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Compliance with labor protection and safety regulations at an enterprise is a prerequisite for its normal operation. From the article you will learn about the basic concepts, regulatory framework, and employer responsibilities.

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Occupational health and safety at work

In any production there are factors that are dangerous to the life or health of workers. Such risk factors may be physical, chemical or biological. Preventing the consequences of their exposure depends on a competent, reliable device, as well as the effectiveness of the occupational safety system at the enterprise.

What is safety precautions - definition

Occupational safety is a system of various measures: legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, preventive, carried out with the aim of protecting the life, maintaining the health of the worker, improving the quality of his working conditions, and minimizing the impact of negative ones.

In turn, safety rules at an enterprise are a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at preventing accidents and creating safe conditions at the places where work duties are performed. Compliance with these rules is mandatory.

The main legal basis for organizing an occupational safety system at an enterprise, first of all, should be called. It establishes the length of the working day, rest time, describes the work schedule, discipline rules, provides the basis for training in safe work practices, guarantees protection for women and minors, lists the employer’s obligations regarding the optimization of working conditions, and establishes his responsibility for the life and health of employees.

Another group of documents that an occupational safety specialist needs to focus on are numerous state industry standards and enterprise standards. This group is also known as the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSSS). This is followed by acts: intersectoral regulations, recommendations, guidelines.

Who is responsible for occupational safety and health?

Since competent organization and compliance with occupational safety requirements is of paramount importance for the enterprise, the main responsibility always lies with the manager. It doesn’t matter whether we are talking about a small business with two employees or a metallurgical giant with many thousands of employees.

However, the manager may delegate these responsibilities to a separate official - a health and safety specialist.

According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, if the staffing level in an organization exceeds 50 people, a position should be created, which, as a rule, reports directly to the head of the enterprise, or the position of an occupational safety specialist should be introduced.

The labor protection service has many tasks. Let's name the main ones:

identification of factors that can cause injuries and the development of occupational diseases;
support of other departments in the analysis of harmful and dangerous production factors;
actions by ;
participation in inspections of production facilities and equipment;
direct participation in the work of commissions responsible for commissioning production facilities;
implementation of measures to improve UT;
participation in the creation of LNA on various aspects of labor protection.

These are just the main challenges that an OT service may face. In each specific case, the enterprise requires the adoption of specific measures appropriate to the situation.

Occupational safety and health regulations

Every organization must have a set of labor and safety regulations. When preparing these documents, the specifics of each enterprise should be taken into account, but there will always be common points. One of the most important conditions for ensuring full compliance with regulatory requirements is the theoretical and practical training of employees. In other words, training. For example, each OT training program should have main sections:

detailed description of safe routes for movement, transportation, entrances, exits;
rules for the implementation of the preparatory stage of work;
description of safe techniques and techniques for performing various production operations;
clear rules of conduct for employees in the event of an emergency, as well as;
list of actions at the final stage of work.

Industrial safety instructions

According to the law, responsibilities for drawing up instructions, as well as occupational safety regulations, are assigned to department heads. An OT specialist should provide them with methodological assistance. The content of the instructions varies greatly depending on the position or qualifications of the specialist.

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Off-the-job training is carried out according to a 40-hour in-depth program by the head of the organization, heads of departments, and an occupational safety specialist. The shortened 10-12 hour course is intended for narrower specialists. For example, for accountants, programmers, production department employees, storekeepers, etc. The training ends with a knowledge test and the issuance of a certificate.

The main regulatory document on labor protection in departments of the state fire service is POTRO-01-2002, approved by order of December 31, 2002. No. 630 “On the approval and implementation of labor protection rules in the units of the state fire service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.” The document consists of 8 sections.

General requirements

The GPS system provides for the following types of briefings:

introductory; primary at the workplace; repeated; unscheduled; target.

An introductory briefing on labor protection is carried out with all personnel of the State Fire Service units before the start of laboratory and practical work in training laboratories, workshops, training grounds, with a note in the Logbook of the conducted labor safety briefings with personnel.

Initial training at the workplace is carried out according to a program developed by the territorial governing body of the State Fire Service, with all personnel of the State Fire Service units individually, with practical demonstration of safe techniques and work methods.

Repeated briefings with managers, middle and senior management of management bodies are carried out at least once every six months.

