The spiritual world and everyday life of Soviet people. "Russia in the 20th century." Economic development, Russia, Russian society at the beginning of the twentieth century, territory and administrative structure of the Russian Empire, people's lives in the 20s and 30s
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Svetlana Agafonova
History lesson summary, grade 9, “Life and life of Soviet people in the 20s and 30s” in a special (correctional) school, grade 8
Type lesson
Combined
Life and everyday life of Soviet people in the 20-30s.
Target: Give students a general idea of life and everyday life of Soviet people in the 20-30s.
Tasks:
Educational
Provide information that with the implementation of industrialization and collectivization in the lives of all ordinary people great changes have taken place;
Explain that all ordinary citizens life and life were the same;
Emphasize changes in psychology of people.
Corrective
Develop cognitive abilities through conversation.
Educational
Instill interest in history of their Fatherland.
Equipment: multimedia presentation, cards (ind., punched card, textbook
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
Checking readiness for lesson
II.Updating and checking the material covered
1. Cards (with individual survey)
2. Frontal survey:
What topic was studied at the previous one? lesson(Remember the topic of the previous lesson.)
What was discussed at lesson?
What events influenced the development Soviet culture, science, education?
What areas of science have developed successfully?
What invention did S.V. Lebedev make?
What is the benefit of this invention?
Why did society need minerals at that time?
What's new in cinema?
What did writers, poets, and artists write their works about?
III.Communication of new knowledge
« people's life Soviet 20-30g. in everyday life and"
(Topic lesson you will learn, if you put the words in the right order)
Topic message lesson:
« Life and everyday life of Soviet people in the 20-30s.»
Introductory word from the teacher.
With the implementation of industrialization and collectivization in life of Soviet people big changes have taken place.
These changes were associated with the construction of new industrial enterprises.
IN years the first five-year plans of thousands of young of people They went on Komsomol vouchers to build new industrial enterprises and power plants.
They had to live in difficult conditions, in tents or barracks. We ate in the canteens.
A workers' settlement was gradually built around the enterprise under construction. There weren’t enough houses for everyone, so they built common barracks, where several dozen people lived in one room.
Workers were not provided with separate apartments.
Young people grew up and started families. Communal houses or hostels began to be built for them. Such houses resembled multi-story barracks.
Each floor had a long corridor with multiple doors. Behind each door was a separate room.
The kitchen, bathroom and toilet were located at the end of the corridor, which were used by all families living on this floor.
In the mornings there was a long line to go to the toilet and bathroom, because... Everyone started working at the same time.
In the kitchen, each family had its own table with a kerosene stove on which food was prepared.
Linens were washed and dried here. In shared kitchens, neighbors constantly quarreled and argued among themselves.
In many cities, all apartments in old residential buildings have been converted into communal apartments. Communal apartments resembled a hostel. There were several bells on the wall in front of the door to the apartment. Under each call they wrote the last name and first name of the person living in one of the rooms of the apartment. By the number of calls it was possible to determine how many families live in the apartment. But there was still not enough housing for everyone. The government did not allocate funds for the construction of residential buildings. Therefore, basements and even attics were inhabited in old houses. People ate poorly. Products were distributed on cards.
It was bread, cereals, fish, fish canned food. Meat and butter were rarely provided. There was always a queue for all the products.
Everyone was equally equal. In addition to poverty, people lived in constant fear. For any criticism of the government they could be imprisoned and shot. The townspeople were afraid of each other, because among them there were many informers.
Based on denunciations, hundreds of thousands were arrested and sent to camps of people.
The townspeople dressed simply.
Men mostly wore linen trousers, a casual shirt and a cap. Women wore dark skirts just below the knees and long-sleeved blouses. Luxury in clothing and in everyday life was condemned.
If one of the neighbors saw crystal or expensive dishes in the room, they immediately denounced him. The word appeared "bourgeois", which such a person was contemptuously called.
IV. Consolidation of the material covered
A) Punch card (ind. cards)
(see attached)
B) Questions for conversation:
1. How inconvenient do you think it was to live in such apartments? (see textbook illustration on page 147)
2. Why were products issued using cards?
3. What was characteristic about their clothes?
A) Solving a crossword puzzle
Horizontally:
1. What did people use to cook food?
Vertically:
2. If there was not enough housing, where else would they settle? of people?
3. What began to be built for those who started families?
4. Where did people have to live in new buildings?
Horizontally:
V. Final part
1. Recording homework
2. Grading
3. Summary lesson
What we studied at lesson?
Why did such changes occur?
Punch card application (for a strong student)
Dormitory issues industrialization barracks Industrial enterprises card
1. With carrying out what in people's lives have there been big changes?
2. What did the young people build?
3. Where did young people have to live in the new building?
4. What did they start building for those who started families?
5. How were the products distributed?
For the average student
Questions dormitory barracks Industrial enterprises card
1. What did the young people build?
2. Where did young people have to live in the new building?
3. What did they start building for those who started families?
4. How were the products distributed?
For a weak student
Questions cards barracks kerosene stove
1. Where did the young people live in the new building?
2. What was the food used to cook?
3. How were the products distributed?
Bibliography:
1. Russian history. 9 Class. Tutorial for special(correctional) 8 types of schools.
Publications on the topic:
Summary of a lesson on reading in the 5th grade of the 8th type correctional school “K. Paustovsky “Cat Thief” Topic K. Paustovsky “The Thief Cat” Lesson type Studying new material. Purpose To introduce the work of K. Paustovsky “The Thief Cat”. Tasks.
