Time clauses (when, as soon as, till, untill, after, before). Time clauses in English: meaning, features, examples the most important thing about English prepositions
past perfect- past perfect tense. Its peculiarity is that it is not used in speech on its own and is necessarily attached to another action. Why do the British need it? The reason lies in their love for order and organization. In Russian, we use the same tense to express all past actions. We list a few events, then return to another event that happened before all the others. An Englishman in his speech will never allow such "chaos". If he forgot about an important event that happened before everyone else, he will report it at a specially designated time for this - past perfect.
How is the Past Perfect formed?
Statement
Predicate in past perfect consists of two parts: auxiliary verb had and the third form of the main verb (we add the ending to the regular verb - ed, and we take the form of the wrong one from the third column).
Negation
In a negative sentence between an auxiliary verb had and the particle appears as the main verb not.
As in many other times, past perfect there are abbreviated forms that are used in colloquial speech. In an affirmative sentence had combined with a pronoun, in the negative - with a particle not. For instance:
- I'd done.
- You'd decided.
- I hadn't done.
- You didn't decide.
Question
An interrogative sentence begins with an auxiliary verb had, followed by the subject and the main verb.
In order to consistently study past perfect, we have divided all its functions into three levels. In the green block you will find what you need to know at the beginner level, in the yellow block for the intermediate level, in the red block for the advanced level.
Using the Past Perfect
First level
past perfect always goes hand in hand with another action in the past. past perfect shows an action that happened before another action or a specific moment in the past. Another action in the past is most often indicated past simple, while special words can be used: by... (to some time/moment), after(after), before(before, before) when(when), earlier(before), first(first, first).
We arrived at the station at 7.30, but the train had left. We arrived at the station at 7:30, but the train had already gone. (first the train left, then we arrived at the station)
He had been a usual clerk before he became a successful businessman. - He was ordinary clerk before that, how became a successful businessman.
Often past perfect explains the reason: we want to show that the action expressed past perfect, caused another action to occur.
He was hungry. He hadn't eaten for eight hours. - He was hungry. He did not eat eight hours.
She couldn't buy a new pair of shoes as she had lost her credit card. She couldn't buy a new pair of shoes because lost credit card.
Time past perfect similar in meaning to Present Perfect with the difference that the time of the action does not occur in the present (now), but in the past (then).
They are not at home. They have gone shopping. → They were not at home. They had gone shopping.
Their No Houses. They gone go shopping. → Their did not have Houses. They gone go shopping.
Another common feature Present Perfect and past perfect- adverbs just(just), already(already), yet(already, still).
They were moving to another country, but they hadn't told their parents yet. - They moved to another country, but haven't said yet about it to your parents.
The most common mistake made with past perfect- use this time where it is not necessary, most often instead of past simple. For example, when we talk about a simple action that happened a long time ago. remember, that past perfect works only when there are two actions.
I learned English at school. - I AM learned English at school.
I had learned English before I entered the university. - I AM learned English before that, how entered the University.
Where else is the Past Perfect found?
Average level
- past perfect shows that the action began in the past and continued until a certain point in the past. Prepositions already familiar to us are often used here. for(during) and since(since).
He didn't want to drive that car anymore. He had driven it for 30 years. He didn't want to drive that car anymore. He drove her 30 years old.
Her speech was impressive. She had worked on it since Monday. Her speech was impressive. She worked over it since Monday.
This function is not fully applicable to past perfect she belongs by right Past Perfect Continuous. past perfect in this sense is used with state verbs (), i.e. verbs that cannot "last".
Before we talked, Mary had been upset for three days. She had been crying all this time. Before we talked, Mary was frustrated for three days. She cried all this time.
- V past perfect, As in Present Perfect, there is a function by which we talk about personal experience. The difference is that past perfect we use when talking about our experiences in the past.
The last week of my holidays was the worst week I had ever had. The last week of my vacation was the worst week I have ever had. was.
By the time I moved to Dublin I had written seven books and I was working hard on the eighth. – By the time I moved to Dublin, I wrote seven books and was actively working on an eighth.
Difficult cases of using Past Perfect
High level
- past perfect used after if in conditional sentences of the third type (). This type of conditional shows regret for the past. We could do something in the past if we fulfilled the condition, but in the present we can no longer change the situation.
