famous English traveler. It is required to name the strait, both of its discoverers and the English navigator.

Aslamka, oslamka - a sailing 1-, 2-masted transport or fishing vessel used on the Caspian Sea and in the lower reaches of the Volga. Length 12-15 m, width 2.4-2.7 m, draft 0.6-1.2 m, load capacity up to 30 tons.

Bagala (from Arab, "bagl" - "mule") - an Arab commercial sailing vessel with oblique armament. Used in the VIII - XVII centuries. Two masts, length 30-40 m, width 6-8 m, side height 3-5 m, carrying capacity 150-400 tons.

Bark (head. bark), 1) a sailing 3-masted warship of the 15th - 16th centuries. displacement approx. 400 t (Mediterranean). It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen mast with a topmast. 2) Marine sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen mast). Displacement up to 10,000 tons. Used until the 30s. 20th century

Barca (Italian barca, French barque), 1) sailing and rowing deckless fishing, sometimes coasting, vessel. First appeared in Italy in the 7th century. Length 10 m, width approx. 2 m, side height approx. 0.6 m, capacity up to 20 people. 2) A light high-speed vessel used in Western European countries in the late Middle Ages 3) A large cargo non-self-propelled barge-type vessel, used since the beginning of the 18th century on the major rivers of Russia. Length up to 64 m, width up to 17 m, load capacity up to 1700 tons.

Barcalon, barcalona (Italian: barca longa) - a sailing and rowing warship of the 17th - 18th centuries. It had one mast with a large oblique sail, artillery armament: up to 10 guns. Used in Spain, then in England and France. In Russia, barcalons were built only for the Azov flotilla and had a length of up to 36.5 m, a width of up to 9.2 m, a draft of up to 2.5 m, artillery armament: 26-44 guns.

Barcarola (Italian: barcarola) - an Italian gondola-type pleasure boat, accommodating 4-5 people.

Barkas, barkaz (goal barkas), 1) a small sailing fishing or transport vessel used on the Black and Azov Seas. It had yala sailing equipment, with a jib on a short horizontal bowsprit. Length 8-12 m, width 2.4-3 m, depth 1-13 m, draft about 0.75 m. storehouses).

Barkentina (English barkentine) - sea sailing vessel. It had 3-6 masts and straight sails on the foremast and oblique on the rest. Built in the XIX - early XX century. and were used for trading and educational purposes.

Bilandr (goal billander, from bij - “nearby”, lander - “land”) - a small sailing 2-masted coaster. Used in the Netherlands in the XVIII - XIX centuries.

Boat (goal, boot), 1) The general name of small (with a displacement of up to 150 tons) rowing, sailing or motor vessels for various purposes. Due to limited seaworthiness, they are used only in coastal sea areas. 2) In the XVII - XIX centuries. a small rowing or sailing 1-masted vessel 11-18 m long, 3-4.5 m wide with a tender-type slanting sail rig. They served to supply the ships in the roadstead, for communications, reconnaissance, landing operations, close or boarding combat, and other purposes. Armament: 2-20 small-caliber guns (mostly Falconets). Large boats had a displacement of up to 60-80 tons, a crew of up to 36-40 people. There were different types of bots: wadbot, whaleboat, grosbot, kawasaki, crab-bot, lister-bot, packet-bot, snug-bot, fangs-bot, khachbot, skherbot, etc. In Russia, bots have been known since the 15th-16th centuries.

Botha - a fishing boat with high extremities, a large collapse of the sides, was used in the 19th century. off the coast of Kamchatka.

Brig (English brig), 1) sailing 2-masted warship of the 18th - 19th centuries. with direct rigging on both masts and a slanting sail (counter-mizzen) on the mainmast. It was used for cruising, reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as for escorting merchant ships. Displacement 200-400 g. Length up to 32 m, width 8-9 m, crew up to 120 people, artillery up to 24 guns. 2) 2-masted merchant ship of the 18th - 19th centuries. with sailing weapons similar to a military brig. Length 27-34 m, width 7-9 m, side height 3.5-5.5 m.

