Attila - biography, facts from life, photos, background information. The history of origin and interpretation of the name Atilla Atilla: the number of spiritual aspirations "3"
He was red-haired and light-eyed, like all his family. By the way, he was also a tall, red-haired and light-eyed man. Moreover, the Kypchaks-Kumans-Polovtsy also differed mainly in the light color of their hair and eyes. And the Kirghiz until the 9th - 10th centuries, when a child with Mongoloid features was born in their midst, generally believed that a woman worked him up from a Chinese, since the Kirghiz at that time were mostly light Caucasians, as well as the Uyghurs. And there is nothing unusual here, because both those and others, and the third, originated from the tele-dili-dulo or dinlins (in Chinese pronunciation), i.e., the ancient Turkic-speaking Caucasians of Asia, who inhabited a vast region, including areas modern China and specifically the Huang He river basin, and even before the arrival of the ancestors of modern Chinese, from where the Tele-Dinlins were subsequently ousted by these same Mongoloid newcomers, and the rest were assimilated by them. The Xiongnu-Xiongnu-Huns, related to the Tele-Dili-Dinlins, also differed from the Mongoloid Chinese in their taller stature, high bridge of the nose (even aquiline noses) and, in comparison with Chinese men, had more dense facial and body hair. And here, too, there is nothing surprising, because the ancient speakers of the Turkic languages, which in turn are part of the so-called Altaic language family (which includes the Mongols, and even Japanese and Koreans), belonged to the same Nostratic macrofamily of languages to which modern Indo-Europeans belong, and modern representatives of the Uralic language family, and Kartvelian, etc., i.e., in their external - anthropological appearance, were originally typical Caucasoids, and subsequently some of them, namely the eastern part of the speakers of these Turkic languages, as a result of long and dense contacts with representatives of the Mongoloid races gradually acquired Mongoloid features in their appearance, while retaining their Turkic (Altaic-Nostratic) language. Therefore, the Slavs have nothing to do with it at all. In addition, in addition to the Slavs, who have a Caucasoid anthropological appearance on earth and there are enough others. So a person with a Caucasoid appearance and with blond hair and blue eyes is not yet a Slav, and rather not even a Slav, but let's say the same Scandinavian, since among the Slavs themselves and even entire Slavic peoples there are a lot of dark ones. Modern Russians in their ethnic basis are generally predominantly assimilated in the 9th - 10th centuries. indigenous Finno-Ugric tribes.
admin. Thanks, very professional. Be sure to write more. It is important for you to stand out from the crowd. However, you should not use flashy tones or catchy accessories for this. This should not be understood in the sense that bright, cheerful colors are not for you. It’s just that the general style of clothing should be distinguished by correctness, good taste, and solidity. Clothing should be of high quality and fit well on you. An appearance that meets these criteria inspires disposition and trust. These principles should be guided not only in the process of completing your wardrobe, but also when choosing the design and furnishings for your home, office.
Atilla name compatibility, manifestation in love
Atilla, your characteristic qualities are charm, romanticism and the ability to show your feelings in such forms that they can’t but cause a reaction. The state of being in love gives you a feeling of fullness of life, continuous euphoria. Your gift to find beauty in every prospective partner is amazing and delightful. However, as soon as the relationship loses the charm of novelty, becomes ordinary and obligatory, your interest in us quickly fades. But although you often endure the breakup easily, memories of it remain quite painful for you for a long time, because you like to sort through and analyze the smallest details and circumstances, comparing the past with the present.Motivation
You are gifted with a bright personality, and all your spiritual aspirations are aimed at realizing your abilities in one way or another. This desire often determines your choice.But there are many abilities, and they are very diverse. Accordingly, there may be several ways to implement them. So quite often you find yourself having to give up one opportunity in favor of another.
It is good if you have enough prudence to focus on a specific goal and direct all your efforts towards its achievement. It is bad if you are trying to "chase two birds with one stone", not wanting to give up even a small chance of success. In this case, you run the risk of wasting all your spiritual potential for nothing, “spraying” it, letting it go to the wind. And - to be left with nothing.
You should trust your heart more. He does not care about external brilliance, all the tinsel that usually decorates the life of artistic natures. Therefore, it is it that at the right time will tell you the only right decision. Try to "hear" it.
Attila(born? - 453) - one of the greatest and most cruel barbarian tribes that invaded the boundaries of the Roman Empire.
From 434 to 453 - the leader of the Huns, known in Western Europe only by the name "Scourge of God".