If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you. - If I am knew about your problem, I would help you.
If you had read the morning newspaper, you would have agreed with me. - If you was reading morning paper, you would agree with me.
- past perfect used in structures hardly ... when and no sooner ... than. These constructions show that one action happened immediately after another. The peculiarity is that they use the reverse word order, as in the question. Such sentences are translated into Russian using the words “as soon as”, “I didn’t have time”, “barely I”.
hardy had the plane landed at the Miami airport, when it started to rain. - Barely airplane landed at the Miami airport how it started to rain.
No sooner had I chewed my sandwich than somebody knocked at the door. - Did not have time I am chew your sandwich how someone knocked the door.
- In modern English language past perfect are increasingly being replaced by past simple, especially in American English. We can use past simple instead of past perfect if the sequence of events is clear from the context. In such sentences there are words after(after), before(front), earlier(before), first(first, first), etc.
After he had finished repairing his car, he took a shower. = After he finished repairing his car, he took a shower. - After he finished fix the car, he took a shower.
I agreed to meet her though I was angry with her as we had quarreled earlier. = I agreed to meet her though I was angry with her as we earlier. - I agreed to meet her, although I was angry with her, because we had a fight.
This rule does not work with the union when(when): with the change of tense, the meaning of the whole sentence may change.
When we came home, she had cooked already prepared dinner. (Past Perfect means dinner was done before we got home)
When we came home, she cooked dinner. When we got home, she prepared dinner. (Past Simple shows that first we came home and then she cooked dinner)
The more complex time seems, the less meaning it has. This rule also applies to past perfect. The main thing to remember is next to past perfect there must be another action in the past. To better remember this time, take the test and download the table, in which you can always peep and refresh your knowledge.
(*.pdf, 183 Kb)
Test
Past Perfect - Past Perfect Tense in English
Although, for now we will formally assume that the tense of the verb, which is called Future Simple Tense, is the main way to express the future tense in English. By the way, in complex sentences of time and conditions in English, which will be discussed in this lesson, Future Simple Tense is used.
What are adverbial clauses of time and conditions?
They can refer to the present and future tenses (real conditions), as well as unreal. In this lesson, we will focus on complex sentences that refer to the future, type
If the weather is good, I will go for a walk.
Such sentences in English are called conditional sentences of the FIRST TYPE (First Conditionals). Another name is When and If Sentences / First Conditional and Time Clauses.
Please note that in the example in Russian in both parts: in the first part (subordinate) and in the second part (main), the future tense is used.
However, the RULE works in English: there is no future after IF / WHEN.
It means that in the subordinate clause instead of Future Simple, you need to use Present Simple.
NOTE. Instead of the union IF, any other can stand union of time or condition.
Now it's time to get acquainted with the unions of time and condition.
2. Unions of time and conditions in English
If you are a beginner, then remember the two main unions if (if) and when (when).
- I will stay if she comes. - I'll stay if she will come.
- I will leave when he comes. - I'll leave, when he will come.
A. Conditional conjunctions in English:
- if - if
- unless - if not
- on condition that - provided that
- I will stay if she comes. - I'll stay if she will come.
- I will stay providing she comes. — I will stay provided that only she will come.
- I won't stay unless she comes. - I won't stay if she not will come.
Note that there is no comma in English conditional sentences.
B. Unions of time in English
- when - when
- as soon as - as soon as
- till (until) - until (until)
- before - before, before
- after - after
- I will leave when he comes. - I'll leave, when he will come.
- I will leave as soon as he comes. - I'll leave, once he will come.
- I won't leave till he comes. - I will not leave, bye he not will come.
- I had left before he came. - I left before he came.
- I left after he had come. - I left after he came.
So, let's summarize this topic and formulate once again the main RULE.
In subordinate clauses relating to the future, after unions when and if and others instead of the future tense (Future Simple), you must use the present (Present Simple). Such sentences in English are called First Conditional and Time Clauses.
Please select the correct option for self-test.
I hope you have carefully read the rule, examples and translation. If your opinion differs from the opinion of the MOST, then return to the beginning of the lesson. And we move on to the exercises.
3. Clauses of time and conditions in English. Exercises on First Conditionals
ATTENTION! These offers are not conditional. The rules don't work!