Unscheduled briefing is carried out with the personnel of the State Border Service units:

When introducing new standards, rules, instructions on labor protection, as well as changes to them;

During breaks in work - for work for which additional (increased) labor safety requirements are imposed for more than 30 calendar days, and for other work - 60 days;

In case of violation by personnel of labor safety requirements, which can lead or have led to death, injury, accident, explosion, fire, poisoning;

Targeted instruction is carried out when unit personnel perform one-time work that is not related to direct duties in their specialty.

Safety precautions mean a set of technical and organizational measures aimed at creating safe working conditions and preventing accidents at work.

In order to ensure labor safety, the enterprise takes measures to ensure that the work of workers is safe, and large funds are allocated to achieve these goals. Factories have a special safety service, subordinate to the chief engineer of the plant, which develops measures that should provide the worker with safe working conditions, monitors the state of safety precautions in production and ensures that all workers entering the enterprise are trained in safe work practices.

As part of ensuring labor safety at the enterprise, factories systematically take measures to reduce injuries and eliminate the possibility of accidents. These activities boil down mainly to the following:

improving the design of existing equipment in order to protect workers from injury;

installation of new and improvement of the design of existing protective devices for machines, machines and heating installations, eliminating the possibility of injury;

improving working conditions: ensuring sufficient lighting, good ventilation, dust extraction from processing areas, timely removal of production waste, maintaining normal temperature in workshops, workplaces and heat-emitting units;

eliminating the possibility of accidents during equipment operation, rupture of grinding wheels, breakdown of rapidly rotating circular saws, splashing of acids, explosion of vessels and lines operating under high pressure, emission of flame or molten metals and salts from heating devices, sudden switching on of electrical installations, electric shock, etc. . P.;

organized familiarization of all applicants for work with the rules of behavior on the territory of the enterprise and basic safety rules, systematic training and testing of workers’ knowledge of safe work rules;

providing workers with safety instructions and work areas with posters clearly showing dangerous places at work and measures to prevent accidents.

However, as a result of workers' neglect of safety precautions, accidents are possible. To protect yourself from an accident, you need to study safety rules and constantly follow them.

I APPROVED

___________________

"___" ______________ G.

Instructions

on occupational health and safety for on-the-job training

I. General safety requirements

An employee who is fit for health reasons, who has undergone introductory and initial instructions at the workplace, and has been trained in safe methods of working on equipment installed at this workplace is allowed to perform his or her job duties at the workplace.

When performing work at this workplace, the employee may be exposed to the following dangerous and harmful production factors:

Increased level of electromagnetic radiation;

Increased level of static electricity;

Harmful fumes from chemical reactions;

Static physical overload;

Overvoltage of the visual analyzers, as well as increased noise levels;

Increased levels of ultraviolet radiation;

Chemical substances.

The instructor must show the instructee’s workplace and give its general description.

The employee is obliged:

Know and comply with the requirements of the Instructions on fire safety measures in the MOU FC, approved by Order of the MOU FC dated November 1, 2011 No. 122;

Know and comply with the requirements of the Instructions on labor protection of federal civil servants of the MOU FC, approved by Order of the MOU FC dated September 19, 2011 No. 64;

Strictly follow the official regulations;

Know the rules of technical operation of the equipment provided to him for work;

Follow the rules of hygiene;

Know the location and be able to use personal protective equipment and first aid;

Report to the head of the department (deputy) about all cases of injury, poor health of workers, or equipment malfunction.

Women from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding are not allowed to perform all types of work related to the use of computers and copying equipment.

For violation of the requirements of the Labor Safety Instructions approved by the MOU FC, the perpetrators are held accountable in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation.”

II. Workplace Safety Requirements

The employee is prohibited from:

Perform independent opening and repair of electrical equipment, household appliances, computers and copying equipment;

Work on the computer with the protective covers removed or the ventilation openings of the cover closed;

Touch the back panel of computers, copying equipment, and other equipment and devices while the power is on;

Switch cable connectors on computers, copying equipment, and other equipment and devices when the power is on;

Disconnect the equipment from the power supply by unplugging the power plug and holding the cord;

Use faulty switches, sockets, computers, copying equipment, and other equipment and devices;

Connect more than two current consumers to one current source, or at least one consumer whose current consumption power exceeds the power of the current source.

Connect the device to the network with the switch on, and only one device should be connected to one outlet;

Touch the power cable with wet hands or place heavy objects on it;

Place containers with liquid, heavy objects, small metal objects (paper clips, buttons, etc.) on the device. Getting moisture and metal objects inside can cause a short circuit and fire;

Subject the device to shocks and other mechanical influences;

Work with the ventilation openings of the device closed;

Smoking is prohibited in the premises, corridors and staircases of the Municipal Educational Institution of Physical Culture. Smoking is permitted only in areas specially designated for this purpose.