Brigantine, schooner-brig (Italian brigantino, from brigante - "robber"), 1) a small sailing and rowing high-speed vessel of the Mediterranean in the 16th - 18th centuries. It had 8-16 pairs of oars, 1-2 masts with triangular rake sails (the Venetian brigantine had a length of 19 m, a width of 3.4 m). Often used by Algerian, Dalmatian, Tunisian pirates. Russian brigantines, introduced by Peter I, had 2 masts, 12-15 pairs of oars, 2-3 guns, could carry 70 people. 2) Sailing 2-masted ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct armament on the foremast and oblique on the gr o t-mast. The brigantines were part of the military fleets as messengers and reconnaissance ships. Displacement up to 300 tons.

Bugalet (English bugalet) - a small English sailing 2-masted coaster. Both masts carried quadrangular sails, and the mainmast had an additional topsail, and the bowsprit had 2 jibs.

Budarka, budara - a sailing cargo or fishing boat, flat-bottomed, 1-masted, with a lug or sprint sail. Used on the Caspian Sea and the southern rivers of Russia. Length 5-8 m, width 1.3-1.6 m, draft 0.3-0.4 m.

Whaleboat (English whale - boat - "whaling boat") - seaworthy sailing and rowing boat with a steering oar.

Vereya, rope (from the English. wherry - "boat", "skiff") - a small English cargo sailing ship of coastal navigation. In Russia, such vessels served for the siege of coastal fortresses under Peter I. Length 15-18 m, width 3.6-4 m, draft 0.7-1.2 m, carrying capacity 20-30 tons.

Galeas (from Italian galeazza - "large galley"), 1) a sailing and rowing warship in European fleets in the 16th - 17th centuries. Length up to 80 m, width up to 9 m, one row of oars on each side (up to 10 rowers per oar), 3 masts with slanting sails, 2 large stern steering oars, 2 decks. Armament up to 70 guns of various calibers, crew over 800 people. 2) In the XVIII - XIX centuries. a small 2-masted transport and fishing vessel used in the countries of Northern Europe.

Galley (Italian galera) - a military rowing vessel that existed in the 7th - 18th centuries. in the fleets of almost all European countries. Length up to 60 m, width 7.5 m, 32 oars on board. Crew ok. 450 people The main weapon of the galley until the middle of the XIV century. there were surface rams and throwing machines, later guns began to be used.

Galion (Spanish galeon), 1) a sailing warship used in the fleets of England, Spain and France in the 16th - 17th centuries. Length about 40 m, width 10-14 m, displacement 500-1400 tons, 3-4. masts. They had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures. Often used to transport immigrants to America. 2) Spanish sailing vessel for coastal sardine fishing. It has 2 masts with luger weapons; length about J 5 m, width about 7 m, crew in the fishery up to 20 people.

Galiot (French galiote), 1) a small high-speed galley of the 1st half of the 17th century, which had up to 25 pairs of oars and one mast. Often used to throw a combustible mixture ("Greek fire"). 2) A small transport 2-masted ship used in Germany and the Scandinavian countries in the 18th - 19th centuries. Length 32-42 m, width 6.4-8.5 m, draft up to 2.8 m, carrying capacity up to 600 tons.

Gemam is a small-draught sailing and rowing ship (draft approx. 2 m) of the Swedish skerry fleet. In Russia, gemams were built at the beginning of the 19th century. for military operations in the Baltic. They had 2 masts, up to 10 pairs of oars, artillery weapons: 30-32 guns.

Golet (French goulette - "schooner") - a sailing and rowing 2-masted ship of the Russian skerry fleet of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Length 18-20 m, spars and equipment like a schooner. Had up to 14 guns. They were mainly used in the Black and Azov Seas.

Gondola (Italian gondola), 1) a small rowing boat for communicating galleys with the shore. 2) From the 11th century. in Venice, a single-oared flat-bottomed canal boat. Length approx. 10 m, width approx. 1.3 m

Guari is a small 1-, 2-masted ship with triangular sails. Used in France in the 19th century.

Hukor (English hooker) - a sailing ship of the XIII - XVIII centuries. Originally built in the Netherlands as fishing boats. Subsequently, they were used in all countries of Northern Europe, in the 17th - 18th centuries. - as a military transport. They had 2-3 masts, a carrying capacity of 60-200 tons, and accommodated up to 300 people.

Dogger (eng. dogger from gol. dogge - “cod”) is a sailing 2-, 3-masted fishing vessel with gaff rigging, with a displacement of approx. 150 tons. Appeared around the XTV century.