I'd like to know when Dan will be back. I would like to know when Dan will return.
I don't know if she will come home. I don't know if she will come home.
Exercise (introductory).
1. I wonder if he (laugh) all day.
2. She will buy a new bag when she (arrive) to London.
3. I will stay here till he (come).
4. Tell him about it if he (want).
5. I wonder when somebody (come and tell) her what to do.
6. Do you know if your uncle (come back) from his trip tomorrow?
7. Don't tell her about it before she (ask).
8. I will know all about it when I (get) a letter from her.
9. She will catch bad cold unless she (go and change) her wet shoes.
10. I wonder when you (be ready) and if you (be on time).
11. I am not sure when she (return).
12. Will you wait until he (come)?
13. Please, book a return ticket if you (get) to New York.
14. I shall cut some sandwiches in case they (be) hungry.
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with when or if conjunctions.
Do the exercise if you are confusing when and if conjunctions.
1. … I go home tonight, I'll have a bath.
2. … there is a good program on TV, I’ll watch it.
3. … there’s nothing in the fridge, we’ll eat out.
4. We'll go skiing next winter ... we have enough money.
5. …it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go swimming.
6. I'm coming to London tomorrow. I'll phone you … I arrive.
7. We're thinking of going to Spain for our holidays. … we decide to go, I'll let you know.
Exercise 2 . Insert when or if dots instead.
A similar exercise, but in the second part there is sometimes an imperative mood.
1. … you can't do your homework, ask for help.
2. I'll give the money back to you, … I see you next time.
3. I'll come to bed … this program ends.
4. … anyone phones me, tell them I'm out.
5. Come on! … we hurry, we’ll catch the bus!
6. … I play tennis with Justin, he always wins.
7. The shops are full of things to buy… Christmas comes.
8. "I've lost my bag." - "... I find it, I'll let you know."
Exercise 3 . Make up difficult sentence of two simple ones, using the unions given in brackets. Apply rule 1.
SAMPLE: I'll wait here. You'll get back. ( until) - I'll wait here until you get back.
1. Give me a ring. You'll hear some news. (when)
2. The TV program will end. I'll do my homework. (after)
3. I'll go to work. I'll have a bath. (before)
4. She'll be in Paris. She'll visit friends. (when)
5. The lesson will end. I'll go home. (as soon as)
6. I won't leave the house. The postman will call. (until)
7. Can you feed the cats? I'll be away (when)
8. I'll tell you about the holiday. I'll get back. (when)
9. I'll study English. I'll speak it perfectly. (until)
Exercise 4 . Your friend is going on vacation. Ask him questions about his trip.
SAMPLE: What/do/miss/plane? — What will you do if you miss the plane?
1. What/do/plane/be delayed?
2. Where/stay/hotels/be full?
3. Who/talk to/not make any friends?
4. What/do/not like the food?
5. Where/go/beaches/be crowded?
6. What/do/get sunburnt?
Exercise 5 . Open the brackets using the correct tense Future Simple and present simple.
SAMPLE. When I (see) Tom tomorrow, I (invite) him to our party. — When I see Tom tomorrow, I will invite him to our party.
1. Before you (leave), don't forget to shut the windows. 2. I (phone) you as soon as I (arrive) in London. 3. Please don't touch anything before the police (come). 4. Everyone (be) very surprised if he (pass) the exams. 5. When you (see) Brian again, you (not/recognize) him. 6. We (not/start) dinner until Jack (arrive). 7. (you/ feel) lonely without me while I (be) away? 8. If I (need) any help, I (ask) you. 9. Come on! Hurry up! Ann (be) annoyed if we (be) late.
Exercise 6 Combine two sentences into one according to the model. Use unions of time or conditions according to the meaning.
SAMPLE. You are going to leave soon. You must visit the doctor before that. — You must visit the doctor before you leave.
1. I'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address.
2. It's going to start raining. Let's go out before that.
3. I'm going to do the shopping. Then I'll come home straight.
4. You'll be in London next month. You must come and see me then.
5. I'm going to finish reading this book. Then I'll get the dinner ready. (when)
6. We'll make our decision. Then we'll let you know. (as soon as)
Exercise 7. Insert if or when instead of dots.
1. … I see Tom tomorrow, I'll invite him to our party.
2. … it rains this evening, I won't go out.