Summary of a lesson on reading in the 2nd grade of a correctional school of the VIII type based on the fairy tale “The Hare and the Squirrel” by N. Sladkov. Reading lesson in 2nd grade fairy tale “The Hare and the Squirrel” by N. Sladkov. Lesson objectives: 1. Correctional and educational: - introduce students to the work.
Topic: All actions with multi-digit numbers Purpose: To consolidate computational skills and improve the ability to solve problems. Objectives Educational.
Lesson summary on natural history 5th grade at school 8th type “Population and peoples of Russia” Lesson type Lesson on learning new material Purpose: Objectives: Educational To introduce the peoples of Russia, their craft and traditions. Corrective.
DATE OF:
GRADE: 9
SUBJECT:
XX CENTURY"
TARGET:
Formation of students’ ideas about the life and everyday life of Soviet people in the 70s and 80sXXcentury
TASKS:
To provide knowledge about what changes have appeared in the life and way of life of Soviet people; show with specific examples what new has appeared in the technical equipment of urban life and how this was achieved;
Correction and development of thinking through identifying the causes of inequality between Soviet people;
Form an active civic position.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
Achievements of science and technology in the everyday life of Soviet people; inequality in Soviet society
TERMS, CONCEPTS:
Radio tape recorder, player, banner
EQUIPMENT:
Computer, multimedia projector
TYPE OF LESSON:
Combined
PROGRESS LESSON
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT
Greeting students
Checking students' readiness for the lesson
5 minute reading
UPDATED STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE
Teacher:
What did we talk about in the last lesson?
Students :
At the last lesson we talked about Soviet culture and the intelligentsia during the years of “stagnation”
Teacher:
Who criticized and condemned the policies of the Soviet government during the years of “stagnation”?
Students :
During the years of “stagnation”, dissidents and dissidents criticized and condemned the policies of the Soviet government
Teacher:
How did the government deal with those who criticized them?
Students :
Those who criticized the Soviet government were expelled from the country and arrested.
Teacher:
Why did many creative people leave the USSR?
Students :
Many creative people left the USSR because they understood that they too could fall out of favor with the authorities, and then they too could be arrested or sent into exile.
Teacher:
Who belongs to the representatives of “unofficial” art?
Students :
Representatives of “unofficial” art include young artists, writers and poets.
MESSAGE LESSON TOPICS
Teacher:
During the reign of L.I. Brezhnev began a period of “stagnation” in the economy and political life of the country. All this had a huge impact on the life and everyday life of Soviet people. The achievements of Soviet science and technology influenced the lives and everyday life of people. Today in class we will talk about how people lived in the 70-80sXXcentury. Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson. Lesson topic:“LIFE AND WAY OF SOVIET PEOPLE IN THE 70s – 80s XX CENTURY"
Students : (open notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson)
STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
Teacher :
When studying a new topic today we will encounter new expressions - radio tape recorder, record player, banner
VOCABULARY WORK:
RADIO – RADIO WITH A BUILT-IN TAPE PLAYER AND RECORD PLAYER
PLAYER – DEVICE FOR LISTENING TO MUSIC RECORDINGS
Teacher :
In the 60s N.S. Khrushchev began construction of housing. During Brezhnev's reign, housing construction continued.
Millions of people moved into new independent apartments, which was a great post-war achievement. People bought new furniture, sewing and washing machines, televisions, and refrigerators for their new apartments. There is a need in the country to increase the production of these goods. Despite the fact that the production of goods increased, there were still not enough of them for everyone. There was a shortage of goods. And therefore they were distributed among enterprises and organizations.
And there the management of the enterprises distributed these scarce goods among their employees. The first color televisions appeared in our country in the 70s.
The cost of such a TV was two to three times higher than a black and white TV. Therefore, many people could not afford to purchase such a purchase. At the same time, the country began producing tape recorders and tape recorders, which were also scarce and expensive goods.
Therefore, tape recorders were rare in families. Since tape recorders were rare, music was most often recorded on gramophone records, and for listening to records there was a special device called a player.
At first these were large and heavy discs made of special plastic. And in the mid-70s, light and flexible records appeared. Over time, record players eventually replaced tape recorders. At first these were women's tape recorders, then cassette recorders.
Music was recorded on magnetic tapes.
Teacher :
What goods did Soviet people buy?
Students :
Soviet people bought furniture, washing and sewing machines, televisions, and refrigerators.
Teacher :
Why did enterprises and organizations distribute these goods?
Students :
At enterprises and organizations, goods were distributed because there were not enough goods for all Soviet people.