Together with his brother Bleda, after the death of his uncle Rugila, he inherited a vast Hunnic empire stretching from the Baltic and the Alps in the West to the Caspian Sea in the East.
For the first time Attila is mentioned in chronicles in connection with the revision of the peace treaty with the head of the Eastern Roman Empire near the city of Margus (now Pozarevak).
In the period from 435 to 439, little information has been preserved about the life of the ruler of the Huns, but it is known for certain that at that time he waged wars with barbarian tribes to the north and east of the borders of his territories.
What, obviously, the Romans took advantage of and stopped paying the annual tribute, violating the agreement in Margus. But, subsequently, such acts were severely punished. In 441, Attila, having defeated a small Roman army, invaded the empire across the border along the Danube, taking advantage of the fact that the main Roman troops were involved in the Asian part of the Roman Empire.
Margus, Singidunum (Belgrade) and many other cities were completely destroyed and devastated. Only at the cost of negotiations in 442 was it possible to conclude a truce, and the main Roman army pulled itself up to the northern borders of the empire. But the Huns in 443 began their new bloody campaign, the goal of which was Constantinople itself.
Moving far to the south, the barbarian army plundered and destroyed the inhabitants of the present cities of Sofia and Nis and met with the main Roman forces at Asper, where they inflicted a crushing defeat. Attila himself could not take Constantinople, because of its impregnability, but the subsequent peace treaty was established completely on the rights of the ruler of the Huns. The annual tribute was increased by 3 times. In 445, Attila kills his brother and becomes the sole ruler of the Hunnic empire. In 447, he undertook a new, even more brutal campaign in the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Having plundered the Balkans and captured vast territories south of the Middle Danube, the "Scourge of God" moved to the south of Greece, but was stopped at Thermopylae. The ensuing negotiations with Emperor Theodosius II dragged on for three years and were concluded by a peace treaty in 449 on even more severe terms.
In 451, Attila is already invading the territories of the Western Roman Empire, the goal was the Visigothic kingdom, guarded by the courtier and military leader at the court of Emperor Valentin II - Aetius. For a long time, Attila was successful, and he practically subjugated all the lands of Gaul, but his ally Theodoric came to the rescue of Aetius, and together they inflicted the first and only defeat on the formidable leader of the Huns at Troyes.
Attila died in 453, on the night of his marriage to a girl named Ildiko, according to various sources, death came to a man who sowed terror throughout Western Europe in a dream. Numerous sons of Attila subsequently divided the mighty empire of the Huns among themselves, which led to its decline and subsequent death.
Atilla
Atilla (died 452) - leader of the tribe Huns(since 434). He killed his brother co-ruler (445) and became the head of the Hun union of tribes. Atilla's vast empire stretched from southern Germany to the Volga and the Urals, and from the Baltic Sea to the Caucasus. After the battle for Catalaunian fields(451) in 452 made a new raid and destroyed a number of cities in Italy. Pope Leo I, on behalf of the emperor, bought the world from Atilla for a large sum of money. According to one version, Atilla died the night after his marriage to the Burgundian native Ildiko, either at her hands or from a heart attack. According to legend, the coffin was buried in the bed of the Tisza (the water was diverted from the river, and then returned to the old bed).
Attila is the famous conqueror, the leader of the Hunnic tribal union in Pannonia in 434-453, "the scourge of God", as the Roman chroniclers called him. Date of birth unknown, died in 453. Attila was the main opponent Eastern Roman Empire in 441-449, captured and plundered almost all the cities in Thrace, with the exception of Adrianople and Heraclius, threatened Constantinople. As a result, the Huns obtained from Emperor Theodosius II the payment of a huge annual tribute. In 451, Attila devastated Germany and Gaul, but was defeated in the Catalaunian fields near the city of Troyes in Gaul by the Roman commander Aetius and the Visigoths. In 452 he invaded Northern Italy, but soon returned to Pannonia, where he died in 453 during his marriage to a Burgundian princess.
Byzantine Dictionary: in 2 volumes / [ comp. Tot. Ed. K.A. Filatov]. St. Petersburg: Amphora. TID Amphora: RKhGA: Oleg Abyshko Publishing House, 2011, v. 1, p. 136-137.