3. I'll phone you … I get back.
4. I'm feeling very tired. I think I'll go straight to bed … I get home.
5. I'll be very surprised ... he doesn't get the job.
Exercise 8 Make up semantic chains of sentences according to the model using if and will.
SAMPLE. If the earth gets warmer, the sea will get warmer. — If the sea gets warmer, the ice at the North and South Poles will melt. — If the ice …, etc.
1. the earth gets warmer
2. the sea gets warmer
3. the ice at the North and South Poles melts
4. the sea level rises
5. there are floods in many parts of the world
Exercise 9 . Your friend is going abroad. Ask him questions.
SAMPLE: What/do/fall ill? - What will you do if you fall ill?
1. What/do/lose your passport?
2. What/do/not like/the food?
3. Where/go/need to phone your parents?
4. What/do/want/to make friends?
5. What/do/decide to improve your pronunciation?
Exercise 10 . Put the verbs given in brackets into the correct form. The proposals are for the future.
1. If you (eat) another cake, you (be) sick. 2. You (fail) your exam if you (not/study) hard. 3. What do you (do) if you (fail)? 4. Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we (not/look after) our planet. 5. If you (be) late, I (go) without you. 6. If she (pass) her driving test, she (buy) a car. 7. If my neighbors (not/stop) making a noise, I (complain).
Let's complicate it:
We are watching a movie at the moment and Jane's sister is her homework.
In this sentence, in addition to the previous grammatical basis, a new one appeared - the second one.
sister is the subject
is is the predicate
About this sentence, in addition to being complex, we can say that it is complex, that is, both of its parts are completely independent and can exist separately from each other, they are equal (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Compound sentence ()
Consider another suggestion:
I "ll show you my city as soon as you.
And again, we have two grammatical bases:
I is the subject
will show is the predicate in one sentence, while
you is the subject
arrive is the predicate - in the second.
This sentence is also complex, but it is complex, that is, one part depends on the other. We look:
When?--->(as soon as you arrive).
The first part of the sentence can exist independently, while the second becomes meaningless without it. We call the independent sentence the main one, from which we ask the question, and the second sentence is the dependent, or subordinate clause. In any subordinate clause there must be a characteristic union. (In the sentence above, this is the union as soon as).
Adverbial clauses are of several types:
defining;
mode of action;
circumstantial (place, cause, purpose, time).
It is the latter type that we are going to talk about.
When clauses require conjunctions that specify tense parameters, such as:
when - when
after - after
before - before
until
until - until the moment when
as soon as - as soon as
while - while; bye; whereas
We see that the main clause (I "ll buy a car) is used with the Future Simple, while the subordinate clause (the conjunction clause (When I have money)) is used with the Present Simple.
Study the following examples:
1. As soon as we off the train, I "ll see my sister. - As soon as we get off the train, I will see my sister.
2. After I pass my exams, I "ll have my holidays. - After I pass my exams, my holidays will begin.
Open theto make the sentences complete. Pay attention that all the sentences refer to the future.
1. Will I see you before you (start)?
2. What (you do) when you come home?
3. He will ring me up when he (return) home.
4. I "m sure, he (come) to say goodbye to us, before he leaves to Saint-Petersburg.
5. Please, turn off the light when you (leave) the room.
6. all the arrangements about it before she flies there.
7. Before he starts for London, (he spend) a day or two at the not far from here.
8. Don't go away until mother (come) here.
Answer: 1. start 2. will you do 3. returns 4. will come 5. leave 6. will make 7. will spend 8. comes.
Bibliography
- Afanas'eva O.V., Mikheeva I.V. English language. Grade 9 - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Baranova K.M., Dooley D., Kopylova V.V. English language. - M.: Education, 2011.
- Biboletova M.Z., Trubaneva N.N. English language. Grade 9 - M.: Title, 2008.
Homework
- Open the brackets in the following sentences:
When the rain (stop), we (go) out.
I (send) you a postcard when I (be) on holiday.
Before you (leave), you must visit the gallery.
Wait here until I (come) back.
When I (go) shopping, I (buy) some food.
When I (see) Tom tomorrow, I (invite) him to our party.
Before you (leave), don "t forget to shut the window.
I (phone) you as soon as I (arrive) in London.