Doschanik - a flat-bottomed deck vessel, moved by oars, under direct or oblique sail or in tow. Length 15-25 m, width 4-6.5 m, side height 0.8-1.5 m, draft up to 1.2 m, carrying capacity 30-80 tons. , later used on the rivers of Russia.

Drakar - sailing and rowing military deckless vessel of the VIII - X centuries. It had a mast with a quadrangular sail, a steering oar in the stern, metal shields were strengthened on the sides to protect the rowers. Viking warship with high seaworthiness.

Zabara is a small cargo ship used in France and Spain for coastal navigation in the Bay of Biscay in the 19th century. Load capacity up to 80 tons.

Iol, 1) a small sailing 2-masted ship, used on the Baltic and Black Seas in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. for the guard and intelligence service. Length up to 15 m, width up to 4 m, draft over 2 m, 3-7 small-caliber guns. 2) Type of 2-masted sailing rig of the yacht.

Kaag - a small 1-masted merchant ship with a shallow draft, used in the Netherlands in the 18th - 19th centuries. for coastal and river navigation.

Cabotier (French cabotier) - a flat-bottomed vessel with an elongated hull. Initially, cabotiers were built in the French province of Normandy. At the end of the XIX century. they were used for freight traffic on the Seine River.

Kawasaki, 1) in Japan, a flat-bottomed fishing boat. Length about 13 m, width about 3 m, depth 0.7 m, crew up to 13 people. It had one removable mast and a straight sail made of a thin mat (32 m 2 in area). 2) In the Russian Far East, a fishing sailing or motor boat with a displacement of up to 14 tons.

Kaik (tur. kayik) is a small fishing sailing vessel used in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea. Rigging: sprint mainsail, rectangular topsail, fore staysail and several jibs

Caravel (ptal. caravella) 1) a marine 1-deck sailing vessel with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern, used in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the countries of the Mediterranean. Length 15-35 m, width 4.3-9 m, draft 2-4 m, displacement 200-400 tons, had 3-4 masts. 2) Until the XV century. small Portuguese fishing boat.

Caracca (French caraque) - a large sailing ship. In the XIII - XVI centuries. built first in Portugal and Venice, and then in England and France. Used for military and commercial purposes. Length up to 36 m, width up to 9.4 m, displacement up to 1600 tons, up to 4 decks, 3-5 masts. The fore and main masts carried direct sailing weapons, the mizzen mast was oblique. Marseilles were often placed on the fore and main masts. Armament: 30-40 guns.

Karakoloy - sailing and rowing 1-masted vessel. It was built in the XVII - XIX centuries. in Indonesia.

Karakora is a light boat used in the 16th - 19th centuries. in the Greater Sunda Islands. She had a reed mast and a rectangular sail.

Karamussal (from Turkish kara - “black” and mursal - “ambassador”) is a Turkish cargo ship of the Middle Ages. It had 2 masts (with a straight and oblique sail), as well as a bowsprit with a jib. These ships were built from sycamore wood and painted black.

Cayuk, 1) rowing or sailing-rowing dugout prow in the Black or Azov Seas. 2) Sailing and rowing river cargo ship of the Northern Pomors. Length 15-24 m, width 3.6-5 m, depth 2.1-2.7 m, draft 1.2-1.5 m, carrying capacity 16-50 tons, crew 6-20 people.

Ketch (English ketch), 1) a small 2-masted ship with oblique sailing weapons, appeared in the 17th century. in England and North America as a fishing and merchant ship. 2) A type of modern 2-masted rig with oblique sails.

Kirzhim is a small coastal sailing and rowing vessel for cargo transportation and fishing in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Length 4.5-8.5 m, crew 3-4 people. Has a straight sail.

Kirlangich (from Turkish kirlangic - “swallow”) is a fast sailing and rowing vessel for messenger and reconnaissance service. It had 1-2 masts with slanting sails. in Russia in the 18th century. built such ships on the Black Sea. Length about 22 m, width 7.6 m, draft 2.4 m.

Clipper (English clipper from clip - “cut”), 1) high-speed sea sailing vessel of the 19th century. for the transport of valuable goods and passengers. It had 3-4 masts. Displacement 1000-2000 tons, speed 18-20 knots (up to 37 km / h), carried a large number of sails. 2) Sailing or sailing-steam (screw) high-speed warship of the 19th century. (patrol, reconnaissance messenger service). 3) US sailing fishing vessel of the first half of the 20th century.