Starting from the third hour of work, take ten-minute regulated breaks every 50 minutes. The duration of continuous work with the computer should not exceed 2 hours.

Every 20 minutes of working with the computer, you need to look away from the monitor screen and perform relaxing exercises for the eyes.

During breaks, in order to reduce neuro-emotional stress, fatigue of the visual analyzer, eliminate the influence of physical inactivity and fatigue, perform sets of physical exercises.

III. Safety requirements in emergency situations

In all cases of equipment failure, broken power wires, grounding faults, sparking, or the appearance of a characteristic burning smell, immediately turn off the power and report the emergency to the head of the department or his deputy.

Do not start work until the malfunction is eliminated. Do not try to find out and eliminate the cause on your own; remember that tension may appear unexpectedly.

In the event of a short circuit and fire of the equipment, immediately turn off the power and follow the instructions on fire safety measures, take measures to extinguish the fire using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (the instructor must be shown its location).

The employee must be able to use fire extinguishing equipment. To bring the fire extinguishers used in MOU FC into working condition, it is necessary to remove the fire extinguisher from the hook or remove it from the socket where it is located, break the seal, remove the protective pin, point the bell at the fire and, without bringing it closer than one meter to the source of the fire, press the lever .

Procedure for the actions of MOU FC employees in case of fire.

If a fire is detected:

b) telephone to the security post ____________ and the fire department - 01 ;

2. Use a fire extinguisher; if there is no result, evacuate;

3. On the way, inform the security post about the location of the fire.

When receiving a fire signal, workers must:

1. Turn off all electrical appliances,

2. Take measures to remove documents and property (if possible),

3. Evacuate.

During the briefing, the instructor must be shown the evacuation routes (diagrams, signs, collection points):

In case of electric shock, immediately free the victim from the effects of the current by turning off the power supply: turn off the switch, throw away the electrical wire with a dry stick, board or some other non-conductive object, if necessary, cut or chop the wire with an ax with a dry wooden handle. In such cases, it is prohibited to use wet or uninsulated metal tools.

If, after releasing the victim from the action of the electric current, respiratory arrest is detected, it is necessary to immediately begin artificial respiration using the “mouth-to-mouth” or “mouth-to-nose” method.

If the victim is unconscious, but has steady breathing and a pulse, he should be laid on his back, unfasten his clothes, create an influx of fresh air, give him a sniff of ammonia, and spray his face with cold water.

Electric shock-affected areas of the body (usually the arms and legs) should be covered with a dry (gauze) bandage.

In any case, immediately call a medical professional (ambulance) or help transport the victim to a medical facility.

If you receive injuries or a sudden illness, for example, if there is pain in the eyes, a sharp deterioration in visibility, pain in the fingers, hands or spine, increased heart rate, you should leave the workplace, notify your department head or his deputy and, if necessary, call emergency medical care.

Before medical help arrives, you should:

In case of bruise, ensure rest of the bruised part of the body, apply cold (ice, cold water, cloth moistened with cold water) to the bruised area. It is not allowed to lubricate the bruised area with iodine, rub it, or massage it. If bruises to internal organs are suspected, before the ambulance arrives, it is necessary to free the victim from constricting clothing and place him on a level place;

When stretching tissues (muscles), apply cold and apply a soft fixing bandage;

If a joint is dislocated, ensure complete immobility in the joint. It is prohibited to reset a dislocated joint on your own;

In case of any damage to the skin and tissues of the body, the skin around the wound should be lubricated with iodine, the wound should be covered with sterile material (bandage, napkin) and a bandage should be applied. It is prohibited to wash the wound and remove foreign bodies from it yourself.

In case of a fracture of the limbs, ensure the immobility of the bone by applying a splint made of special or improvised materials (boards, planks, plywood, sticks), the length of which should be such that it extends beyond the two sections of the limb joint between which the fracture occurred;

If a spinal fracture is suspected, lay the victim stomach down on a rigid stretcher or a board made of boards (door, table cover, thick plywood sheet). The question of its transportation is decided only by a medical professional;

In case of an open fracture, apply a sterile bandage to the damaged area. It is prohibited to remove or touch bone fragments;

In case of a thermal burn without blisters (1st degree burn), rinse the burned area with a stream of clean water, treat the affected area with a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate (if possible, alcohol or cologne), apply a dry sterile bandage. For 2nd and 3rd degree burns (presence of blisters, charring of tissue), the burned area should be covered with sterile material, and in case of an extensive burn, covered with a sheet and blanket.