Teacher :
Why do you think tape recorders, players, and color televisions were not available to Soviet people?
Students :
These goods were not available to Soviet people because they cost twice as much as a black and white TV.
Teacher :
In the 70s and 80s, mass production of cars began. The Moscow Automobile Plant produced the Moskvich car,
The smallest and cheapest car, the Zaporozhets, was produced in Ukraine.
But more prestigious were cars such as “Zhiguli” and “Volga”.
At that time, it was believed that if a family purchased a car, then this family lived in abundance. cars were the most expensive and scarce goods of that time. cars were sold by appointment at the factory. Many people waited several years for their turn to purchase a car. Salaries increased and on average they became 120 - 200 rubles per month. Professors, scientists, and creative intelligentsia were more prestigious and more highly paid. But the wealthiest people in Soviet society were store clerks.
Teacher :
What brands of cars were produced during these years?
Students :
During these years, the car brands “Moskvich”, “Zaporozhets”, “Zhiguli”, “Volga” were produced.
Teacher :
Which car brands were more prestigious?
Students :
The more prestigious car brands were Zhiguli and Volga.
Teacher :
Who could afford to buy a car?
Students :
Wealthier people could afford to buy a car.
Teacher :
What difficulties did you have in purchasing a car?
Students :
There were difficulties in purchasing a car - the fact that the car was an expensive and scarce commodity.
Teacher :
Students :
Scientists, professors, and creative intelligentsia had high salaries.
Teacher :
Now working independently with the text of the textbook on pp. 268 – 269 (from paragraph 2), you need to answer the question:
How were things going with food and industrial goods in the country?
WORK WITH THE TEXT OF THE TEXTBOOK pp. 268 – 269 (from 2 paragraphs)
Teacher :
What foods were considered scarce?
Students :
Meat, sausages, dairy products, canned fish, caviar, and poultry were considered scarce.
Teacher :
Did all citizens of the Soviet Union live the same?
Students :
No, not all residents of the country lived the same way. Government workers lived better - special shops and studios were opened for them, and it was easier to go to a sanatorium. The best furniture, televisions, cars, refrigerators were sold in stores for party workers. Ordinary workers did not have the opportunity to buy all this because... the stores did not have the necessary goods.
FIXING
Teacher :
Guys, what did we talk about in class today?
Students :
Today in class we talked about the life and way of life of Soviet people in the 70s and 80sXXcentury.
Teacher :
What goods were in demand among Soviet people?
Students :
The Soviet people were in demand for such goods as furniture, washing and sewing machines, and refrigerators.
Teacher :
What goods were very rare in stores?
Students :
Tape recorders and cars were rare in stores.
Teacher :
Could every family buy a car?
Students :
No, not everyone
Teacher :
What difficulties did you have with purchasing a car?
Students :
The difficulties with purchasing a car were that cars are a scarce and expensive product.
Teacher :
Now let's make a comparative description of the lives of ordinary people and party workers. We will make a comparison on the following points:
Salary
Industrial goods
Products
Service (specialty stores, ateliers, hospitals, waiting lists)
Teacher :
Looking at our table, what can you tell?
Students :
That inequality has appeared in the country.
Teacher :
That's right, in 1970-1980. Inequality began to appear in Soviet society. Some received high wages, others lived much worse.
SUMMARY RESULTS
Now let's summarize your work in the lesson:
I GROUP – pp. 267 - 272, read, answer questions 3 and 4 p. 271
II GROUP – pp. 267 - 272, read, answer questions 1 and 2 p. 271,
III GROUP – pp. 267 - 270, read,
Significant changes occurred in the 20s. in the everyday life of the Russian population. Life, as a way of everyday life, cannot be considered for the entire population as a whole, because it is different for different segments of the population. The living conditions of the upper strata of Russian society, which before the revolution occupied the best apartments, consumed high-quality food, and benefited from the achievements of education and health care, have worsened. A strictly class principle of distribution of material and spiritual values was introduced, and representatives of the upper strata were deprived of their privileges. True, the Soviet government supported the representatives of the old intelligentsia it needed through a ration system, a commission to improve the living conditions of scientists, etc.
During the years of NEP, new layers emerged that lived prosperously. These are the so-called Nepmen or the new bourgeoisie, whose way of life was determined by the thickness of their wallet. They were given the right to spend money in restaurants and other entertainment establishments. These layers include both the party and state nomenklatura, whose income depended on how they performed their duties. The way of life of the working class has seriously changed. It was he who was to take a leading place in society and enjoy all the benefits. From the Soviet government he received the rights to free education and medical care, the state constantly increased his wages, provided social insurance and pension benefits, and supported his desire to obtain higher education through workers' schools. In the 20s the state regularly surveyed the budgets of working families and monitored their occupancy. However, words often differed from deeds; material difficulties hit primarily the workers, whose income depended only on wages; mass unemployment during the NEP years and low cultural level did not allow workers to seriously improve their living conditions. In addition, numerous experiments to inculcate “socialist values,” labor communes, “common boilers,” and dormitories affected the lives of workers.