The Knorr is a seafaring Viking merchant ship. Length up to 15 m, width up to 5 m, draft up to 2 m.

Corvette (French corvette), 1) A sailing warship of the 18th - 19th centuries, a messenger and reconnaissance ship, sometimes participating in cruising operations. Sailing armament is the same as that of a frigate, artillery armament up to 40 guns. 2) Modern combat ship of the Navy with a displacement of up to 1600 tons.

Corriera (from Italian cognega - “post office”) - a small Italian sailing ship of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Used for postal and messenger service.

Skew boat, kosnushka - a river sailing and rowing transport boat with sprint sails on two masts. It was distinguished by its ease of movement, it was used on the rivers of Russia.

Kof (goal. kuff) - a small Dutch coastal sailing vessel in the 16th - 19th centuries. Most often, the kofas had a ketch sailing rig; in the case of large sizes, they were armed as a bark or schooner and were called kof-bark or schooner-kof.

Koch - a sailing and rowing fishing vessel of the northern Slavs-Pomors of the 11th - 19th centuries. Flat-bottomed 1-deck vessels, length 10-15 m, width 3-4 m, draft 1-1.5 m. Straight sail, 1 mast. In the XVI - XVII centuries. were used beyond the Urals and in Siberia. The dimensions have increased: length 20-25 m, width 5-8 m, draft up to 2 m, crew 10-15 people, additionally up to 30 people. fishermen.

Kocherma - Turkish sailing 1-masted ship of the 19th century.

Kulaz, kulas - a sailing fishing boat, length 6.5 m, width 1.2 m, carrying capacity 1-1.5 tons. It is used in the southern part of the Caspian Sea.

Kungas is a Far Eastern sailing fishing or coastal transport vessel. Length 12-22 m, width 2.5-5.7 m, depth 1-1.8 m, draft 0.5-1.3 m, load capacity 20-50 tons.

Kutger (German Kutter) - a sailing fishing, less often a cargo ship, used in the 19th century. on the southern coast of the Baltic and North Seas. It had a deck, 2 masts with slanting sails and a bowsprit with 1-2 jibs. Length approx. 18 m, width approx. 5.8 m, side height approx. 5.4 m, load capacity approx. 100 tons

Lanson - 1-, 2-masted sailing fishing or coastal vessel used on the Black Sea in the 18th - 19th centuries. Length up to 21 m, width up to 6 m, draft up to 2.5 m. Used during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, had 4-8 guns, 1-2 mortars.

Lantsha (Malay lanchang) is a small sailing vessel used in the 19th and early 20th centuries. in the Malay Archipelago. It had 2-3 masts. Luger sails were attached to the fore and main masts, and gaff sails were attached to the mizzen mast. It had a bowsprit with 1-2 jibs.

Ship of the line, battleship - in the sailing fleet of the late 17th - mid-19th centuries. the largest combat 3-masted ship with strong artillery weapons (60-130 guns). By the middle of the XIX century. the displacement of battleships reached 5000 tons, the crew - 800 people.

Luger (English lugger), 1) a small sailing fishing vessel of the late XIX - early XX centuries. with rake (luger) sailing armament. It had 2-3 masts. 2) A small warship of the 19th century. with rake sailing equipment, was used in a number of European countries for the messenger service. Length up to 25 m, width up to 6.5 m, draft up to 3.5 m. Armament: 10-16 small guns.

Oblas is a river sailing cargo ship used in the 19th century. on the northern rivers of Russia.

Palandre is a Turkish sailing ship of the 16th century. to transport horses.

Packet boat, 1) a small 2- or 3-masted sailing mail and passenger ship, in the 17th - 19th centuries. used in some European countries. 2) In England in the 17th century. a ship intended only for the carriage of mail between its own and foreign ports and regular communication with the colonies. 3) In Russia in the XVII - XIX centuries. a ship with a displacement of 200-400 tons and armed with several guns.

Pauzok - a sailing and rowing flat-bottomed vessel, found mainly on the northern rivers of Russia. They were deckless, with one mast, had a length of up to 24 m and a carrying capacity of up to 120 tons. Usually they went along with large ships and served to remove cargo from them in shallow water.