- Insert the necessary conjunctions in the gaps:
as soon as, before, after, until, when
Call me _______ you finish your homework.
Jane will buy everything______we take off, don't worry.
I "ll tell John everything______I meet him.
They will go home______the party is over.
We will not start dinner_____Jack arrives.
- Translate the following sentences:
When I am in Paris, I will visit my aunt.
As soon as I get home, I will go to bed.
She's not going anywhere until they tell the truth.
We will visit the library before we go on vacation.
Anna will read the documents after she recovers.
- Internet portal E-grammar.org ().
- Internet portal Englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk ().
- Internet portal Egeacademy.com ().
The comma separates the clauses of time at the beginning of a sentence.
Wheneverheisincity,hevisitsus - Whenever he is in town, he visits us
You can keep those CDs for as long as you likeholdthesecd umyself
His head had no sooner touched the pillow than he fell asleep - Before his head touched the pillow, he fell asleep
Hardly had I lit a cigarette as the wind blew it out of my hands- NotmanagedI amignitecigarette, howby the windherknocked outatmefromhands
Temporary agreement
Temporary clauses follow the rules for coordinating tenses in English. The present or future tense of the main sub-clause requires the present tense in the subordinate clause. The past tense of the main sub-clause also requires the past tense.
She takes off her shoes the moment that she gets home - Sheremovesshoes, howonlycomes inhome
I'll call you as soon I get to my hotel - Icallyoustraightawayonparishvhotel
They'll go home when the film is over - Theywill gohomeafterviewingmovie
When he callsI'll give him the message - Whenhewill call, I amI will passhimmessage
Turn off the lights before you leave - Beforeleavingextinguishlight
He took a shower after he had finished painting the room– Dokrasivroom, heacceptedshower
They had reserved a table before they went to the restaurant- Fronthikeva restauranttheyorderedtable
He jumped out of bed the moment he woke up - Hejumped outfrombed, howonlywoke up
Temporary alliances
- when - when
We'llordersomepizzaswhenourfriendsgethere – We will order pizzas when friends join us
When fit with will/would like a question word.
I'm not sure when his next book will be published- NotI know, whenwill come outhisnextbook
- till/until - up to
You must stay in the office till you finish / have finished the report– Stayvoffice, byenotfinishreport
- bythetime - by the time
I'll have set the table by the time you come home - II will covertableToyoursreturn
- as/while - while
We learned several interesting facts as we were listening to the lecture– Listening to the lecture, we learned some interesting facts
English Joke
Ted had a habit of dropping in at the house next door on baking day, for the woman of that house had a deft way in the making of cookies, and Ted had no hesitation in enjoying her hospitality, even to the extent of asking for cookies if they were not promptly forthcoming.
When the boy's father learned of this, he gave Ted a lecture and a strict order never to ask for cookies at the neighbor's kitchen. So, when a few days later the father saw his son munching a cookie as he came away from the next house, he spoke sternly:
"Have you been begging cookies again?"
"Oh, no, I didn't run any," Ted answered cheerfully. “I just said, this house smells like if it was full of cookies. But what's that to me?
The simplest constructions of the type "my name is…; I'm working…,; I'm going…” learn in the very first English lessons. But such phrases are not enough to use the language at least at an intermediate level. For an interesting conversation and successful communication with foreigners, you need to learn how to compose detailed expressions from simple sentences. We will develop this skill in ourselves today, studying the clauses of time in English and conditional constructions. Knowledge of typical combinations and the ability to use them correctly will enrich and diversify our speech.
Meaning of subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses are dependent constructions of complex sentences that help to reveal the meaning of the main sentence more widely, expressing any signs, causes, conditions, consequences, etc. The method of attaching an additional part of an expression to the main one can be different, but more often this always happens with the help of or allied words.
Dependent sentences in English can have different semantic meanings, and refer to any member of the sentence, both main and secondary. The most numerous category of subordinate structures is the adverbial group. It carries the meanings of time, purpose, place, cause, etc., in general, all those topics for which the circumstance is responsible. According to the construction of constructions, most of these additional sentences coincide with similar expressions in Russian. But two representatives of the adverbial group of English clauses sometimes have a tense form that is not typical for Russian-speaking people. We will talk about them in more detail in the next section.