Peasant life during the NEP years changed slightly. Patriarchal relations in the family, common labor in the field from dawn
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Every day I receive about a hundred letters. Among reviews, criticism, words of gratitude and information, you, dear
Readers, send me your articles. Some of them deserve immediate publication, others deserve careful study.
Today I offer you one of such materials. The topic raised in it is very important. Professor Valery Antonovich Torgashev decided to remember what the USSR was like in his childhood.
Post-war Stalinist Soviet Union. I assure you, if you did not live in that era, you will read a lot of new information. Prices, salaries of that time, incentive systems. Stalin's price cuts, the size of the scholarship of that time and much more.
And if you lived then, remember the time when your childhood was happy...
“Dear Nikolai Viktorovich! I am following your speeches with interest, since in many ways our positions, both in history and in modern times, coincide.
In one of your speeches, you rightly noted that the post-war period of our history is practically not reflected in historical research. And this period was completely unique in the history of the USSR. Without exception, all the negative features of the socialist system and the USSR, in particular, appeared only after 1956, and the USSR after 1960 was absolutely different from the country that existed before. However, the pre-war USSR also differed significantly from the post-war one. In the USSR that I remember well, the planned economy was effectively combined with the market economy, and there were more private bakeries than state bakeries. The stores stocked an abundance of a variety of industrial and food products, most of which were produced by the private sector, and there was no concept of shortages. Every year from 1946 to 1953. The life of the population improved noticeably. The average Soviet family in 1955 lived better than the average American family in the same year and better than a modern American family of 4 with an annual income of $94,000. There is no need to talk about modern Russia. I am sending you material based on my personal memories, on the stories of my acquaintances who were older than me at that time, as well as on secret studies of family budgets that the Central Statistical Office of the USSR conducted until 1959. I would be very grateful if you could convey this material to your wider audience if you find it interesting. I got the impression that no one remembers this time except me.”
Sincerely, Valery Antonovich Torgashev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor.
Remembering the USSR
It is believed that there were 3 revolutions in Russia in the 20th century: in February and October 1917 and in 1991. Sometimes called 1993. As a result of the February revolution, the political system changed within a few days. As a result of the October Revolution, both the political and economic systems of the country changed, but the process of these changes lasted for several months. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, but no changes to the political or economic system occurred that year. The political system changed in 1989, when the CPSU lost power both actually and formally due to the abolition of the corresponding article of the Constitution. The economic system of the USSR changed back in 1987, when the non-state sector of the economy appeared in the form of cooperatives. Thus, the revolution did not occur in 1991, in 1987, and, unlike the revolutions of 1917, it was carried out by the people who were then in power.
In addition to the above revolutions, there was one more, about which not a single line has been written so far. During this revolution, dramatic changes occurred in both the political and economic systems of the country. These changes led to a significant deterioration in the financial situation of almost all segments of the population, a decrease in the production of agricultural and industrial goods, a reduction in the range of these goods and a decrease in their quality, and an increase in prices. We are talking about the revolution of 1956-1960, carried out by N.S. Khrushchev. The political component of this revolution was that after a fifteen-year break, power was returned to the party apparatus at all levels, from party committees of enterprises to the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1959-1960, the non-state sector of the economy (commercial cooperative enterprises and personal plots of collective farmers) was liquidated, which ensured the production of a significant part of industrial goods (clothing, shoes, furniture, dishes, toys, etc.), food (vegetables, livestock and poultry products, fish products), as well as household services. In 1957, the State Planning Committee and line ministries (except for defense) were liquidated. Thus, instead of an effective combination of a planned and market economy, there was neither one nor the other. In 1965, after Khrushchev was removed from power, the State Planning Committee and ministries were restored, but with significantly reduced rights.
In 1956, the system of material and moral incentives for increasing production efficiency, introduced back in 1939 in all sectors of the national economy and ensuring in the post-war period the growth of labor productivity and national income significantly higher than in other countries, including the United States, was completely eliminated own financial and material resources. As a result of the liquidation of this system, equalization in wages appeared, and interest in the final result of labor and the quality of products disappeared. The uniqueness of the Khrushchev revolution was that the changes stretched over several years and went completely unnoticed by the population.
The standard of living of the population of the USSR increased annually in the post-war period and reached its maximum in the year of Stalin's death in 1953. In 1956, the incomes of people employed in the spheres of production and science decreased as a result of the elimination of payments that stimulated labor efficiency. In 1959, the incomes of collective farmers sharply decreased due to the reduction of personal plots and restrictions on keeping livestock in private property. Prices for products sold in markets rise 2-3 times. Since 1960, the era of total shortage of industrial and food products began. It was this year that Berezka currency stores and special distributors for items that were previously not needed were opened. In 1962, state prices for basic food products increased by approximately 1.5 times. In general, life of the population dropped to the level of the late forties.
Until 1960, in such areas as healthcare, education, science and innovative industries (nuclear industry, rocketry, electronics, computer technology, automated production), the USSR occupied leading positions in the world. If we take the economy as a whole, the USSR was second only to the United States, but significantly ahead of any other countries. At the same time, the USSR, until 1960, was actively catching up with the United States and was just as actively moving ahead of other countries. After 1960, the rate of economic growth has been steadily declining, and its leading position in the world is being lost.