Perama - a small sailing cargo ship of coastal navigation (Mediterranean, in particular Turkey). Sailing armament of the luger type, sometimes straight. Length approx. 20 m, width 3.5-4 m.

Piata (from Italian piatto - “flat”) - a flat-bottomed vessel for unloading and loading ships in the roadstead, was used in Italy in the 19th century.

Pinase (French pinasse, English pinnace), 1) a small flute-type sailing vessel used in the countries of Northern Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, served mainly for trading purposes. 2) Currently the name of an open rowboat of the British Navy (sometimes equipped with an auxiliary engine). 3) A sailing fishing vessel with a raised bow and a sharp stern. Used in the waters of the Bay of Biscay.

Peter-bot (eng. peter - boat) - sailing and rowing fishing boat, widely used on the River Thames in England.

Plate (English playte) - a sailing ship that served in the 15th century. in England for the carriage of goods and passengers between the ports of England and France.

Pram (head. praam), 1) a flat-bottomed sailing (1-masted) vessel used in the 17th century. in the Netherlands for the transport of goods by rivers. 2) A flat-bottomed sailing ship with strong artillery (up to 44 large-caliber guns, sometimes several mortars). 3) In Sweden in the 17th century. a warship used in coastal areas and on rivers to bombard enemy fortresses and fortifications. 4) In Russia in the XVIII century. such ships served to protect Kronstadt from the sea. Their length is 35 m, width 10.6 m, and 1 to 3 m.

Ranshina, ranshchina - sailing and rowing 2-, 3-masted fishing vessel of the northern Slavs (Pomors) of the 11th - 19th centuries, adapted for early spring fishing and sea animals in difficult ice conditions. It had an egg-shaped bottom and a straight inclined stem. Load capacity 25-70 tons.

Bark - a sailing cargo ship used in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. in the Volga basin and the Caspian Sea. Length 30-50 m, width 10-12 m, depth up to 2.7 m, draft 1.2-1.8 m, carrying capacity 100-500 tons. Mast 20-30 m high, large straight rake sail, speed from with a load of 60-80 km per day downstream and 30 km against the current. With a calm and a headwind, bark haulers pulled.

Sakoleva - a small sailing merchant ship, found in the Aegean and Black Seas. It had up to three masts (one with straight sails, the other two with oblique ones); length 12-15 m, width 3.5-5 m.

Own boat - a sailing and rowing fishing boat for coastal sea fishing, used in the Caspian Sea. She had 2 masts with raked sails, covered forecastle and poop. It was distinguished by a small draft (up to 0.45 m) and moved during fishing with the help of poles. Crew 4 people.

Skampaveya (from Italian sampare - "disappear" and via - "away") - a small galley, a small rowing ship of the Russian skerry fleet of the 18th century. Borrowed from the Italians. It was a copy of the Venetian galley reduced by 30-40% and was intended for reconnaissance, transportation of troops, landings, boarding battles in skerries. Length 22 m, width about 3 m, draft 0.7 m, 12-18 pairs of oars, 1-2 masts with slanting sails. Armament: 1-2 light guns. Capacity up to 150 people.

Strug, 1) a flat-bottomed sailing and rowing vessel of the Eastern Slavs of the 6th - 13th centuries, intermediate in size between a boat and a boat, the Strug accommodated 10-12 people, was used to transport people and soil along rivers and lakes. It had 10-12 pairs of oars, a removable mast with a small straight sail, which was set with a fair wind, and a device for dragging. Length 20-45 m, width 4-10 m. 2) In the XVI - XVII centuries. small plows were used to protect river trade caravans from robbery. Armament: light guns (bass), capacity 60-80 soldiers (archers). The plows were of the following types: deck, lighting, lifting, soapy, marine, attic, admiral, palace. At the end of the XVII century. planes were used by Peter I for the transfer of troops during the siege of Narva and Azov.

Tarida - a sailing and rowing vessel 30-35 m long, used in the Mediterranean countries in the 12th - 14th centuries. It was used as a commercial and military transport.

Tartana (Italian tartana - “small ship”), 1) a sailing military and merchant ship used in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages. It had one deck, 2-3 masts with slanting sails. 2) Light combat 2-masted ship of the 18th century. with slanting sails and several cannons. 3) Currently 1-masted sailboat for coastal shipping and fishing (Mediterranean Sea). Length 8-20 m, width 3-4.5 m.