Attila (c. 434 - 453) - a powerful Greek king who united under his rule the nomadic people of the Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans, etc. He captured and plundered the Roman provinces in the Balkans. In 451, during a campaign against Gaul, he was defeated, he refused the siege of Rome due to an outbreak in the army. He died in his camp on the night after his wedding with Ildena (it is assumed that she was German by birth). After his death, the state fell apart. In the Nibelungenlied he is depicted under the name of King Etzel.
Greidina N.L., Melnichuk A.A. Antiquity from A to Z. Dictionary-reference book. M., 2007.
Rafael and students. Meeting of Leo I with Attila. Fresco fragment.
Attila (Attila) (d. 453) - the leader of the Huns 434-453 (until 445 jointly with brother Bleda, then, having killed his brother, - alone). Under Attila, whose residence was on the territory of modern Hungary, the Hunnic union of tribes extended its power to the East - to the Caucasus, in the West - to the Rhine, in the North - to the Danish islands, to the South - included the right bank of the Danube. In 447, having devastated Thrace and Illyria (70 cities and fortresses were destroyed), the Huns reached Thermopylae and the environs of Constantinople; was significantly increased, the tribute that the Eastern Roman Empire paid to the Huns. In 451, Attila invaded Gaul, and then was defeated in the Catalaunian fields by the troops of the Western Roman Empire (commander Aetius) and its allies (Visigoths, Burgundians, etc.). In 452, Attila devastated northern Italy (destroyed Aquileia, took Padua, Milan and other cities; Rome paid off). On his return to Pannonia, Attila soon died.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 1. AALTONEN - AYANS. 1961.
Attila (Etzel, nicknamed "The Scourge of God") - the king of the Huns, the son of Mundtsuk, in 433 A.D., after the death of his uncle, Rugilas, together with his brother Bled, assumed supreme power over the Huns; but already in 445, having killed Bleda, he became their sole leader. Following that, with his aggressive raids, A. expanded his state to enormous proportions. A.'s appearance, according to contemporaries, was unattractive: A. was a squat, dense man with a dark complexion, small sunken eyes, a flat nose and a sparse beard; but with all that, his proud gait and severity of expression made an impressive impression. Despite his savagery, he showed self-respect, gravity, justice, and not only to his own, but also to foreign peoples, he was a powerful ruler, to whom they voluntarily submitted. Thus, he compiled a strong union of nationalities, to which belonged: the Ostrogoths, Gepids, Thuringians, Heruli, Rugii, Khazars, etc. - His residence was in upper Hungary, not far from Tokaj. At first, A. was a special thunderstorm East. Roman Empire. Constantly raising his demands, he forced the emperor. Theodosius II paid him a huge tribute, and subjugated to his power the entire right bank of the lower Danube. Having devastated Mysia, Thrace, Illyricum, he extended his raids to the outskirts of Constantinople, forced the emperor (447) to pay off him with large sums and leave the whole country south of the Danube to the Huns. In 440, A., offended by the refusal of the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III to give his sister Honoria for him and preoccupied with the alliance of the Romans with the Visigoth king Theodoric, moved west, at the head of the 500,000th rati. - Consigning everything to fire and sword, A. went through Germany to the Rhine, crossed this river near the mouth of the Neckar and destroyed a number of cities, such as for example. Trier. Metz, Arras and others. The same fate threatened Orleans when the besieged city came to the aid of: the commander of Valentinian Aetius and the Visigoth king Theodoric. Then A. lifted the siege and settled down on the vast Catalaunian plain, near the city of Troyes. On this plain, in the autumn of 451, a gigantic battle of peoples broke out. The onslaught of the Huns was repelled by Theodoric, and when he fell in battle, by his son, Thorismund. Then A. retreated to his fortified Wagenburg, where Aetius no longer attacked him. Over 200,000 fighters remained on the battlefield. Mutual bitterness was so great that folk legend forced the souls of the slain to continue the battle in the air. A.'s forces were, however, so weakened by this battle that he did not go further, but, on the contrary, returned across the Rhine to Germany. In 452, he made a new raid, and, through the unguarded eastern Alps, penetrated into Italy, destroyed Aquileia, took Altinum, Padua, Milan and many other cities; Rome and all of Italy were in danger of becoming the victim of their enemies; but A. suddenly stopped his victorious march and expressed his readiness to enter into negotiations. Pope Leo I, in the name of the emperor, for a large sum of money bought peace from A., which the latter was very desirable, on the occasion of the mortality that developed in his army and the various hardships to which it was subjected. In 453, shortly after his return to Pannonia, A. died the night after his marriage, concluded by him with the Burgundian native Ildiko; his death followed either from a blow, or from the hand of Ildiko, who avenged this for the destruction of her people. His body was placed in three coffins: golden, silver. and iron; the captives who made the coffins were put to death. According to one very common legend in Hungary, the coffin was buried in the bed of the Tisza, for which the water was diverted from the river, and then again let into the old bed. With the death of A., the power of the world state of the Huns faded; with his son, Ellak, in the battle on the river. Netada (in Pannonia) Germanic and Scythian tribes won their independence. The state he founded fell apart as soon as it was created, but the memory of this powerful conqueror, Etzel of the Germanic peoples, nicknamed the "Scourge of God", lived for a long time in songs and legends.