In the materials offered below, I will try to tell in detail how ordinary people lived in the USSR in the 50s of the last century. Based on my own memories, stories of people with whom life encountered me, as well as on some documents from that time that are available on the Internet, I will try to show how far from reality modern ideas about the very recent past of a great country.
Eh, it’s good to live in a Soviet country!
Immediately after the end of the war, the life of the population of the USSR began to improve dramatically. In 1946, the wages of workers and engineering and technical workers (E&T) working at enterprises and construction sites in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East were increased by 20%. In the same year, the salaries of people with higher and secondary specialized education (technicians, workers in science, education and medicine) are increased by 20%. The importance of academic degrees and titles is rising. The salary of a professor, doctor of sciences is increased from 1600 to 5000 rubles, an associate professor, candidate of sciences - from 1200 to 3200 rubles, a university rector from 2500 to 8000 rubles. In research institutes, the scientific degree of a Candidate of Sciences began to add 1000 rubles to the official salary, and a Doctor of Sciences - 2500 rubles. At the same time, the salary of the Union Minister was 5,000 rubles, and the secretary of the district party committee was 1,500 rubles. Stalin, as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, had a salary of 10 thousand rubles. Scientists in the USSR at that time also had additional income, sometimes exceeding their salary several times. Therefore, they were the richest and at the same time the most respected part of Soviet society.
In December 1947, an event occurred whose emotional impact on people was commensurate with the end of the war. As stated in Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 4004 of December 14, 1947 “... from December 16, 1947, the rationing system for the supply of food and industrial goods was abolished, high prices for commercial trade were abolished, and uniform reduced state retail prices for food and manufactured goods were introduced...”.
The card system, which made it possible to save many people from starvation during the war, caused severe psychological discomfort after the war. The range of food products that were sold on ration cards was extremely poor. For example, in bakeries there were only 2 types of bread, rye and wheat, which were sold by weight in accordance with the norm specified in the cutting coupon. The choice of other food products was also small. At the same time, commercial stores had such an abundance of products that any modern super-market could envy. But the prices in these stores were inaccessible to the majority of the population, and products were purchased there only for the festive table. After the abolition of the card system, all this abundance ended up in ordinary grocery stores at quite reasonable prices. For example, the price of cakes, which were previously sold only in commercial stores, decreased from 30 to 3 rubles. Market prices for products fell more than 3 times. Before the abolition of the card system, industrial goods were sold under special orders, the presence of which did not yet mean the availability of the corresponding goods. After the abolition of cards, a certain shortage of industrial goods remained for some time, but, as far as I remember, in 1951 there was no longer this shortage in Leningrad.
From March 1, 1949 to 1951, further price reductions occurred, averaging 20% per year. Each decline was perceived as a national holiday. When the next price reduction did not occur on March 1, 1952, people felt disappointed. However, on April 1 of the same year, the price reduction did take place. The last price reduction occurred after Stalin's death on April 1, 1953. During the post-war period, prices for food and the most popular industrial goods decreased on average by more than 2 times. So, for eight post-war years, the life of the Soviet people improved markedly every year. In the entire known history of mankind, no similar precedents have been observed in any country.
The standard of living of the population of the USSR in the mid-50s can be assessed by studying the materials of studies of the budgets of the families of workers, employees and collective farmers, which were carried out by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) of the USSR from 1935 to 1958 (these materials, which in the USSR were classified as “secret” , published on the website istmat.info). Budgets were studied from families belonging to 9 population groups: collective farmers, state farm workers, industrial workers, industrial engineers, industrial employees, primary school teachers, secondary school teachers, doctors and nursing staff. The wealthiest part of the population, which included employees of defense industry enterprises, design organizations, scientific institutions, university teachers, artel workers and the military, unfortunately did not come to the attention of the Central Statistical Office.
Of the study groups listed above, doctors had the highest income. Each member of their families had a monthly income of 800 rubles. Of the urban population, industrial employees had the least income - 525 rubles per month for each family member. The rural population had a per capita monthly income of 350 rubles. Moreover, if workers on state farms had this income in explicit cash form, then collective farmers received it when calculating the cost of their own products consumed in the family at state prices.
Food consumption was at approximately the same level for all population groups, including rural ones, 200-210 rubles per month per family member. Only in the families of doctors did the cost of a food basket reach 250 rubles due to greater consumption of butter, meat products, eggs, fish and fruits while reducing bread and potatoes. Rural residents consumed the most bread, potatoes, eggs and milk, but significantly less butter, fish, sugar and confectionery. It should be noted that the amount of 200 rubles spent on food was not directly related to family income or limited choice of products, but was determined by family traditions. In my family, which in 1955 consisted of four people, including two schoolchildren, the monthly income per person was 1,200 rubles. The choice of products in Leningrad grocery stores was much wider than in modern supermarkets. Nevertheless, our family’s expenses for food, including school breakfasts and lunches in our parents’ departmental canteens, did not exceed 800 rubles per month.