Trebaka, trabaccolo (Italian trabaccolo) - a sailing cargo or fishing vessel of coastal navigation, used in the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas. Length approx. 28 m, width approx. 6 m, board height 1-2 m, rake sailing rig, on

bowsprit 2 jibs.

Trekatr - a small sailing and rowing cargo ship used in the basin of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In wartime, they were used to transport goods and troops and had up to 10 small guns on board.

Tuer, tuer ship (from the English tow - “pull”) - a ship moving by pulling a continuous chain (cable) laid along the bottom of a river or canal.

Tuzik - a small (length no more than 3 m) boat on a ship used for communication with the shore, bringing anchors and other ship work

Tunbas - seaworthy sailing cargo ship of Turkey in the 17th - 18th centuries. Often used for landing operations.

Unzhak (named after the Unzha River, a tributary of the Volga) - a wooden cargo ship, used in the 19th - 20th centuries. on the rivers of Russia, including shallow ones. Length 50-60 m, width approx. 14 m, carrying capacity 300-450 tons. Deckless vessel with an inclined stem.

Uchan - Novgorod flat-bottomed sailing and rowing cargo ship of the XIII - XV centuries. Slightly larger than the boat.

Ushkol - a light sailing and rowing sea vessel of the Turkish fleet of the 17th century. It was used mainly on the Black and Azov Seas to protect trade caravans. It had one mast with a slanting sail.

Ushkuy - Novgorod sailing and rowing flat-bottomed vessel of the XIII - XV centuries. It had a removable mast, accommodated up to 30-40 people. It was used by the Novgorod robbers - "ushkuyniki" for raids on neighboring lands (mainly the Upper Volga).

Feluca, feluca (Italian feluca from Arab, "fuluca" - "boat"), 1) a boat on the Mediterranean galleys, which served to communicate with the coast and between ships. She had 3-5 pairs of oars, a mast with a slanting sail. 2) A small coastal sailing vessel in the Mediterranean countries for the transport of goods and fishing. She had 1-3 short masts with slanting sails, sometimes oars. It was used by Greek pirates (then there were 6-8 guns on board). 3) On the Black and Azov Seas, a sailing-rowing or sailing-motor fishing boat with an oblique quadrangular sail. Length 6 m, width approx. 2 m, draft approx. 0.5 m, load capacity 5-6 tons.

Flute (goal fluit) - a sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. On the fore and main masts were straight sails, on the mizzen mast - mizzen and topsail. On flutes for the first time there was a steering wheel. In Russia, such ships were part of the Baltic Fleet from the 17th century.

Flibot (French flibot) - a small flat-bottomed sailing vessel with a carrying capacity of up to 100 tons, used in the 18th - 19th centuries. in the Netherlands for fishing.

Frigate (goal fregat), 1) in the XIII - XVI centuries. sailing and rowing messenger ship with 4-5 pairs of oars and a slanting sail. 2) In the XVIII century. the largest sailing and rowing ship of the skerry fleet (with 12-18 pairs of oars and about 38 guns); in the Russian fleet has been used since the end of the 18th century. 3) In the XVIII - XX centuries. 3-masted sailing or sail-steam warship with full sailing equipment. When included in the battle line, frigates were called battleships. Artillery armament up to 62 guns. From the middle of the XIX century. steam engines and paddle wheels, as well as propellers (steam frigates), and since 1860 - armor (armored frigates) began to be placed on frigates. 4) At present, the Navy ship, designed to search for and destroy submarines, anti-submarine, anti-aircraft and missile defense of ships and transports, has a displacement of up to 4000 tons, a speed of 30 knots (55.5 km / h), is armed with missile systems, carries 1 -2 helicopters.

Fusta (Italian fusta) - a small, fast Venetian galley of the 13th - 16th centuries. Length approx. 27 m., width approx. 4 m

Khachbot (English hatch boat - “a vessel with a cage”) is a fishing boat with a collapsible deck and one or more closing cages for live fish, used in the USA until the middle of the 20th century.

Hoy (goal. heu) - a small sailing and rowing boat, used mainly in Holland in the era of the sailing fleet to transport passengers and cargo from the coast to large ships.