Adverbs of tense in English
These additional constructions carry explanations about when and how long the actions and events referred to in the main clause are performed or were / will be performed. In other words, they express the time of occurrence of events. The sentences explaining the time are attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions. The union when is most often used in English speech, therefore such subordinate clauses are often called that: sentences with when. But for different shades of time, other unions are also widely used, for example: assoonas,until,since,after,till,before,bythetime.
- MyparentshadgonetothetheaterbeforeI came home My parents had gone to the theater before I came home.
- Wewentforawalkintheparkafterthe snow had stopped We went for a walk in the park after the snow stopped falling.
- Myfatherhasn'tseenhisparentssincehe moved to the Netherlands My father has not seen his parents since he moved to the Netherlands.
In these examples, the clauses of time used in English do not differ much from Russian ones. What is their catch then? It lies in the construction of a practical construction, which refers to the future tense. In Russian we say " When I get home I will repeat this lesson". Note that both parts are in the future tense.
Other English topics: Prepositions of place in English: classification, meaning, practice
In English speech, such a construction is impossible, because the rules of grammar do not allow using the future tense in additional constructions. This is what distinguishes subordinate clauses time and conditions from other subordinate clauses. To indicate future events or actions, they will use the Present tense forms ( present Simple orpresent Perfect to indicate the completion of an action). Note that this rule only applies to the dependent construct, main part can stand in any form, including in the future. Let's see how it looks in practice.
| Sentence | Translation |
| When I meet my colleague , I'll tell him about this story. | When I meet my colleague, I will tell him about this story. |
| I hope I will be at home before the hurricane reaches our city . | I hope that I will be at home before the hurricane hits our city. |
| Nick will go to the airport as soon as the concert finishes . | Nick will go to the airport as soon as the concert is over. |
| After the rain stops , they'll go to the supermarket. | After the rain stops, they will go to the supermarket. |
| I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip . | I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip. |
| By the time the police find him , he'll live in another country. | By the time the police find him, he will be living in another country. |
| They'll go to play football when they have done their homework . | They will go to play football when they finish their homework. |
| As soon as he has finished talking , I can use the phone. | As soon as he finishes talking, I can use the phone. |
Note that the English language has peculiar punctuation rules, according to which the subordinate clause is separated by a comma only when it is at the beginning of a sentence.
Let's just add a couple of words about conditional sentences, since they are the only constructions that behave in the same way when forming sentences with the future tense. As the name implies, these expressions reveal various probabilities, conditions, possibilities under which the events of the main statement may or may not be fulfilled. Unions by which they can be easily recognized - if,unless,incase.
The condition in English is a voluminous and complex topic, since English grammar has several types of such constructions with different rules for their use. You can learn more about all types of conditional sentences in the adjacent material.
Other English topics: What is the difference between Present Simple and Present Continuous- rules, examples
As we have already said, subordinate clauses can be of various types. And here, too, there is a little English cunning hidden, since different types of sentences can use the same conjunctions. For beginners in learning English, such confusion sometimes puts them in an awkward position and makes them make mistakes. In order to avoid unpleasant situations in a conversation, it is necessary to be able to distinguish which member of the sentence the dependent construction refers to. Why this is really important, let's look at example phrases.
As you remember, the rule about subordinate tenses says that the union when in English requires the Present tense after itself. But in the first sentence, we used the future, is this a deliberate mistake? No. These are two completely different situations of using the union: in the first case, it adds the complement construction ( doesn't know what?), and in the second situation, when attaches an adverbial construction that reveals the duration of the action ( won't know about it when?). Let's give a couple more examples for better memorization.
- Theydon'twriteyetwhen they will arrive - They do not write yet, (about what? - about that ...) when they arrive.
- Nobodysayswhen we have to finish ourworks - No one says (what? - that ...) when we have to turn in our work.
- Iwillbehappywhen I pass thisexamverywell - I will be happy (when? - then ...) when I pass this exam very well.
- Wewillhavesupperwhen guests arrive - We will have dinner (when? - then ...) when the guests arrive.
This rule also applies to conditional constructs if the if clause is used as an object in the clause.
This concludes the development of English clauses of time. We hope that you have mastered the basic rules, learned to distinguish between use cases and are ready to test your knowledge by doing exercises on the subject of adverbial tense in English. Good luck in improving your foreign language!