Food in departmental canteens was very cheap. Lunch in the student canteen, including soup with meat, main course with meat and compote or tea with a pie, cost about 2 rubles. Free bread was always on the tables. Therefore, in the days before the scholarship was awarded, some students living on their own bought tea for 20 kopecks and ate themselves on bread with mustard and tea. By the way, salt, pepper and mustard were also always on the tables. The scholarship at the institute where I studied, starting in 1955, was 290 rubles (with excellent grades - 390 rubles). Nonresident students spent 40 rubles to pay for the hostel. The remaining 250 rubles (7,500 modern rubles) were enough for a normal student life in a big city. At the same time, as a rule, nonresident students did not receive help from home and did not work part-time in their free time.
A few words about the Leningrad grocery stores of that time. The fish department had the greatest diversity. Several varieties of red and black caviar were displayed in large bowls. A full range of hot and cold smoked white fish, red fish from chum salmon to salmon, smoked eels and pickled lampreys, herring in jars and barrels. Live fish from rivers and inland reservoirs were delivered immediately after catching in special tank trucks labeled “fish.” There was no frozen fish. It appeared only in the early 60s. There was a lot of canned fish, of which I remember gobies in tomato, the ubiquitous crabs for 4 rubles per can, and the favorite product of the students living in the dormitory - cod liver. Beef and lamb were divided into four categories with different prices depending on the part of the carcass. In the prepared foods department, languettes, entrecotes, schnitzels and escalopes were presented. The variety of sausages was much wider than now, and I still remember their taste. Nowadays only in Finland you can try sausages reminiscent of the Soviet ones from those times. It should be said that the taste of boiled sausages changed already in the early 60s, when Khrushchev ordered the addition of soy to sausages. This instruction was ignored only in the Baltic republics, where back in the 70s it was possible to buy normal doctor’s sausage. Bananas, pineapples, mangoes, pomegranates, and oranges were sold in large grocery stores or specialty stores all year round. Our family purchased ordinary vegetables and fruits at the market, where a slight increase in price was paid off by higher quality and choice.
This is what the shelves of ordinary Soviet grocery stores looked like in 1953. After 1960 this was no longer the case.
The poster below dates back to the pre-war era, but jars of crab were in all Soviet stores in the fifties.
The CSO materials mentioned above provide data on the consumption of food products by workers' families in various regions of the RSFSR. Of the two dozen product names, only two items have a significant spread (more than 20%) from the average level of consumption. Butter, with an average consumption level in the country of 5.5 kg per year per person, in Leningrad it was consumed in the amount of 10.8 kg, in Moscow - 8.7 kg, and in the Bryansk region - 1.7 kg, in Lipetsk - 2.2 kg. In all other regions of the RSFSR, per capita consumption of butter in working families was above 3 kg. The picture is similar for sausage. Average level - 13 kg. In Moscow - 28.7 kg, in Leningrad - 24.4 kg, in the Lipetsk region - 4.4 kg, in Bryansk - 4.7 kg, in other regions - more than 7 kg. At the same time, the income of working-class families in Moscow and Leningrad did not differ from the average income in the country and amounted to 7,000 rubles per year per family member. In 1957, I visited the Volga cities: Rybinsk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl. The range of food products was lower than in Leningrad, but butter and sausage were also on the shelves, and the variety of fish products was perhaps even higher than in Leningrad. Thus, the population of the USSR, at least from 1950 to 1959, was fully provided with food.
The food situation has been deteriorating dramatically since 1960. True, in Leningrad this was not very noticeable. I can only remember the disappearance from sale of imported fruits, canned corn and, what was more significant for the population, flour. When flour appeared in any store, huge queues formed, and no more than two kilograms were sold per person. These were the first lines that I saw in Leningrad since the late 40s. In smaller cities, according to the stories of my relatives and friends, in addition to flour, the following items disappeared from sale: butter, meat, sausage, fish (except for a small selection of canned goods), eggs, cereals and pasta. The range of bakery products has sharply decreased. I myself observed empty shelves in grocery stores in Smolensk in 1964.
I can judge the life of the rural population only from a few fragmentary impressions (not counting the budgetary studies of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR). In 1951, 1956 and 1962, I vacationed in the summer on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In the first case, I traveled with my parents, and then on my own. At that time, trains had long stops at stations and even small stops. In the 50s, local residents came to the trains with a variety of products, including: boiled, fried and smoked chickens, boiled eggs, homemade sausages, hot pies with a variety of fillings, including fish, meat, liver, mushrooms. In 1962, the only food served on trains was hot potatoes with pickles.
In the summer of 1957, I was part of a student concert team organized by the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Komsomol. On a small wooden barge we sailed down the Volga and gave concerts in coastal villages. There was little entertainment in the villages at that time, and therefore almost all the residents came to our concerts in local clubs. Neither in their clothing nor in their facial expressions did they differ from the urban population. And the dinners that we were treated to after the concert indicated that there were no food problems even in small villages.