Wed Gibbon, "Leben des A." (Lyuneb., 1797); Johann von Miller, "A., der Held des V Jahrh." (Vienna, 1806); Klemm, "A. nach der Geschichte, Sage und Legende" (Leipz., 1827); The Hague, "Geschichte A. s." (Celle, 1862); Thierry, "Histoire d" A. et ses successeurs" (4th ed., Paris, 1874).
F. Brockhaus, I.A. Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
Literature:
Thierry A., Histoire d "Attila et de ses successeurs ..., 5 ed., P., 1874; Moravcsik G., Attilas Tod in Geschichte und Sage, Bdpst, 1926; Boor H. de, Das Attilabild in Geschichte, Lebende und heroischer Dichtung, Bern, 1932; Stein E., Histoire du Bas-Empire, t. 2, P.-Brux.-Amst., 1949; Homeyer H., Attila. Der Hunnenkönig von seinen Zeitgenossen dargestellt, v., 1951; Thompson EA, A history of Attila, Oxf., 1948; Altheim F.; Attila und die Hunnen, Baden-Baden, 1951.
Nicknamed by his contemporaries the Scourge of God. Born ca. 406 and was the son of the Hun ruler Mundtsuk and the nephew of Rugila, whose power he inherited in 434 together with his brother, Bleda, who was later killed on his orders. At the end of the 4th century, the Huns, having joined with Alans, goths and other peoples they subjugated, began to threaten both the eastern and western half of the Roman Empire. The leader of the Huns, Uldin, was an ally of the Visigoth Alaric, and Mundtsuk and Rugila, having aroused a passion for conquest among the people, repeatedly led the Huns against the Romans. Attila, gifted with an ardent mind, firmness of character and the greatest fearlessness, from a young age showed exorbitant ambition, cruelty and contempt for enlightenment and settled life. Familiarized by the commander Aetius with the corruption of morals among the Romans, Attila all the more neglected them. He gained confidence in his strength and military abilities even in his youth, in the war with the Burgundians, where, by courage and clever orders, he saved the army of the Huns, led by Whitar, from extermination, which, due to the oversight of its leader, was exposed to the greatest danger.
Having become king, Attila invaded Italy with 60,000 soldiers, and reaching the banks of the Po River, forced the empress Placidia give him Pannonia. Byzantine emperor Theodosius II who at that time accepted under his protection some of the Hunnic tribes that had fallen away from the power of Attila, was forced to conclude a shameful peace with him, and become his tributary. All this further strengthened the affection and respect for Attila of the half-wild, but courageous of his subjects, which was facilitated by the rumor spread by Attila that he owns the invincible sword of the god Odin. Already commanding hundreds of thousands of Huns, he entered into an alliance with Genseric, the king of the African vandals, and again went to war against the Eastern Empire. He won three battles, devastated Thrace, Macedonia, Greece and penetrated almost to Constantinople. Theodosius again asked for peace and had to redeem him with a tribute of 2,100 poods of gold, at a price unheard of at that time.
BBC Great Warriors. Attila - Leader of the Huns. video film
After the accession to the Byzantine throne of the militant Marciana Attila turned to the Roman west, where he saw more means to spread his conquests. Vain Western Emperor Valentinian armed the Hunnic tribe of Akatsir against him; he plotted in vain to poison this dangerous adversary of his. The power of Attila was constantly growing, and almost all the barbarian peoples who lived from the banks of the Rhine and Danube to the Don recognized him as their ruler.
By agreement with Genzeric, Attila moved against the Visigoths, who at that time owned Spain and southern Gaul, and were carried away by Aetius, the Roman governor in eastern Gaul, to war against the Vandals. Postponing until the most auspicious time the demand for the hand of Valentinian's sister, honorii, with whom, at her request, Attila intended to marry, with a large and brave army, consisting of the Huns, Ostrogoths, Gepids and Alans, entered southern Germany. On the Lech River, he connected with the northern Germanic peoples, on the Neckar with the Eastern Franks, and having defeated the Burgundian kings Gundikar (Gunther of the Nibelungenlied) and Sigismund, he crossed the Rhine.