When providing first aid for burns, you should remember that you should not touch the burned part of the body with your hands or dirty objects, pierce and remove blisters, tear off pieces of clothing stuck to the burned area, lubricate the burned surface with fats and sprinkle it with powders. It is allowed to treat the burned area with appropriate anti-burn aerosols or an antiseptic, if available.

IV. Safety requirements after completion of work

The employee is obliged:

Turn off the power to electrical equipment, household appliances, computers and copying equipment;

Tidy up the workplace;

Disconnect all electrical equipment and appliances from the power grid, with the exception of technological equipment, emergency lighting, fire extinguishing installations, fire and security alarm systems as specified by the management;

Remove combustible materials and objects from heating appliances, focusing lenses, instruments and equipment from window sills, stacks of papers and folders from tables;

Close windows and vents;

Remove all waste and rubbish from the premises to a trash container;

Turn off the forced ventilation and air conditioning system.

Report any shortcomings in the workplace to your immediate supervisor or his deputy.

Developed by:

Agreed:

Approval sheet

« Instructions

on occupational health and safety for on-the-job training »

Job title	Initials,	Note
Deputy Head
Deputy Head
Head of Administrative Department
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Occupational Safety and Health

In addition, labor protection is considered in the legal literature from several other perspectives:

1. As a basic principle of labor law and labor relations.

2. As a system of legislative acts, as well as preventive and regulating socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary, hygienic and therapeutic measures, technical means and methods aimed at ensuring safe working conditions. (GOST 12.0.002-80).

System elements

It should be noted that labor protection cannot be identified with safety precautions, industrial sanitation, occupational hygiene, because they are elements of labor protection, its components.

Thus, the labor protection system includes the following elements:

Safety precautions

Safety precautions (TB)- a set of rules and regulations aimed at ensuring safe working conditions and/or carrying out any other work, as well as measures aimed at eliminating factors causing harm to health.

Target

The objectives of safety precautions are:

Security;
Reducing occupational and/or other injuries to a minimum;
Health protection;
A system of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing or eliminating the influence of dangerous and harmful factors on a person during work.

Significance

Ensuring safe working conditions is determined by the following facts:

The most important are human life and health compared to the price of the product produced and the cost of the services provided.
The need to reduce emergency situations to a minimum.
The need to keep worker injuries to a minimum to improve work efficiency
The need to reduce the time of absence of qualified specialists due to occupational injuries and/or illnesses in the workplace to a minimum.

Briefing

Safety instructions are usually carried out during the acquisition of vocational and/or special education. Safety rules are also published in textbooks corresponding to a particular specialty. Based on the nature and timing of the briefings, they are divided into:

Introductory
Primary at the workplace
Repeated
Unscheduled
Target

Industrial injuries

Failure to comply with safety regulations leads to occupational injuries.

Industrial sanitation is defined as a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevent or reduce the impact of harmful production factors on workers (according to GOST 12.0.002-80).

The main dangerous and harmful production factors are:

increased dust and gas contamination of the air in the working area;
increased or decreased air temperature in the working area;
increased or decreased humidity and air mobility in the work area;
increased noise level;
increased level of vibration;
increased level of various electromagnetic radiation;
lack or lack of natural light; insufficient illumination of the work area and others.

Dangerous and harmful production factors:

physical;
chemical;
biological;
pathogenic microorganisms;
psychophysiological.

(In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74)

Boundaries of industrial sanitation

improvement of the air environment and normalization of microclimate parameters in the work area;
protection of workers from noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, etc.;
ensuring the required standards of natural and artificial lighting;
maintaining the territory of the enterprise in accordance with sanitary requirements.

Industrial sanitation facilities

Industrial microclimate

One of the main factors affecting human performance and health. Meteorological factors greatly influence human life, well-being and health.

An unfavorable combination of factors leads to disruption of thermoregulation.

Thermoregulation is a set of physiological and chemical processes aimed at maintaining a constant temperature balance of the human body within 36-37 degrees.

The microclimate is characterized by:

air temperature;
relative air humidity;
air speed;
intensity of thermal radiation from heated surfaces;
GOST 12.1.005-88 “SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area"
establishes optimal and permissible microclimatic conditions.