In the early 80s, I was treated in a sanatorium located in the Pskov region. One day I went to a nearby village to try the village milk. The talkative old woman I met quickly dispelled my hopes. She said that after Khrushchev’s 1959 ban on keeping livestock and the reduction of plots of land, the village became completely impoverished, and the previous years were remembered as a golden age. Since then, meat has completely disappeared from the diet of villagers, and milk was only occasionally provided from the collective farm for small children. And before, there was enough meat both for personal consumption and for sale on the collective farm market, which provided the main income of the peasant family, and not at all collective farm earnings. I note that according to statistics from the Central Statistical Office of the USSR, in 1956, every rural resident of the RSFSR consumed more than 300 liters of milk per year, while urban residents consumed 80-90 liters. After 1959, the CSB ceased its secret budget studies.
The population's supply of industrial goods in the mid-50s was quite high. For example, in working families, more than 3 pairs of shoes were purchased annually for each person. The quality and variety of exclusively domestically produced consumer goods (clothing, shoes, dishes, toys, furniture and other household goods) was much higher than in subsequent years. The fact is that the bulk of these goods were produced not by state enterprises, but by cooperatives. Moreover, the products of the artels were sold in ordinary state stores. As soon as new fashion trends appeared, they were instantly tracked, and within a few months fashion products appeared in abundance on store shelves. For example, in the mid-50s, a youth fashion arose for shoes with thick white rubber soles in imitation of the extremely popular rock and roll singer Elvis Presley in those years. I quietly purchased these domestically produced shoes in a regular department store in the fall of 1955, along with another fashionable item - a tie with a bright color picture. The only product that could not always be bought were popular records. However, in 1955 I had records, bought in a regular store, of almost all the popular American jazz musicians and singers of that time, such as Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Glen Miller. Only recordings of Elvis Presley, illegally made on used X-ray film (as they called it “on the bones”) had to be bought second-hand. I don’t remember imported goods at that time. Both clothing and shoes were produced in small batches and were distinguished by a wide variety of models. In addition, the production of clothing and footwear according to individual orders was widespread in numerous sewing and knitting studios, in shoe workshops that were part of industrial cooperation. There were quite a few tailors and shoemakers who worked individually. The most popular product at that time was fabrics. I still remember the names of such popular fabrics at that time as drape, cheviot, boston, crepe de chine.
From 1956 to 1960, the process of eliminating fishing cooperation took place. The bulk of the artels became state enterprises, while the rest were closed or went illegal. Individual patent proceedings were also prohibited. The production of almost all consumer goods, both in volume and assortment, has sharply decreased. It is then that imported consumer goods appear, which immediately become scarce, despite the higher price and limited assortment.
I can illustrate the life of the population of the USSR in 1955 using the example of my family. The family consisted of 4 people. Father, 50 years old, head of a department at a design institute. Mother, 45 years old, geological engineer at Lenmetrostroy. Son, 18 years old, high school graduate. Son, 10 years old, schoolboy. The family's income consisted of three parts: official salary (2,200 rubles for father and 1,400 rubles for mother), a quarterly bonus for fulfilling the plan, usually 60% of the salary, and a separate bonus for work above the plan. I don’t know whether my mother received such a bonus, but my father received it about once a year, and in 1955 this bonus amounted to 6,000 rubles. In other years it was approximately the same value. I remember how my father, having received this award, laid out many hundred-ruble bills on the dining table in the form of card solitaire, and then we had a celebratory dinner. On average, our family's monthly income was 4,800 rubles, or 1,200 rubles per person.
From the indicated amount, 550 rubles were deducted for taxes, party and trade union dues. 800 rubles were spent on food. 150 rubles were spent on housing and utilities (water, heating, electricity, gas, telephone). 500 rubles were spent on clothes, shoes, transport, entertainment. Thus, the regular monthly expenses of our family of 4 people amounted to 2,000 rubles. Unspent money remained 2,800 rubles per month or 33,600 rubles (one million modern rubles) per year.
Our family's income was closer to the average level than to the upper level. Thus, workers in the private sector (artels), who made up more than 5% of the urban population, had higher incomes. Officers of the army, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Ministry of State Security had high salaries. For example, an ordinary army lieutenant platoon commander had a monthly income of 2600-3600 rubles, depending on the location and specifics of the service. At the same time, military income was not taxed. To illustrate the income of defense industry workers, I will give just an example of a young family I knew well, who worked in the experimental design bureau of the Ministry of Aviation Industry. Husband, 25 years old, senior engineer with a salary of 1,400 rubles and a monthly income, taking into account various bonuses and travel allowances, 2,500 rubles. Wife, 24 years old, senior technician with a salary of 900 rubles and a monthly income of 1,500 rubles. In general, the monthly income of a family of two people was 4,000 rubles. There were about 15 thousand rubles of unspent money left per year. I believe that a significant part of urban families had the opportunity to annually save 5 - 10 thousand rubles (150 - 300 thousand modern rubles).