Hoyer (German: Heuer) is a fishing boat used by fishermen on the Pomeranian coast of the Baltic Sea at the end of the 19th century.

Holk, hulk (English hulk) - a ship of the Koga type, about twice as large in size. It was used in England, France and the Netherlands in the 16th - 17th centuries. for trading purposes. Had 3 masts, displacement up to 400 tons.

Chaika is a river rowing vessel of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks of the 16th-17th centuries, adapted for sea voyages. They had 12-15 pairs of oars, a removable mast up to 4 m high with a direct sail, which was set with a fair wind. Length up to 20 m, width 3-4 m, crew 50-70 people, armament up to 6 light guns.

Chektyrme is a light sailing cargo ship of the Turkish fleet with 1-2 masts. Carrying capacity up to 50 tons. In wartime, it was used as a messenger ship and had up to 4 small guns on board.

Scow (French chaland from the Greek "shelandion"), 1) a small, shallow-draught, non-self-propelled vessel for port unloading of large ships in the roadstead. 2) Fishing sailing flat-bottomed boat with a retractable keel, used in the Black and Azov Seas. Length 7.5-8.5 m, width approx. 2.5 m, depth 0.8-0.9 m, draft 0.6-0.7 m, carrying capacity 3-5 tons.

Shebeka (Italian sciabecco, from Arab, “shabbak”) is a sailing and rowing 3-masted vessel with slanting sails, used in the Middle Ages in the Mediterranean Sea for military and transport purposes. It had up to 40 oars and 30-50 small-caliber guns. By design, the xebec was close to the caravel. In the Russian fleet, shebeks appeared in the 18th century. Length 36.5 m, width 10.2 m, draft 3.3 m.

Shkut, shkout (go. schoot) - a sailing military or transport, less often a fishing vessel used in the 18th - 19th centuries. on the Baltic and Caspian Seas, Ladoga and Onega lakes, on the Volga. Large sheets had a frigate sailing equipment, roans - a brig. Length 17-45 m, width 4.5-8.5 m, draft 1.2-1.6 m; load capacity 150-500t, crew 12-18 people.

Sloop (head. sloep), 1) in the XVIII - XIX centuries. sailing 3-masted warship with direct sailing, intermediate in size between a corvette and a brig. Used for reconnaissance and sentinel and messenger services. 2) Marine transport and fishing 1-masted vessel. 3) During the First World War, a low-speed patrol ship with a displacement of up to 1000 tons, a speed of up to 16 knots (29.6 km / h). 4) At present, the type of sailing equipment of sports vessels.

Shmak, shmaka - a small deck sailing vessel used in the 17th - 19th centuries. for transportation of goods, transportation of passengers, fishing in the North and Baltic Seas. It had a sailing armament of a sloop or a ketch, depending on the size. In Russia, 2-masted shmaks with slanting sails were used in the first half of the 18th century. as military transports, as well as for the transport of timber in the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Length 18-27 m, width approx. 7 m, side height approx. 3 m, load capacity 40-140 tons.

Auger, auger, 1) sea sailing and rowing vessel of the Scandinavian peoples of the XII - XIV centuries. The auger looked like a drakar, but was smaller, equipped with 1-2 masts with straight sails, 15-20 pairs of oars, and could accommodate up to 100 people. 2) In the XI - XIX centuries. sailing and rowing fishing vessel of the Northern Slavs (Pomors). Flat-bottomed deckless vessel with a mast height of approx. 6 m, with straight or sprit sail. Large augers had a second mast with a gaff sail, as well as a jib. Length 7-12 m, width 2-2.5 m, draft 0.6-0.8 m, carrying capacity 2.5-4 tons, crew up to 4 people.

Elpidifor is a steam assault transport ship used in the Russian Black Sea Fleet during the First World War. Displacement approx. 1000 tons, armament - small-caliber artillery, landing force 500-1000 people.

Yacht (eng. yacht, gol. jacht) - a vessel equipped with sails or equipped with a mechanical engine, designed for walking, tourism or sports. Yachts include small sailing vessels, regardless of their size and design type. Depending on the purpose, yachts are racing, cruising and racing, pleasure and tourist.