Harmful substances in the air of the working area and their classification

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification "increased dust and gas contamination of the air in the working area refers to physically dangerous and harmful production factors. Many substances entering the body lead to acute and chronic poisoning. The ability of a substance to cause harmful effects on the functioning of the body is called toxicity.

According to the degree of potential danger of exposure to the human body, harmful substances contained in the air of the working area are divided into 4 groups:

Class I - extremely dangerous (ozone, etc.);

Class II - highly hazardous (hydrogen sulfide, etc.);

Class III - moderately dangerous (camphor, etc.);

Class IV - low-hazard (ammonia).

The main criterion for air quality is maximum permissible concentrations (MAC). The actual concentration of harmful substances should not exceed the values set out in GOST 12.1.007-76.

Conditioning

Air conditioning in enclosed spaces and structures can maintain the required temperature, humidity and ionic composition, the presence of odors in the air, as well as the speed of air movement. The air conditioning system includes a set of technical means that carry out the required air processing, transporting it and distributing it in the serviced premises, and devices for muffling the noise caused by the operation of the equipment.

Heating

Heating involves maintaining a temperature in all industrial buildings and structures that meets established standards. The heating system must compensate for heat loss through building fences, as well as the heating of cold air entering the room.

Occupational hygiene is characterized as preventive medicine that studies the conditions and nature of work, their impact on the health and functional state of a person and develops scientific foundations and practical measures aimed at preventing the harmful and dangerous effects of factors in the working environment and the labor process on workers.

Occupational health- this is a section of hygiene that studies the conditions and nature of work, their impact on the health and functional state of a person and develops scientific foundations and practical measures aimed at preventing the harmful and dangerous effects of factors in the working environment and the labor process on workers. Refers to the sciences of preventive medicine.

Occupational hygiene studies: forms and methods of organizing work and rest, the state of the body during work, the nature and characteristics of working movements, body positions during work, tools and tools, raw materials used, process technology, technical equipment, finished and intermediate products, waste production in terms of their impact on workers and the surrounding population; physical, chemical and biological factors of the working environment and physiological changes in workers under the influence of these factors and labor processes. Along with practical measures to improve working conditions, occupational hygiene also develops the scientific basis for regulating sanitary working conditions in production.

The necessary sanitary and hygienic working conditions at production enterprises are ensured both at the design stage and during operation of equipment, technological processes, production and auxiliary premises.

Subject of occupational hygiene:

labor and production processes, work regimes and conditions, technological processes from the point of view of their impact on health and the human body;
unfavorable (harmful and dangerous) factors that negatively affect a person.

Occupational health objectives:

development of sanitary and hygienic measures to improve working conditions;
generalization of the experience of industrial and sanitary supervision;
scientific substantiation of regulatory documentation on labor protection - laws, norms, rules.

Now there is a new guideline R 2.2.2006-05 for assessing the conditions of the working environment (physical, chemical, biological factors) and the labor process (severity and intensity of labor)

electrical safety

electrical safety- the state of worker protection from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.

electrical safety- a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers of electric current and electric arc. Electrical safety includes legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures. Electrical safety rules are regulated by legal and technical documents, regulatory and technical framework. Knowledge of the basics of electrical safety is mandatory for personnel servicing electrical installations and electrical equipment.

Fire safety

Fire safety- the state of protection of the individual, property of society and the state from fires.

Ensuring fire safety is one of the most important functions of the state.

Elements of the fire safety system (FSSS) are state authorities, local governments, organizations, peasant (farm) households and other legal entities, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, citizens taking part in ensuring fire safety in accordance with legislation of the Russian Federation.

Achieving fire safety is facilitated by:

regulatory legal regulation and implementation of government measures in the field of fire safety;
creation of a fire department and organization of its activities;
development and implementation of fire safety measures;
implementation of rights, duties and responsibilities in the field of fire safety; - production of fire-technical products;
performance of works and services in the field of fire safety;
conducting fire prevention propaganda and training the population in fire safety measures; - information support in the field of fire safety;
accounting of fires and their consequences;
implementation of State Fire Supervision (SFS) and other control functions to ensure fire safety;
fire extinguishing and emergency rescue operations (ASR);
establishment of a special fire regime;
scientific and technical support of fire safety;
licensing of activities in the field of fire safety and confirmation of compliance of products and services in the field of fire safety.

Persons responsible for violating fire safety requirements, other citizens for violating fire safety requirements, as well as for other offenses in the field of fire safety may be subject to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability in accordance with current legislation.