Among the expensive goods, cars should be highlighted. The range of cars was small, but there were no problems purchasing them. In Leningrad, in the large department store "Apraksin Dvor" there was a car showroom. I remember that in 1955 cars were put up for free sale there: Moskvich-400 for 9,000 rubles (economy class), Pobeda for 16,000 rubles (business class) and ZIM (later Chaika) for 40,000 rubles (executive class). Our family savings were enough to purchase any of the cars listed above, including ZIM. And the Moskvich car was generally accessible to the majority of the population. However, there was no real demand for cars. At that time, cars were viewed as expensive toys that created a lot of maintenance and service problems. My uncle had a Moskvich car, which he drove out of town only a few times a year. My uncle bought this car back in 1949 only because he could build a garage in the courtyard of his house in the former stables. At work, my father was offered to buy a decommissioned American Willys, a military SUV of that time, for only 1,500 rubles. My father gave up the car because there was nowhere to keep it.
The Soviet people of the post-war period were characterized by the desire to have as much money as possible. They remembered well that during the war, money could save lives. During the most difficult period of the life of besieged Leningrad, there was a market where you could buy or exchange any food for things. My father’s Lenin-Grad notes, dated December 1941, indicated the following prices and clothing equivalents at this market: 1 kg of flour = 500 rubles = felt boots, 2 kg of flour = a kara-kul fur coat, 3 kg of flour = gold watch. However, a similar situation with food was not only in Leningrad. In the winter of 1941-1942, small provincial cities, where there was no military industry, were not supplied with food at all. The population of these cities survived only by exchanging household goods for food with residents of surrounding villages. At that time, my mother worked as a primary school teacher in the ancient Russian city of Belozersk, in her homeland. As she later said, by February 1942, more than half of her students had died of starvation. My mother and I survived only because in our house, since pre-revolutionary times, there were quite a lot of things that were valued in the village. But my mother’s grandmother also died of starvation in February 1942 because she was leaving her food for her granddaughter and four-year-old great-grandson. My only vivid memory of that time is a New Year's gift from my mother. It was a piece of black bread, lightly sprinkled with granulated sugar, which my mother called pie. I tried a real cake only in December 1947, when I suddenly became a rich Pinocchio. In my childhood piggy bank there were more than 20 rubles of change, and the coins remained even after the monetary reform. Only in February 1944, when we returned to Leningrad after the blockade was lifted, did I stop experiencing a continuous feeling of hunger. By the mid-60s, the memory of the horrors of war had faded, a new generation entered into life, not trying to save money in reserve, and cars, which by that time had tripled in price, became in short supply, like many other goods . :
After the cessation of 15 years of experiments to create new aesthetics and new forms of community life in the USSR, from the beginning of the 1930s, an atmosphere of conservative traditionalism was established for more than two decades. At first it was “Stalinist classicism,” which after the war grew into “Stalinist Empire style,” with heavy, monumental forms, the motifs of which were often taken even from ancient Roman architecture. All this was very clearly manifested not only in architecture, but also in the interior of residential premises.
Many people have a good idea of what apartments in the 50s were like from films or from their own memories (grandmothers and grandfathers often preserved such interiors until the end of the century).
First of all, this is luxurious oak furniture designed to last for several generations.
“In a new apartment” (photo from the magazine “Soviet Union” 1954):
Oh, this buffet is very familiar to me! Although the picture is clearly not an ordinary apartment, many ordinary Soviet families, including my grandparents, had such buffets.
Those who were richer stuffed themselves with collectible porcelain from the Leningrad factory (which now has no price).
In the main room, the lampshade is often cheerful; the luxurious chandelier in the photo shows the rather high social status of the owners.
The second photo shows the apartment of a representative of the Soviet elite - Nobel Prize winner academician N..N. Semyonova, 1957:
A high resolution
In such families, they already tried to reproduce the atmosphere of the pre-revolutionary living room with a piano.
On the floor there is oak varnished parquet, carpet.
On the left, the edge of the TV appears to be visible.
"Grandfather", 1954:
A very distinctive lampshade and lace tablecloth on a round table.
In a new house on Borovskoye Highway, 1955:
A high resolution
1955 was a turning point, since it was in this year that a decree on industrial housing construction was adopted, which marked the beginning of the Khrushchev era. But in 1955, they were still building “malenkovkas” with the last hints of the good quality and architectural aesthetics of “Stalinkas”.
In this new apartment, the interiors are still pre-Khrushchev, with high ceilings and solid furniture. Pay attention to the love for round (extendable) tables, which later for some reason will become a rarity among us.
A bookcase in a place of honor is also a very typical feature of Soviet home interiors, after all, “the most reading country in the world.” Was.
For some reason, the nickel-plated bed is adjacent to a round table that belongs in the living room.
Interiors in a new apartment in a Stalinist high-rise in a photograph by the same Naum Granovsky, 1950s:
For contrast, photo by D. Baltermants from 1951:
Lenin in the red corner instead of an icon in a peasant hut.
At the end of the 1950s a new era will begin. Millions of people will begin to move into their individual, albeit very tiny, Khrushchev-era apartments. There will be completely different furniture there.