Having received news of this, Aetius, who was waiting for him in the Julian Alps, hurried to the banks of the Loire, where he joined up with the Western Franks, Burgundians and Sarmatian mercenary troops, and an ally of the Romans, Visigothic King Theodoric took a position near the city of Aurelian (Orleans). Attila, with 700,000 men, advanced against the Visigoths, ordering the rest of his forces to lay siege to Aurelian. A bloody battle ensued, but the victory remained doubtful for a long time, and was decided only by the death of Theodoric, who fell on the battlefield with 100,000 of his brave companions. The remnants of the Visigothic army, under the command of Thorismund, the eldest son of Theodoric, retreated to Tolosa (Toulouse). Attila triumphantly entered Orleans. The fall of the Western Empire seemed inevitable.
But the warlike inhabitants of Spain and southern France, frightened by the devastating approach of the Huns, flocked from all sides under the banner of Thorismund, to whom Aetius joined. Attila, fearing a new battle with numerous, fierce opponents, and not wanting Gaul to become the grave of his glory, retreated to Remy (Reims), but overtaken by the allies on the Catalaunian plains (near the present city of Châlons-on-Marne), he was forced to accept the battle . Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, the equal of which in cruelty and bloodshed can hardly be found in the annals of the world, continued all day long. Up to 200,000 warriors fell. For a long time the Visigoths and Huns disputed each other's victory, and only the onset of night stopped the battle. Thorismund, avenging his murdered father, desperately rushed to the rear of the Huns, and Attila had to seek salvation in his camp. Having ordered a fire made of horse saddles to be built there, he vowed to burn himself if the enemies took possession of his camp. But Aetius, not daring to attack the formidable enemy a second time, persuaded him to retreat by negotiations.
Pursued only by light troops of the Franks, Attila moved through Thuringia to Pannonia, contemplating a plan to invade Italy. The pretext for him was the second refusal of Valentinian in the hand of Honoria, and the concession, instead of a dowry, of half of the empire. Part of the Huns, under the leadership of Ardarich, moved through Norik (Austria and Tyrol), and Attila himself led the rest of the army through Illyria. The Romans, defeated at the river Artia, retreated to Aquileia, which was immediately besieged and destroyed by the Huns (452), after a brave and long defense by the Roman generals Menap and Oric. The barbarians utterly devastated North-East Italy as far as Ravenna. The cities of Milan and Cremona, which surrendered without resistance, were spared, but Verona, Mantua and Bergamo, having incurred all the fury of the victor by a long defense, were subjected to final extermination. The inhabitants of the coastal countries hid on the islands of the lagoons, and laid the first foundation of Venice there.
Valentinian left for Rome and from there he begged for help from the eastern emperor. Attila camped at the confluence of the rivers Mincio and Po, near Mantua, preparing to march on Rome in the spring, but an embassy arrived to him, whose head was the holy pope Leo I, convinced him to retreat, probably inspired by his own prudence. Marcian and the peoples of Western Europe began to arm themselves against him. If he remained longer in Italy, he might have been exposed to the greatest danger. Having imposed an annual tribute on Rome and demanding the immediate extradition of Honoria, Attila returned to Pannonia, and, wanting to take revenge on Marcian, began to prepare a new devastation of the Eastern Empire.
Raphael. Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila, 1514
Before going on a campaign, he celebrated his marriage to the beautiful Gildegunda (Ildiko), the daughter of the German prince Gerik, who was already betrothed to another, but against her will, was ceded by her father to the formidable ruler of the Huns. Attila's wedding night was the last of his life. He was put to death in his sleep by Gildegunde (in 453 or 454). According to other historians, Attila, devoted to the highest degree of sensual pleasures and wine, died that night from a strong hemorrhage.
So ended his life, at the age of 49, Attila, the idol of the northern peoples and the horror of Europe. His body was placed in a triple coffin and exposed under a silk cloak, after which, at the sound of laudatory songs, it was carried to the grave. The place where the ashes of the leader of the Huns lie is unknown to posterity: the slaves who betrayed his body to the earth were immediately killed. After the death of Attila, the power of the Huns fell apart from the strife that arose between its tribes.