Industrial Safety

Industrial Safety- the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual and society from accidents at hazardous production facilities and the consequences of these accidents. In turn, labor protection, electrical safety, industrial safety, fire safety are components.

Industrial safety is not an integral part of labor protection. We can say that these are intersecting sets. The main goal of industrial safety is to prevent and/or minimize the consequences of accidents at hazardous production facilities. Accident - destruction of structures and (or) technical devices used at a hazardous production facility, uncontrolled explosion and (or) release of hazardous substances. The main goal of labor protection is to preserve the life and health of workers. Those. Accidents that do not cause harm to the life and health of workers are quite possible, and, conversely, harm to the life and health of workers can be caused without accidents.

Life safety- the science of comfortable and safe human interaction with the technosphere.

Life safety (LS) is an integral part of the system of state, social and defense measures carried out to protect the population and economy of the country from the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters, and enemy weapons. The purpose of the BZD is also to reduce the risk of an emergency caused by the human factor.

Life safety is part of the civil defense system.

(The Institute of Civil Defense begins to operate after the declaration of martial law, i.e. in wartime. In peacetime, all issues of protecting citizens are dealt with by the Commission for Elimination of Consequences of Emergency Situations and Natural Disasters (RSChS). In order to prevent the death and injury of citizens in emergency situations, is the main damage to the state; on the territory of Russia, RSChS authorities have developed, adopted and operate regulated principles and methods for protecting the population.)

Three main tasks of the Belarusian Railways

Identification of the type of hazard indicating its quantitative characteristics and coordinates.
Protection from hazards based on cost-benefit comparison.
Elimination of possible hazards based on concentration and residual risk and elimination of the consequences of human exposure to hazards.

Occupational safety management

Occupational safety management- organization of work to ensure safety, reduce injuries and accidents, occupational diseases, improve working conditions based on a set of tasks to create safe and harmless working conditions. Based on the application of legislative regulations in the field of labor protection.

The main goal of occupational safety management is to organize work to ensure safety, reduce injuries and accidents, occupational diseases, improve working conditions based on a set of tasks to create safe and harmless working conditions.

Labor safety is the state of working conditions in which exposure to hazardous and harmful production factors is excluded. Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment that influence human health and performance during the work process.

Tasks

creation of a system of legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of labor protection;
supervision and control over compliance with legislative and regulatory acts;
assessment and analysis of working conditions and safety, which are revealed by certification of workplaces according to working conditions;
analysis of the state of injuries and morbidity, investigation and recording of industrial accidents;
training and instructing workers in safety rules and requirements;
development of measures to improve working conditions and ensure labor safety standards and regulations.

Occupational safety terms

Occupational Safety and Health- a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process of work, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions- a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that influence the performance and health of the employee.

Worker- an individual who has entered into an employment relationship with an employer.

Employer- an organization (legal entity) represented by its head (under a power of attorney executed by a notary), or an individual with whom the employee has an employment relationship.

Organization- enterprise, institution or other legal entity, regardless of form of ownership and subordination.

Harmful production factor- a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness.

Hazardous production factor- an industrial factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

Workplace- a place in which the employee must be or to which he needs to arrive in connection with his work and which is directly or indirectly under the control of the employer.

Work zone- a space up to 2 m high above the floor or platform where there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers in the process of work.

Personal and collective protective equipment for workers- technical means used to prevent or reduce exposure of workers to harmful or dangerous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution.

Production activities- a set of human actions using tools necessary to transform resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various services.

Accident- destruction of structures, equipment, technical devices, uncontrolled explosion and/or release of hazardous substances that pose a threat to human life and health (GOST 12.0.006-2002).

Emergency situation- a situation that can lead to breakage of parts and injury to the worker (GOST 12.2.009-99).

Safe distance- the shortest distance between a person and the source of a dangerous and harmful production factor, at which the person is outside the danger zone (GOST 12.0.002.80).

Fire safety- the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of a fire, preventing the impact of dangerous fire factors on people and ensuring the protection of material assets.

Safety- a condition in which the risk to the health and safety of personnel is at an acceptable level (GOST R 12.0.006-2002).

Safety of production equipment- the properties of production equipment comply with labor safety requirements during installation (dismantling) and operation under the conditions established by regulatory and technical documentation (GOST 12.0.002.80).

Safe working conditions- a state of working conditions in which the impact on the worker of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors is excluded or the levels of their impact do not exceed established standards.