Mass marine shipbuilding (karbas, shnyaks, boats, small boats for coastal navigation and large boats for long-distance crossings) began in the 15th century at the Solovetsky shipyards of the White Sea. The ships of the Solovetsky flotilla sailed under their own flag and had a multi-purpose purpose: they were used by the inhabitants for fishing, hunting for sea animals, transport and protection of the Russian coasts from the raids of the Murmans. The manufacturing technology of Pomeranian ships did not change until the first half of the 20th century. The perfection of their design is evidenced by the fact that the famous Fram, designed for the most outstanding Arctic drift in history, was an exact copy of a large Pomeranian koch.

Pomors were not afraid to go into the ice, because their flat-bottomed vessels, unlike European keel boats, were adapted for safe navigation in ice. This remarkable advantage was used by Russian feeders, who sailed their boats through the Barents and Norwegian Seas from the White to the Baltic by the way, mastered as far back as the 12th century.

The Pomors used maps devoid of the usual degree symbols and scales. These maps were called "drawings" and, in fact, were thematic, that is, they were route diagrams that showed objects of interest to travelers. Medieval maps were generally distinguished by a wide range of information: here one could see heavenly places, pictures of the history of Rome, scenes of the end of the world from Holy Scripture, etc. outlines of the shores of the Murmansk Sea and "Painting of the Pomeranian rivers on the shores of the Arctic Ocean."

It is known that back in the 12th century, on the basis of the Novgorod boat, a Pomor version of this vessel was built, which had higher stability due to an increase in width up to 8 m and adapted for long-term navigation in harsh northern conditions in the bow compartment there was a brick oven. Hunters hunting sea animals confidently reached the edge of floating ice on such vessels, which always served as a reliable guide for their further route. Following the ice fields receding to the north and east, the Pomors discovered walrus rookeries on Kolguev Island, discovered Novaya Zemlya, moving even further, reached the Medvezhye and Nadezhda Islands, and approached the eastern shores of Svalbard. Gaining experience in Arctic navigation and making changes to the design of subsequent versions of ice-class sea vessels, the Pomors climbed into the most remote and inaccessible areas of the Barents Sea for Western European ships.

Pomor koch (in other dialects koch, kochmora, kochmara), one of the pinnacles of shipbuilding, has become a new word for Arctic navigation. Its appearance dates back to the 13th century, and it got its name from an additional anti-ice sheathing (“ice coat” of the ice belt along the waterline), made of durable oak or larch wood and called “kots” in the Arkhangelsk dialect (Arkhangelsk coast-dwellers often use “ts” instead of "h"). Possessing an egg-shaped hull so that the ship was not covered with ice and squeezed upward by the lateral pressure of the attacking ice floes, the Pomeranian koch could drift until it was taken out into open water. In addition, the koch could be dragged across the ice by winding a rope around a spire (special collar) hooked onto a strong ice ledge or anchored in a cut hole. In a similar way, by dragging, along pine logs placed alternately under the bottom, dry sections of the path were overcome. The design of the koch had a number of novelties, subsequently used by foreign craftsmen, in particular, in the construction of icebreakers. These beautiful ships, serving one and a half to two times longer than the ships that left the stocks of the best European shipyards, were made by the White Sea craftsmen.

It was on the kochs that Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Popov sailed from the Kolyma River around the Chukotka Peninsula to the Anadyr River in 1648. Having rounded the eastern tip of Asia, the ships of Dezhnev and Popov entered the Pacific Ocean. They were the first Europeans to sail in the North Pacific.

The banks of the Northern Dvina were considered the most convenient place for shipbuilding: ship pines grew in abundance here, there was no shortage of other materials necessary for the manufacture of ship hulls, and a considerable distance from foreign states prone to conquest served as a reliable guarantor of protection from military encroachments.

At the end of the 19th century, the following descriptions of fishing vessels were given:

· Shnyaka is a deckless ship made of thick boards, sewn with twine (parking), with a removable mast and a straight rake sail. Shnyaks are being built in Pomorie. Shnjaka is very heavy at the oars and can hardly tack against the wind. She, depending on the size, lifts 200300 pounds of cargo and is served by 34 people. Thanks to its strength (it lasts up to 18 years), which allows it to endure blows against stones, which is often unavoidable during drying, as well as its low side, which facilitates the traction of the longline, shnyaka is a favorite vessel of our coast-dwellers. On the shnyak, the Pomors travel 2,560 miles from the shore. The name comes from the Norman "snekkja" ("snail").