Occupational safety requirements

State regulatory requirements for labor protection establish rules, procedures and criteria aimed at preserving the life and health of workers in the process of work.

In accordance with Russian legislation (Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), responsibilities for ensuring safe conditions and occupational safety are assigned to the employer, specifically to the first person of the enterprise.

Each employee is obliged (Article 214 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation):

Comply with OT requirements;
Correctly use personal and collective protective equipment;
Complete training in safe methods and techniques for performing work, occupational safety training, on-the-job training and testing of knowledge of occupational safety requirements;
Immediately notify your immediate supervisor about any situation that threatens the life and health of people, about any accident that occurs at work, or about a deterioration in your health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute occupational disease or poisoning;
Undergo mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations.

In addition to responsibilities, each employee has the rights and guarantees of the right to safe and healthy working conditions, which are formulated in Russian legislation.

Guarantees of an employee’s right to work in conditions that comply with labor protection requirements consist, in particular, in the following:

The state guarantees workers the protection of their right to work in conditions that meet labor safety requirements;
Working conditions under an employment contract must comply with labor safety requirements;
During the suspension of work due to violation of labor safety requirements through no fault of the employee, his place of work and average earnings are retained;
If an employee refuses to perform work when a danger to his life and health arises, the employer is obliged to provide the employee with another job while such danger is eliminated. If providing other work is impossible, downtime is paid in accordance with current legislation;
If the employee is not provided with protective equipment in accordance with the standards, the employer does not have the right to require the employee to perform work duties and is obliged to pay for downtime;
An employee’s refusal to perform work due to a danger to his life and health, or from heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions not provided for in the employment contract, does not entail bringing him to disciplinary liability;
In the event of harm to the life and health of an employee during the performance of work duties, compensation for said harm is carried out in accordance with current legislation.

Occupational safety and health in Russia

In Russia, state control and supervision of compliance with labor protection requirements is carried out by the federal labor inspectorate under the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and federal executive authorities (within the limits of their powers).

The Federal Labor Inspectorate monitors the implementation of legislation, all norms and rules on labor protection. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision, carried out by the bodies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, checks the compliance of enterprises with sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-anti-epidemic norms and rules.

The State Energy Supervision under the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation monitors the correct design and operation of electrical installations.

State fire supervision monitors compliance with fire safety requirements in the design and operation of buildings and premises.

Other supervisory authorities are: federal mining and industrial supervision, federal supervision of the Russian Federation for nuclear and radiation safety, state road safety inspection, justice authorities, etc.

Responsibility for violation of labor protection requirements

Persons guilty of violating occupational safety requirements, failure to fulfill occupational safety obligations stipulated by contracts and agreements, employment agreements (contracts), or interfering with the activities of representatives of state supervision bodies and control over compliance with occupational safety requirements, as well as public control bodies, bear disciplinary, administrative, civil penalties. legal and criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The following types of disciplinary sanctions are distinguished:

Comment;
Rebuke;
Dismissal for appropriate reasons.

To administrative penalties Violation of OT requirements includes an administrative fine and disqualification.

Criminal liability For violation of labor protection requirements, the following types of penalties are provided:

fine;
deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities;
correctional work;
imprisonment for a certain period.

Rules and instructions on labor protection

Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated 17.12. In 2002, Resolution No. 80 approved Methodological Recommendations for the development of state regulatory requirements for labor protection. This document establishes the procedure for the development, coordination, approval, recording, publication, distribution, cancellation of rules and instructions on labor protection, establishes requirements for their construction, content, design and designation, the procedure for their verification, revision and provision of enterprises with them, as well as supervision and monitoring their compliance.

Labor safety rules do not exclude the validity of the standards of the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSSS), construction and sanitary norms and regulations, as well as rules and safety standards approved by the federal supervision of Russia, and should not contradict these documents.

Labor safety rules- a regulatory act establishing labor protection requirements that are mandatory for execution during the design, organization and implementation of production processes, certain types of work, operation of production equipment, installations, units, machines, apparatus, as well as during transportation, storage, use of raw materials, finished products products, substances, industrial waste, etc.

Labor protection rules can be intersectoral and sectoral. Intersectoral rules on labor protection are approved by the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, and sectoral rules are approved by the relevant federal executive authorities in agreement with the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation.

Labor protection rules are approved for a certain period of validity or without limiting this period.

Labor protection instructions- a regulatory act establishing labor protection requirements when performing work in production premises, on the territory of an enterprise, on construction sites and in other places where this work is carried out or official duties are performed.

Labor protection instructions can be standard (industry or inter-industry) and for employees of enterprises (for individual positions, professions and types of work).

Standard instructions are approved by federal executive authorities after preliminary consultations with the relevant trade union bodies.

As a standard instruction for a given industry, a standard instruction for another industry for workers in relevant professions (types of work) can be used with the consent of the federal executive body that approved the specified instruction.

Labor safety instructions can be developed for workers by position (director, chief accountant, economist, HR manager, etc.), individual professions (electric welders, machine operators, mechanics, electricians, cleaners, laboratory assistants, milkmaids, etc.), and for certain types of work (work at height, installation, adjustment, repair work, testing, etc.). In accordance with judicial practice, it is advisable to organize the development of instructions for positions in accordance with the staffing table approved by the employer.

The standard instructions for workers should contain the following sections:

general labor protection requirements (including the employee’s job responsibilities);
labor protection requirements before starting work;
labor protection requirements during work;
labor protection requirements in emergency situations;
labor protection requirements upon completion of work.

If necessary, additional sections can be included in the instructions.

For new production facilities being put into operation, it is allowed to develop temporary instructions for workers. Temporary instructions must ensure the safe conduct of technological processes and the safe operation of equipment.

Instructions for employees of all positions are approved by the head of the enterprise after agreement with the relevant trade union body (or other elected body) and the labor protection service, and, if necessary, with other interested services and officials at the discretion of the labor protection service.

Instructions can be handed out to employees against signature on a personal briefing card for study during the initial briefing, or posted at workplaces or areas, or stored in another place accessible to employees.

Studying instructions for employees is provided by the employer. The requirements of the instructions are mandatory for employees. Failure to comply with these requirements should be considered a violation of labor discipline.

Organization of work with personnel on labor protection

Working with occupational safety personnel is one of the main areas of production activity, ensuring the safety, reliability and efficiency of the enterprise, and is aimed at solving the following main tasks:

ensuring compliance of the qualifications of persons hired with requirements, characteristics and production conditions;
formation of the necessary knowledge and skills of an employee before admission to independent work, including special ones necessary for admission of an employee to servicing equipment and/or performing work controlled by state supervisory authorities;
preservation of necessary knowledge and skills, development of production skills in the process of work;
improving knowledge and skills when production conditions change;
constant and systematic monitoring of the employee’s professional knowledge and skills in the course of his work;
studying and applying advanced safe work practices, instilling in personnel responsibility for compliance with rules, regulations and instructions on labor protection.

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation determined that assessment of workplaces- this is an assessment of working conditions in the workplace in order to identify harmful and dangerous production factors and implement measures to bring working conditions into compliance with state regulatory requirements for labor protection.

Each workplace must be certified, and at least once every five years. During certification, all hazardous and harmful production factors are assessed.

A special commission is created to carry out certification.

Even if the company is small and does not involve dangerous conditions that could affect the ability of workers to work, workplace certification should not be neglected. Otherwise, the organization risks being subject to a fine of 30,000 to 50,000 rubles or even suspension of activities for up to 90 days.

Bodies managing occupational safety and health

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

Federal Service for Labor and Employment (Rostrud).

Moscow City Center for Labor Conditions and Safety.

FSBI "All-Russian Research Institute of Labor Protection and Economics" of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia.

Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostechnadzor).

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor).

Ministry of Health and Social Development.

Occupational safety departments.

State Academy of Labor Protection.

All-Russian Center for Labor Protection.

Literature

Razdorozhny A. A. Occupational safety and industrial safety: Educational and methodological manual - Moscow: Publishing House "Exam", 2005. - 512 p. (Series “Documents and Comments”) GOST 12.0.230-2007 System of occupational safety standards. Interstate standard for occupational safety management system General requirements. MKS 13.100 OKSTU 0012. Date of introduction 2009-07-01.

Methodological recommendations for the development of state regulatory requirements for labor protection (approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2002 No. 80). “The procedure for training in labor protection and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements for employees of organizations” (approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated January 13, 2003 No. 1/29). Law of Moscow dated March 12, 2008 N 11 “On labor protection in the city of Moscow.”

V.N. Tretyakov Handbook of labor protection engineer. - Vologda: Infra-Engineering, 2007. - 736 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5 9729 0009 2

Based on materials from the site http://ru.wikipedia.org